References

Ager, A. (2006). What is family? The nature and functions of families in times of conflict. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp.

Ager, A., Strang, A., & Abebe, B. (2005). Conceptualising community development in war-affected populations. Community Development Journal, 40(2), 158-168.

Al-Krenawi, A., Lev-Wiesel, R., & Sehwail, M. (2007). Psychological symptomatology among Palestinian children living with political violence. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 12, 27-31.

Annan, J., Blattman, C., & Horton, R. (2006). Findings from the survey for war affected youth. Kampala: UNICEF Uganda.

Arnfred, S., & Utas, M. (2007). Re-thinking Africa: A contribution to the Swedish government white paper on Africa. Uppsala: The Nordic Africa Institute.

Bandura, A. (2001). Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective. Annual Review of Psychol­ogy, 52, 1-26.

Barber, B. (2009). Glimpsing the complexity of youth and political violence. In B. Barber (Ed.), Adolescents and war: How youth deal with political violence (pp. 3-32). New York: Oxford University Press.

Barnard, M. (2003). Between a rock and a hard place: The role of relatives in protecting children from the effects of parental drug problems. Child and Family Social Work, 8(4), 291-299.

Berckmoes, L., & Reis, R. (2013). Violence and children in Burundi: Desk review analysis on cyclical and multilevel violence. Amsterdam Institute of Social Science Research and UNICEF Burundi.

Betancourt, T., & Williams, T. (2008). Building an evidence base on mental health interventions for children affected by armed conflict. Intervention, 6, 39-56.

Boothby, N., Strang, A., & Wessells, M. (2006). Introduction. In N. Boothby, A.

Bourdieu, P. (2000). Pascalian meditations. Stanford: Stanford University Press.

Boyden, J., & de Berry, J. (2004). Introduction. In J. Boyden & J. de Berry (Eds.), Children and youth on the front line: Ethnography, armed conflict and displacement (pp. xi-xxvii). Oxford: Berghahn Books.

British Broadcast Company (BBC). (2010). UN official calls DR Congo ‘rape capital of the world'. BBC, 28 Apr. Available from: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1Zhi/8650112.stm. Accessed 29 Apr 2010.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Development Psychology, 22(6), 732-742.

Buka, S., et al. (2001). Youth exposure to violence: Prevalence, risks and consequences. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 71(3), 298-310.

Catani, C., Schauer, E., & Neuner, F. (2008). Beyond individual war trauma: Domestic violence against children in Afghanistan and Sri Lanka. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 34(2), 165-176.

Christiansen, C., Utas, M., & Vigh, H. (2006). Navigating youth, generating adulthood. In: C. Christiansen, M. Utas, & H. Vigh (Eds.), Navigating youth, generating adulthood: Social becoming in an African context (pp. 9-28). Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet.

Coghlan, B., et al. (2006). Mortality in the Democratic Republic of Congo: A nationwide survey. The Lancet, 367(9504), 44-51.

Colletta, N., & Cullen, M. (2000). Violent conflict, social capital and social cohesion: Case studies from Cambodia and Rwanda. The World Bank Social Capital Working Paper Series. Available from: http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTSOCIALCAPITAL/Resources/Social-Capital- Initiative-Working-Paper-Series/SCI-WPS-23.pdf. Accessed 12 Nov 2012.

Cramer, J., & McDonald, K. (1996). Kin support and family stress: Two sides to early childbearing and support networks.

Crumbaugh, J., & Maholick, L. (1964). An experimental study in existentialism: The psychomet­ric approach to Frankl's concept of neogenic neurosis. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 20(2), 200-207.

Dawes, A. (1990). The effects of political violence on children: A consideration of South African and related studies. International Journal of Psychology, 25(1), 13-31.

Delage, M. (2008). La Resilience familiale. Paris: Odile Jacob.

Elder, G. (1974). Children of the great depression: Social change in life experience. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Fernando, G., Miller, K., & Berger, D. (2010). Growing pains: The impact of disaster-related and daily stressors on the psychological and psychosocial functioning of youth in Sri Lanka. Child Development, 81(4), 1192-1210.

Frankl, V. (2006[1959]). Man’s search for meaning. Boston: Beacon Press.

Freud, A., & Burlingham, D. (1943). Infants without families. London: G. Allen and Unwin.

