Footnotes

1 This section draws primarily on Elshtain (1992), St. Augustine, St. Thomas Aquinas, and Walzer (1977, 2001). Protestant thinking largely follows that of Catholicism.

2 There also was a pacifist tradition in the early church developed by theologians outside the mainstream such as Origen and Tertulian that continues today.

3 The resumption of the US war with Iraq in 2003 was not justified solely by the assumed existence of WMDs. Rather, Saddam Hussein and his government were:in continual violation of multiple clauses of the 1991 Gulf War cease-fire. :

Allowing terrorists such as the PKK, PLF, PFLP, and ALF to operate in Iraq Circumventing sanctions with the help of China, France, Russia, and others Continuing to threaten the peace, security and stability of Persian Gulf Firing on planes patrolling the agreed truce Harboring wanted terrorists such as Abu Nidal, Abu Abbas, and al-Zarqawi Ignoring multiple warnings of possible use of force Inciting terrorists by offering $25000 payments to their families Refusing access to UNSCOM inspectors (making WMD intelligence more credible) Refusing further negotiation Using Oil-for Food cash to buy weapons UN resolutions 660, 661, 662, 664, 665, 666, 667, 669, 670, 674, 677, and 678

Faced with a regime that had started two costly and bloody wars, the Bush administration did not “rush to war” but considered a wide range of alternatives. Finding them all infeasible or ineffective and Saddam Hussein intractable, it sought and received Congressional authorization to use force (Bush 2010; Feith 2008). See also Chapter 15, note 16).

4 1618-1648. Initially a Protestant-Catholic war, it merged with the Bourbon-Habsburg rivalry and involved most European powers. Major regions suffered extensive destruction resulting in famine and disease that massively decreased the population of Bohemia, Germany, Italy, and the Netherlands, while bankrupting most of the combatants.

5 For the problem of non-state actors and illegal combatants such as pirates and terrorists, see Chapter 15.

6 For instance, the 1864 Sand Creek massacre, the atomic bomb to end World War II, Russia in Chechnya, and Israel’s 2006 invasion of Lebanon.

7 John Kerry claimed under oath in congressional testimony that US troops murdered 200,000 South Vietnamese per year—more than total annual fatalities from all war-related causes. No evidence supports his charge. The US prosecuted and punished some 200 war crimes by its own troops. The North Vietnamese murdered civilians by policy.

8 This section relies on Harakas, Norwich, and Ostrogorsky.

9 This section draws on Klinghofer, Temes, Walzer, and Solomon. Biblical references are to the Revised Standard Version (1952, New York, Thomas Nelson & Sons).

10 A Sanhedrin is a city court of 23 judges. The 71-member Great Sanhedrin was the Supreme Court and legislative body of ancient Israel.

11 e.g. Maimonides, (1135–1204) and Nahmanides (AD 1194–1270) in Muslim Spain, Levi ben Gershom (1288–1344) in Provence, and Abravenel (1437–1508) in Portugal.

12 This section is based on Gibb, Hitti, Johnson, Kelsay, Wright, and Arberry’s translation of the Qur’an.

13 The five “pillars” of Islam are almsgiving, fasting, prayer, pilgrimage, and profession of faith (in Allah and Muhammad his prophet). The Kharijites became the first Islamic heretics in 657 AD when Ali submitted a dispute to arbitration rather than make a decision. They became increasingly fanatical, branding all who disagreed with them as worthy of execution. Over time, “kharijite” came to mean those who justify killing innocent people in the name of religion. The Ibadis have abandoned this practice.

14 This section is based on Brekke and the article on “dharma” in Wikipedia.

15 This section is based on Bartholomeusz, Stroble and The Teaching of Buddha.

16 This section is based on Lewis (2000, 2006), Sun Tzu (1963), and Ven (2000).

17 Condemnation had no practical effect. The elimination of slavery had to wait for the Industrial Revolution, which made it uneconomic.

18 Article 51 of the United Nations Charter provides that “nothing…shall impair the inherent” right of self-defense.

19 Such as Hungary in 1956, Tibet in 1988, Rwanda in 1994, or Darfur beginning in 2003. See also the examples in the discussion of Strategic Geography in Chapter 14.