Index
Arbitration 358-375
assessment 369-369
bilateral agreements 367-368
PCA 368
Assessing outcomes 564-579
agreement duration 569-574
agreement provisions 568-569
assessing conflict management outcomes 565-566
baseline prospects 567
breakup of Yugoslavia 573-574
CF data 571,572
conflict management 564-579
conflict management method 567-568
conflict management process 565
dispute effects 575
durability of peace 564-579
Egypt/Israeli conflict 573-574
entry effects 575
future research 574-576
ICB data 571, 572
ICM data 570
interaction of third party and disputant choices 565 management method effects 575 overview by data set 573
proactive measures for conflict resolution 567 recent developments 567-569
selection effects 574
substitutability 575-576
summary of conflict management data 569
TPI data 570-571
variations in data 572-573
Case studies and conflict resolution 72-85
atheoretical 73
conventional typologies 81
crisis management 77-81
crucial 76-77
Cuban missile crisis 80-81
designs for theory testing 75-77
deviant 74
hypothesis generalising 73-74
idiographic 73
July 1914 crisis 78-80
methodology 73-77
plausibility problems 74-75
process tracing 76
provisional theory 77-78 theory guided 73 theory-testing 74 types 73-75
variations on Mill's methods 75-76
Civil war 595-612
clustering 597-607
direct conflict contagion 601-602 government alliances and rivalries 600-601 implications for conflict resolution 605-607 interstate conflict, and 602-604
location of armed conflicts 1993-2003 597 spread of 595-612 spread of impact 604-605 spread of onset 598-602
transnational terrorism, and 602-604
transnational actor linkages 598-600
Conflict 3-11
attribution in 8
behaviour in 8-10
conflicted evaluations 6 contending content 7 differential rewards 6-7 environment of 7-8 issues in 5-7 meaning 3-4 parties in 4-5
psychological state of affairs, as 4
Conflict prevention 287-321
ad hoc direct instruments 302
ad hoc structural instruments 299-302 advocacy 293-295
a priori instruments 291, 299
basic life-history of conflicts and phases of engagement 290 changing norms 295 clash of professions 297
conduct more basic prevention research 307-308 consolidate what is known 307
direct instruments 290, 299
distinct perspective 288-292
early warning 293-295
Conflict prevention (Cont’d) effective preventions 297-306 escalating violent conflicts 304-306 focus knowledge on emerging conflicts 307 idea whose has come and gone, whether 287-288 management 291-292 manifest limited conflict 302-304 meaning 288-292 methods 289-292
moments for prevention 288-289 obstacles 295-297 overall ingredients 298 practice 287-321
prevention by other means 292 resolution 291-292 sequencing 298-302 structural instruments 290, 299 tapping the potential 307-308 taxonomy of instruments 292 theory 298-302 theory in pursuit of policy 287-321 timing 298-302 transformation 291-292 well-known secret 292-297 what is being done 292-297
Conflict research through a multi-method lens 119-142
aggregate case comparisons 128-131 analysing documents 131-132 analysing survey data 124-125 Cambell and Fiske idea 137-138 collecting survey data 124-125 doing experiments 120-122 dual-method strategy 138 enhanced case studies 125-126 evaluating interventions 132-135 focused case companions 127-128 modelling conflict processes 122-124 performing case studies 125-131 research conducted through multi-method lens 135-137
time-series analysis 126-127 trend towards 119
Conflict resolution academic efforts 2 assumptions 10-11 Era of Terrorism, and 2 “ethics” 10 nature of 1-11 rise in importance of 2 terms 10-11
“success” 10
vibrant field of inquiry, as 2-3
Conflict resolution in the international system 52-71 alliances 60-61
Anatol Rapaport and 52 arms races 64
bargaining 64-66
behaviour and interaction 63-66
behavioural correlates of war 63-64
business cycle 53
capabilities 56
capacity 57-58
conflict termination 64-66
democracy and war 54-55, 60 demographies 53 domestic stability 53-54 dyadic level of social aggregation 57-62 early warning systems 66-67 economic development 53 economic openness 61-62 environmental degradation 17-57 failure in research strategy 53 government centralisation 54 international institution 67-68
Kenneth Boulding and 52
