Conclusion
The constitutional replacement of 1958 has received little study as a founding moment in Iraq’s history. However, a gender perspective suggests that a more careful look is warranted.
Juxtaposing activists’ struggles during the Hashemite period against women’s political and legal enshrinement as second-class citizens by the 1925 Constitution with the new legislation and actions pertaining to women’s rights after 1958 offers a new perspective into this moment in history. While this juncture should not be idealised, as any advancement achieved after 1958 left much to be desired, the annulment of the 1925 Constitution and the introduction of legislation inspired by the 1958 Interim Constitution signalled a new direction. Women were no longer constitutionally barred from formal politics or left outside state jurisdiction and protection. The annulment of the TCCDR ended the formal construction of female citizens as tribal possessions. Suffrage and the introduction of the Personal Status Law created a means for women, as activists, lawyers and politicians to advance their rights in relation to the family and society.The struggle of women's rights' activists in post-Saddam Iraq also affirms the notion that the 1958 constitutional replacement was a founding moment. Activists' sense of deja vu after 2003 was informed by the generation of activists who had exposed and fought against the harsh implications the 1925 Constitution had on women. Moreover, their struggle was in defence of achievements made possible by the 1958 constitutional replacement that the founding mothers of the Iraqi women's movement had helped bring about.
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