Footnotes
1 Plato thought societies were composed of workers who devoted themselves to sensual gratification, soldiers who sought honor and prestige, and intellectuals who pursued reason and truth.
Plato believed natural tensions between these classes made conflict inevitable—an idea that directly inspired Marx.2 Adapted from the Oxford English Dictionary and Encyclopedia Britannica.
3 The reversion after 1991 of once communist states to ethnic conflict is impossible under Marxist theory, one of many facts that falsify it.
4 Ralph Lemkin coined the term in Axis Rule in Occupied Europe (1944).
5 Genocides in the Congo (1880–1920), Namibia (1904–1907), Turkey (1908), and Ukraine (1932–1933) preceded the Holocaust. Subsequent cases include Bangladesh, Cambodia, East Timor, Iraq, Kosovo, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Sudan, the latter resulting in division of the country in 2011.
6 Most importantly, the use of atomic bombs to end World War I. For the case against, see Gar Alperowtiz, The Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb (1995). The stronger case in favor is in Thomas Allen and Norman Polmar, Code Name Downfall (1995).
7 Chechens, Crimean Tatars, Don Cossacks, Estonians, Latvians, Lithuanians, Poles, Russians, and Volga Germans
8 It is likely that the Colchians described by Herodotus as descended from Egyptians after an imagined invasion of Anatolia during the Middle Kingdom, actually were descended from Egypto-Kushites deported by Esarhaddon in the seventh century BC. See Frank Yurco, Black Athena: An Egyptological Review, in M. Lefkowitz and G. Rogers, eds. (1996), Black Athena Revisited. University of North Carolina Press.
9 This section draws on McMains and Mullins (1996) and on conversations with Barry Perrou, lieutenant commanding the Los Angeles County Hostage Negotiation unit.
10 Courts often rule such agreements unenforceable because they were made under duress.
Other rulings have found that hostage takers are not in custody during negotiations, that it is not necessary to inform them of their rights before negotiations, and that their statements during negotiation are admissible evidence. United States v. Mesa,1980; United States v. Crosby, 1983; New York v. Quarles, 1984; People v. Gantz, 1984; State v. Sands, 198511 That is, putting the police in a situation where they must kill or be killed.
12 Guided imagery simply requires lying still and imagining a task turning out well. The usual progressive relaxation exercise is to tense all one’s muscles then to relax them in groups, beginning with the feet and legs and working upward. Some hostage negotiators play solitaire, some eat.
13 This section is based on Surowiecki’s (2005) book of the same name.
14 Assuming the movie Gallant Hours is accurate on the point, soon after taking command at Guadalcanal, Halsey's inherited chief-of-staff offered to resign after being over-ruled by the admiral. Halsey replied that he needed him precisely because they did not always think alike.
15 Another reason is “noise.” Just as mystery writers plant false clues among a few real ones, in the real world there are lots of clues pointing in lots of directions, with the false ones forgotten and the real ones “obvious” only after the fact.