CONCLUSION
Intractable conflicts are hard to mediate. But because they are hard, persistent, embedded, and enduring, this does not mean that they are impossible to deal with and resistant to any and all kinds of negotiated solutions.
When third parties engage in peacemaking— helping parties to recalculate the costs and benefits of continuing the fight, assisting parties to reframe the issues, nurturing a state of ripeness, developing friends of the process to help in implementation, working in the larger society to develop a vision of an alternative future, or bringing a forgotten conflict to the world's attention—they are putting pressure directly on the sources of intractability: the deeply ingrained attitudes and modes of behavior of the parties and the conditions that have allowed the conflict to continue unchecked. There is evidence to confirm that highlyskilled, multilayered, persistent third-party assistance is a necessary component of effective peace processes in intractable conflicts.
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