Conclusion

In the hearts of Mongolians, there was a strong desire to build a prosperous state like Genghis Khan’s and to support the democratic movement of the 1990s, to enable Mongolia to develop into an independent, sovereign state, and to build a strong society and economy.

Summing up the making of the 1992 Constitution:

1. The social change resulting from the democratic movement was activated by the fall of the socialist camp and was realised according to the aspirations of the people who always valued national interests. In the political, economic, social, and spiritual spheres, the 1960 Constitution, which was in force at that time, could no longer be regulated, so there was an urgent need to adopt a new Constitution. Simply amending the Constitution was no way to solve the problem. This was because the entire sphere of society had changed, and the Mongolian nation had a new purpose, so the Constitution, which is the basis of social relations, had to be completely revised to reflect this.

2. By 1990, the leaders of the ruling power had recognised that communism was not suitable for Mongolia. The authorities were given no choice but to accept the strong demands of the pro-democracy protests and hunger strikes. There was no other way out but to accept the new system as a society. At the end of the 1980s, there was a shortage of food and goods, and because the under­ground economy began to develop, it was widely understood that the country needed a healthy economy.

3. As for the legal system, since Mongolia received legal experience and legal reception from the Soviet Union for many years, there was no other way than to follow previous legal techniques when updating the laws. The main compo­sition of the Soviet Union was Russian, and the technique of Russian lawyers was continental or civil law origin.

4. The 1992 Constitution has six chapters and 70 articles. The country's independence, state structures, principles, human rights, separation of powers, Parliament, Government, President, courts, local self-government, Constitutional Court, and constitutional amendments were regulated.

5. In order to implement the Constitution, step-by-step measures were taken and new laws adopted in every sphere of society. The importance of the 1992 Constitution is that it provides the multi-party system in the political field, democratic elections, private property and free market in the economic field, interest groups to create a civil society in the social field, and things that supported Mongolians to preserve their national identity in the spiritual field.

Finally, in closing this chapter, I would like to quote the words of freelance jour­nalist Irija Halash: ‘The democratic revolution did not change Mongolia into a paradise, but, most importantly, it prepared a solid foundation for a democratic country that respects human rights and freedoms'.