major powers 55-56 militarization 56
negotiations 64-66
nuclear weapons 59-60
parity 57-58
professional agents 67 proximity of states 60 power cycles 56 questionable approach 52-71 recurring conflicts 58-59 regime types 54-55
regional and global level of aggregation 62-63 research priorities 67 state level of aggregation 53-57 statistical findings 66-67 status quo orientations 61
trade 61-62
United Nations 67-68
Constructivism 172-189
agency-structure problem, and 175
agents 179-180
casual effect of language and discourse 175-176 conflict analysis, and 176-182 conflict resolution, and 182-184 conflict transformation, and 187 construction of identity 177-179 development of 174 discourses of conflict 180-182
evaluation 184-186
forms of 175
future conflict resolutions research agenda 184-186 meaning 172-173
nature of 172-173
neo-liberalism 174
neo-realism, and 173-174 normative structure, and 175,176
social science, and 176
structures 179-180
Culture and conflict resolution 506-524
assessing importance of culture 513-515 beliefs 510-511
chronometics 512
cognition 511 communication 510 concept of culture 517 culture, meaning 507-508 current research 515-516 debated issues 516-518
ethics 511
from theory to practice 520-521 influence of culture 508-513 methodology 517-518 negotiating 509-510
new areas of research 518-520
perception 512
power distribution 509
Democracy 475-487
conflict between states, and 475-482
conflict within states, and 482-486
critics of democratic peace thesis 480-482 democratic institutions and restraint 478-480 democratic norms and conflict resolution 476-478 grievance and political openness 482-484 peace-building 484-486
pushing to achieve peace 486-487 settlement 484-486
Dialogue as process for transforming relationships
376- 381
broadening definition of conflict 383
broadening political paradigm 383-384 communication 376
concept of relationship 380-381
conceptual innovations 383
continuous political process 384-387
dialogue in conflict resolution 381-382 different mode of communicating and relating
377- 380
judging achievements and limits 388-390 process 376-377
summary reflection on formative period 388 sustained dialogue niche 387-388
Diplomacy and conflict resolution 33-51
choosing between diplomacy and war 46-47 commitment to peace 38-39
coercive diplomacy 35
coexistence 36-37
conduct of foreign affairs 33
conduct of foreign policy 33 constructive ambiguity 42-43 diplomacy and war as international institutions 34-36
diplomacy, meaning 33-34
diplomatic immunity 39
diplomatic practice 34
diplomatic service 33-4
“every war must end” 35-36
globalisation, and 47-48
implementation phase 36
manner of conducting relations 34 multilaterialism 45-46
negotiation 33
norms 36-40
norms and practices complicating 40-46
open communication channels 37-38
openness 41-42
pacta sunt servanda 39-40
political will 47
polylateralism 45-46
practices 36-40
precedence 40-41
reciprocity 36-37
recognition 43-45
shared language 37-38
threat and reward strategies 35
trust 46
worldview 46-47
Economic and resource causes of conflicts 210-224
conceptually reductionist 219-220
economic growth, and 220
geopolitical perspectives 214-216
mechanisms linking resources wealth and armed conflicts 217
political ecology perspectives 218-219
political economy perspectives 216-218 poverty 210-213
resources 213-219
Emerging problems in theory and practice 669-674
culture 672-673
data banks 670
economics 670
media, and 672
mediation 671
morality, and 673
religion 671
weapons of mass destruction 673
Ethnicity, negotiation and conflict management 246-263
ethnic group 246-250
ethnicity 246-250
Ethno-religious conflicts 264-284
altering attitudes 279
altering behaviour 279
altering mind frames 279
altering negative stereotypes 279
centrality of identity issues 265
centrality of religion and religious institutions 266
challenging traditional structure 280 characteristics 265-267
Ethno-religious conflicts (Cont’d)
characteristics of religiously motivated conflict resolution 275-277
civilian casualties 266
contributions of faithbased actors 279-281 contributions of religious leaders 279-281 credibility 277-278 crisis of legitimacy 267
democracy, dissemination of idea of 279 development, dissemination of idea of 279 drafting committed people from wide pool 279-280