Garbarino, J., & Kostelny, K. (1996). The effects of political violence on Palestinian children’s behavior problems: A risk accumulation model. Child Development, 67(1), 33-45.

Garbarino, J., Kostelny, K., & Dubrow, N. (1991). What children can tell us about living in danger. American Psychologist, 46(4), 376-383.

Garmezy, N. (1985). Stress-resistant children: The search for protective factors. In J. E. Stevenson (Ed.), Recent research in developmental psychopathology (pp. 213-233). Oxford: Pergamon Press.

Geertz, C. (2000). Available light: Anthropological reflections on philosophical topics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Giacaman, R., et al. (2008). Humiliation: The invisible trauma of war for Palestinian youth. Public Health, 121(8), 563-571.

Gilligan, R. (2001). Promoting resilience: A resource guide on working with children in the care system. London: British Agencies for Adoption and Fostering.

Goodhand, J., Lewer, N., & Hume, D.

Haggerty, R., Sherrod, L., Garmezy, N., & Rutter, M. (Eds.). (1994). Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hart, J. (2008). Displaced children’s participation in political violence: Towards greater under­standing of mobilization. Conflict, Security & Development, 8(3), 277-293.

Heine, S., Proulx, T., & Vohs, K. (2006). The meaning maintenance model: On the coherence of social motivations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 88-110.

Jackson, S. (2006). Sons of which soil? The language and politics of autochthony in Eastern D.R. Congo. African Studies Review, 49(2), 95-123.

James, A., & Prout, A. (1997). Introduction. In A. James & A. Prout (Eds.), Constructing and reconstructing childhood: Contemporary issues in the sociological study of childhood (pp. 1-6). London: Falmer Press.

Jordans, M., Tol, W., Komproe, I., & de Jong, J. (2009). Systematic review of evidence and treatment approaches: Psychosocial and mental health care for children in war. Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 14(1), 2-14.

Killian, B. (2002). Challenges facing child protection: Is child protection possible in areas of war and violence? Child Abuse & Neglect, 26(6-7), 587-617.

Kleinman, A. (2000). The violences of everyday life: The multiple forms and dynamics of social violence. In V. Das et al. (Eds.), Violence and subjectivity (pp. 226-241). California: Univer­sity of California Press.

Ladd, G., & Cairns, E. (1996). Children: Ethnic and political violence. Child Development, 67(1), 14-18.

Larousse Online Dictionary. Available from: http://www.larousse.com/en/dictionnaires/francais/ se_d%C3%A9brouiller/21929. Accessed 10 Aug 2012.

Luthar, S. (2006). Resilience in development: A synthesis of research across five decades.

Luthar, S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2003). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71 (3), 543-562.

Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1998). An ecological-transactional analysis of children and contexts: The longitudinal interplay among child maltreatment, community violence, and children’s symptomatology. Development and Psychopathology, 10(2), 235-257.

Lynch, M., & Cicchetti, D. (2002). Links between community violence and the Iamily system: Evidence from children’s feelings of relatedness and perceptions of parent behavior. Family Process, 41(3), 519-532.

Macksoud, M., & Aber, J. (1996). The war experiences and psychosocial development of children in Lebanon. Child Development, 67(1), 70-88.

Mamdani, M. (2001). When victims become killers: Colonialism, nativism, and the genocide in Rwanda. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

Masten, A., & Obradovic, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New YorkAcademy of Sciences, 1094, 13-27.

Masten, A., Best, K., & Garmezy, N. (1990). Resilience and development: Contributions from the study of children who overcome adversity. Development and Psychopathology, 2 (4), 425-444.

Miller, K., et al. (2009). The validity and clinical utility of post-traumatic stress disorder in Afghanistan. Transcultural Psychiatry, 46(2), 219-297.

Muldoon, O. (2004). Children of the troubles: The impact of political violence in Northern Ireland. Journal of Social Issues, 60(3), 453-468.

Neuner, F., et al. (2004). Psychological trauma and evidence for enhanced vulnerability for posttraumatic stress disorder through previous trauma among West Nile refugees. BMC Psychiatry, 4(1), 34-39.

Olivier de Sardan, J. (1996). L’economie morale de la corruption en Afrique. Politique Africaine, 63, 97-116.

