1 Introduction
2.13 The farm support payment regime of the common agricultural policy (hereafter ‘CAP’) is of central importance to modern farming, and shapes many of the land management decisions made by farmers.
Reform of the CAP has in recent years also led to the introduction of new legal and economic mechanisms for promoting environmental management and other public policy concerns, such as animal welfare. The introduction of environmental conditionality to the receipt of farm support payments under the concept of ‘cross compliance’ has been a key development in this regard. At the same time, the EU has developed and strengthened its commitment to rural development, and this has led to the introduction of a number of agri-environment measures under which farmers can be offered land management agreements to deliver pubic goods, including (but not limited to) conservation management of their land. Those aspects of the law of the CAP that impact directly upon land use are considered in Chapter 15 below; measures aimed at nature conservation are considered in Chapter 13, and pollution control measures (such as those introduced under the EU Nitrates Directive) are considered in Chapter 14. The consideration given to these issues in the later chapters of this work will focus primarily on the law of England and Wales, and the measures adopted in domestic law to transpose the relevant EU law. This chapter will therefore confine itself to an introductory overview of the development and reform of the CAP, and of the principal measures that have relevance to the management and use of agricultural land.
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