dynamics of religion as source of violence 269-274 effecting policies 280
exploring role of religion in conflict resolution 264-284
federalism 255-256
financial resources available 278-279 from constructive to destructive conflict 257-258 human resources available 278-279 human rights, dissemination of idea of 279 impact of colonization 266-267
injuries, healing 279
injuries, resources to heal 278 institutive resources available 278-279 institutional arrangements 259 interethnic negotiations 259 intra-state conflicts 265-266 intractability 266
involvement of faith-based actors 276-277
justice, dissemination of idea of 279 legitimacy 277-278
mediating between conflicting parties 280-281 national elections 251-252
“positive” myths 281
potential conflict resolution roles for faith-based actors 277-281
power-sharing coalitions 252-255 preventing bargaining failure 258-263 reaching out to grass-roots 280 reaching out to government 280 religion as source of violence 267-269 religious sources of conflict resolution and peace building 274-275
religious values 276 resource allocation 256-257
rituals 276
role of ethnic intermediary in political process 250-251
sacred texts 276
shaping state-ethnic relations 251-257 spirituality 276
trauma, healing 279
trauma, resources to heal 278 unique qualities of 281 use of religious language, texts and images 266 vocabulary 276
Evolution of conflict resolution 15-32
9/11, and 25
Asia 27
autonomy 29
CASBS 19-20
Centre for the Analysis of Conflict 21
China 27
Cold War, and 19
contemporary issues 27-29 coordinates of applied work 29 core topics 28
differentiation 1990-2008 24-27 diffusion 24-27
educational programs 26 expansion 1970-1989 21-24
external relations 29
Gandhi, and 17
Harvard Program on Neogotiation 22-23
IFOR 18
IIASA 24
India, and 19 institutionalisation 1970-1984 21-24 institutions of higher learning, and 29 integration of theory, practice and research 29 interdisciplinary approach 28
International Peace Research Association 21
Internet 26
Latin America 27
laying the groundwork 1946-1969 18-21
Lenin, and 17
mediator, role of 28
National Institute of Dispute Resolution 22
NATO, and 24
Peace Science Society (International) 21 peace and conflict chairs and programs in European Universities 24
periods of 16-27 preliminary developments 1914-1945 17-18 PRIO 20
professional independence 29
publications 25-26
realm of practice 16
religious thought and practice, and 17 research centers 26-27
research projects 20
SIPRI 20
Swiss peace 20
theory practice 15-16
time perspectives 29
universality of theory and practices 28 violence, and 28
William and Flora Hewlett Foundation 22
World War II, and 18
Experimental research as social conflict 102-118 advantage of doing field experiments 110 advantages 104-106
advantages of correlational studies 106-107 advantages of doing laboratory experiments 109-110
aggression as function of emotions competing with anger 103
assessing process 106
control 109
controlling for random variations 106 creating novel conditions 104 emotional impact 110
establishing cause and effect 105
examples 102-104 experimental findings 112-115 external validity 110-111 disadvantages 104-106
finding integrative agreements 113-114
getting other party to concede 113 laboratory vs. field experiments 107-110 manipulations, range of 109-110 measures, range of 109-110 motivational impact 110
narrowness of current laboratory paradigms 111-112
negotiation 112-114
reducing confounding 105-106 social dilemmas 112
third-party intervention 114-115 types of field experiments 109 types of laboratory experiments 107-108
Game theory 86-101
case studies 87-98
Cuban missile crisis 89-92
Europe 1914 87-89
further approaches 98-100
further challenges 98-100
Greek-Turkish territorial waters conflict 94-97 nuclear deterrence 92-94 published literature 86-87
reorganization of UN Security Council 97-98
Human rights 613-629
agenda for change 626-627 breaking new ground 622-625 civil society efforts at integrating into conflict resolution 624-625
conflict resolution, and 613-629
current approaches of UN Secretary General 622 integrating with conflict resolution agenda 616-617
key differences from conflict resolution 617