Oxford Concise medical dictionary (6th ed.). (2002). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Oxford dictionaries (n.d.). http://oxforddictionaries.com

Prunier, G. (2009). Africa’s World War: Congo, the Rwandan genocide, and the making of a continental catastrophe. New York: Oxford University Press.

Punamaki, R. (1996). Can ideological commitment protect children’s psychosocial well-being in situations of political violence? Child Development, 67(1), 55-69.

Qouta, S., Punamaki, R., & El Sarraj, E. (2008). Child development and family mental health in war and military violence: The Palestinian experience. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(4), 310-321.

Rasmussen, A., et al. (2010). Rates and impact of trauma and current stressors among Darfuri refugees in Eastern Chad. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80(2), 223-232.

Richters, J., & Martinez, P. (1993). Violent communities, family choices, and children’s chances: An algorithm for improving the odds. Development and Psychopathology, 5(4), 609-627.

Richards, P. (1996). Fighting for the rain forest: War, youth and resources in Sierra Leone. Oxford: Currey.

Rutter, M. (1994). Stress research: Accomplishments and tasks ahead. In R. Haggerty, L. Sherrod, N. Garmezy, & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress, risk, and resilience in children and adolescents: Processes, mechanisms, and interventions (pp. 355-385). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rutter, M. (2000). Resilience reconsidered: Conceptual considerations, empirical findings, and policy implications. In J. Shonkoff & S. Meisels (Eds.), Handbook of early childhood inter­vention (pp. 651-682). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Rutter, M. (2007). Resilience, competence, and coping. Child Abuse & Neglect, 31 (3), 205-209.

Rutter, M., & Quinton, D. (1984). Parental psychiatric disorder: Effects on children. Psychological Medicine, 14(4), 853-880.

Seymour, C. (2011). Gaps in accessing formal and non-formal education opportunities for adoles­cents in the DRC. Open Society Initiative for Southern Africa and Save the Children UK. http:// www.osisa.org/sites/default/files/education_opportunities_for_youth_in_the_drc.pdf

Seymour, C. (2012). Ambiguous agencies: Coping and survival in eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Children’s Geographies, 10(4), 373-384.

Seymour, C. (2014). Zero in the court of nine to one: Patronage and tactical weakness in coping with violence. Children’s Geographies, 12(3), 268-280.

Simon, H. (1957). Models of man: Social and rational. New York: Wiley.

Simone, A. M. (2004). People as infrastructure: Intersecting fragments in Johannesburg. Public Culture, 16(3), 407-429.

Slone, M., & Shoshani, A. (2008). Efficacy of a school-based primary prevention program for coping with exposure to political violence. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 32(4), 348-358.

Summerfield, D. (2001). The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category. British Medical Journal, 322, 95-98.

Triplehorn, C., & Chen, C. (2006). Layers of support: The social ecology of protecting children in war. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp. 223-241). Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.

Ungar, M. (2005). Pathways to resilience among children in child welfare, corrections, mental health and educational settings: Navigation and negotiation. Child & Youth Care Forum, 34(6), 423-444.

Ungar, M. (2008). Resilience across cultures. British Journal of Social Work, 38, 218-235.

United Nations. (2013). Democratic Republic of Congo: Internally displaced people and returnees. Available from: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/DRC%20Factsheet% 20Population%20Movement%20_english_2%20eme%20trimestre%202013.pdf. Accessed 15 July 2015.

Vigh, H. (2006). Navigating terrains of war: Youth and soldiering in Guinea-Bissau. New York: Berghahn Books.

Werner, E., & Johnson, J. (1999). Can we apply resilience? In M. Glantz & J. Johnson (Eds.), Resilience and development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 259-268). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum.

Werner, E., & Smith, R. (1992). Overcoming the odds: High risk children from birth to adulthood. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.

Wessells, M., & Strang, A. (2006). Religion as resource and risk: The double-edged sword for children in situations of armed conflict. In N. Boothby, A. Strang, & M. Wessells (Eds.), A world turned upside down: Social ecological approaches to children in war zones (pp. 199-222). Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.

Zraly, M. (2008). Bearing: Resilience ame>ng genocide-rape survivors in Rwanda. Thesis (PhD). Case Western Reserve University.