NGO efforts at integrating into conflict resolution 624-625
OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities 623-624
power asymmetry 619-621
rejection of conflict resolution 618-622
resistance by conflict resolution practitioners 616-618
similarities with conflict resolution 615-616 state of the art 613-629
strategies for social change 621-622 strengthening norms 615-616
Intractable conflicts 492-505
causes of intractability 494-496 ending 492-505 how to mediate 499-501 mediation 492-505
options for settlement 496-497 when to mediate 497-499 who should mediate 501-504
Judicial settlement 358-375
ad hoc criminal tribunals 365
assessment 368-369
ECHR 366
ECJ 367
ICC 363-365
ICJ 361-363
institutions linked to UN 361-367
Inter-American Court of Human Rights 366-367 ITLOS 365
regional human rights courts 366-367
Media and conflict resolution 455-474 communication 462
confidence building and destruction 463-464 framework 469
framework for research and practice 466 functions 461-466
media coverage 459-461
media functions 468-469
media intervention 457-459
mediation 462-463
phases of conflict 467
projects by types of intervention 458
promoting agreements 464-466 signalling 462 types of conflict 466-467 types of media 467-468 typologies 456-461
weaknesses 470
Mediation 340-357
approaches 341-345
approaches in study of 344-345
characteristics 343-344
definition 341-345
functions of mediators 346-350
mediator motivation 345-346
motives 345-346
notion of success in 350-353
objective criteria 352-353
parties' motivation 346
Mediation (Cont’d)
quest for learning principles and practices 353 rationale 345-346
communication-facilitation 347
directive 347-348
environment 350
factors affecting 348-350
initiation and timing of intervention 349-350 intensity of conflict 348
internal characteristics of parties 349 mediator identity and rank 349 previous relationship and experience of parties 349
procedural 347
type of issues in conflict 348-349
strategies 347-348
subjective criteria 351-352
UN Charter 340
Military conflicts 630-644
arms control 630-644, 637-641
beginning of resolution 632-634 control 634-643
force 630-644
from limitation to reduction 636-637
from reduction to stabilization 637-641
from stabilization to resolution 641-643 limitation 632-634
management 634-643
military balance 637-641
step by step resolution 631-632
Negotiation 322-339
asymmetry 325-326
behaviour 332-333
CDG 327-328
characteristics 324
collective personality 333 compensation 332 concession 331-332
conflict, and 322-323
conflict outcomes 1946-2005 323
conflict types 333-335
construction 332
diagnosis 330
end value asymmetry 328
escalation, and 329
formulation 330-331
game theoretic concepts 320-329
interstate conflict negotiations 334 mediation, and 325
new challenges 335-336
norms 324
outcome and regions 1946-2005 334
outcome and type of conflict 1946-2005 333 PDG 327-328
power structures 326
process 329-332
reasons for 324
strategy 327-329
structure 325-327
NGOs and conflict resolution 392-412
Carter Center 400-402
Center for Humanitarian Dialogue 402-403
Community of Sant'Egidio 396-400
CMI 403-406
Cold War, and 406
conditions for success 407
cultural milieu 393
degree of contact with states 393
direct involvement in peace processes 396-406 efficacy 408
future role 408
growth of involvement 407
indirect peace processes 408 mediation, and 395
self-representations 394
theory of direct involvement 392-396
Peace vs.
justice 580-594after the war 589-591
core arguments 581-582
from agreements to durable peace 588-591
from conflict to dialogue 582-584
from negotiation to agreement 584-588 meaning 580
multiple roles of outcome justice 587-588 outcome justice, principles 585-587 peace-making, principles 585-587 process fairness 584-585
transitional justice and peace 58-591
Peacekeeping 525-542
conceptual developments 527-534
correlates of success 536-539 definitions 527-530
deployment of peacekeepers 534
effect 534-536
empirical patterns 534-539
failure 530-532
future research directions 539
study of 525-527
success 530-532
taxonomies 527-530
theoretical frameworks 532-534
Problem-solving approaches 143-171
agenda 154-155
appropriateness 162-165
assumptions 151
basic design elements 151-152 communication 152-153
cooperation vs.
competition 146-147 critique 162-165definitions 143-144
effectiveness 162-165
evaluation 162-165 examples of interactive intervention 155-156 future research 166-167
goals 151
group problem solving 145-46
group problem solving and conflict 146-147 individual problem-solving 144-145 integrative vs. distributive 147-148 interactive conflict resolution 148-167 international conflict, in 148-167 nature of protracted intergroup conflict 149-152 objectives 151 participants 153
problem solving in negotiation 147-148 prescriptions resulting from research 148 principles of interactive problem-solving approaches 151-155
reentry 166 relevance 166 remaining issues 166-167 research support 156-162 setting 153 strategy 144-148 theoretical support 156-162 third party 154 time frame 153-154 timing 153-154 topic 152-153
Reconciliation 543-563
bottom-up and top-down process 552-553 confronting history 550-552 contented forgiveness 556-557 definition 544-546
demobilizing minds 546-557 Franco-German case 546-548 historical possibility, as 546-549 institutions 544-545 justice, need for 554-555 limits 543-563
miraculous formula, as 558-560 peace-building process, as 543-563 political slogan, as 557-558 practical limitations of concept 557-560 “reframing” the other 550 relationships 545-546 ripeness question 553 scope 543-563 self of patterns, as 549-553 self-reflection 550
SouthAfrican case 548-549 structures 544-545 triple process of reassessment 549-552 truth, search for 555-556 useful distinctions 553-554
Resolving ecological conflicts 225-245
agenda setting 241
bargaining on formula and detail 242 bilateral setting 240 characterization of environmental issues 226-243 distribution of negative rather than positive values 235
distributiveness 230
embedded ecological conflict 228, 238-239, 240
embracing ecological conflict 228-229
fighting in ecological conflicts 238
high issue complexities 232-234 institutionalisation of environmental issues 229 institutionalisation of issues 243
international ecological conflict 226
international environmental agreements including instutionalized issue
definitions 229
issue characteristics 243
issue clarification 241
issue complexity 240
issue frames highlighting either crisis or risk 236-237
issue impact on conflict resolution 230-238 knowledge diplomacy 242
natural problem 226-227
negative consequences of environmental issue 226
pluri-layered uncertainty problems 235-236 pre-negotiation 240-41
“pure” ecological conflicts 227-228 securitization of environmental issues 237-238 special circumstances 225-245
“talking” 239-240
tendency to involve complex combination of participants 234-235
trans-boundary character of issues 230-232 typical circumstances 225-245
typology of ecological conflicts 227-230
Settlements of international disputes 358-375 burning case leading to creation of special tribunal
372- 373
conflicts of legal systems 370-371
effect of criminal courts on conflict resolution 372
implementation of court decisions and orders
373- 374
role of law in conflict resolution 369-370
winning principle 371-372
Territory 193-208
conflict, and 195-198
empirical patterns 195-202
implications for conflict resolution 202-205 intellectual background 193-195
peace, and 198-202
road to peace, as 193-208
source of conflict, as 193-208
Terrorism and conflict resolution 437-453
Church of Nativity example 443-444 defining 437-439
factors impacting negotiating 450-452
issue development 448-450
Moscow Theater hostage crisis example 444-447 paradox and crisis bargaining 440-443 process of confronting terrorist-related conflict 439-452
proposal development 450
relational development 447-448
scene resolution 450
Training and Education 645-668
academia 651
bilateral exercise 655-656, 660-662
characters versus culture 650
charismatic trainers 648
commerce 650-651
commercial trainers 650
diplomacy 651-652
DVD 649
ESC draft resolution 663-665
exercises 654-658
impact 646
impact of culture 646-647
limitations 646-647
losing face 648-649
modus operandi 652-654 multilateral exercises 656-658
old- fashioned diplomats 648 practitioners 647-652 program 654-655
reasons for 658
researchers 647-652
second-hand knowledge 650
simulation game 649
state of the art 647-652
tools 653-654
trainers 652
training resolute conflict negotiators 645
trainers 647-652
trainees 652-653
UNDRO individual instructions 665-667
value of 646-647
video 649
United Nations mediations experience 413-434 acceptability to majority of constituents 429 agreeing on agenda 421 agreement on power-sharing 429 agreeing on volume 420-421 balancing asymmetrical power between parties 424-425
bargaining over positions versus reconciling interviews 421-422
clear guidelines about implementation priorities
and timetables 429 confidence-building measures 418-419 dealing with decision- makers 420 dealing with media 426 dealing with pre-conditions 417-418 deciding who to include in process 419-420 drawing on international norms, standards and models 425 eschewing artificial deadlines 426 establishing framework for negotiations 421 establishing public commitment 427 finding best balance between direct and indirect talks 423-424
finding solutions that satisfy parties' interests 422-423
helping to ripen situation 417 identifying issues 421 implementation mechanism 430 introducing new ideas 425-426 lead role for UN in implementation 429-430 lessons about mediation from UN peacemaking experience 421-428
lessons for peace agreements 428-430 lessons from UN experience for pre-mediation process 416-421
negotiation/mediation during implementation 430-431
patience and persistence, need for 426-427 practical lessons for conflict resolution 413-434 resolution of issues 429 single mediator, need for 419 support from friends of Secretary-General 427-428 UN as dispute settlement system 413-416 understanding parties' interests 422-423 unravelling linkage between issues 427 UN's interest-based approach 416 UN's power-based approach 414-415 UN's rights-based approaches 415-416 using Secretary-General's authority 427 using single negotiating text 425 working with regional and sub-regional
organizations 428