Contents

Preface................................................................................................................................. v

Acknowledgements............................................................................................................

Table of Cases................................................................................................................ xvii

Table of Legislation...................................................................................................... xxiii

1. NASCENT STATEHOOD........................................................... 1

I. Pre-Colonial India.................................................................................. 2

II. Company Rule.......................................................................................... 4

III. Regional Expansion................................................................................ 6

IV. British Raj and Colonial Difference.................................................... 8

V. Constitutional End-Games............................................................... 18

VI. Partition.................................................................................................. 22

Further Reading.................................................................................................. 25

2. STATE BUILDING AND CONSTITUTION

MAKING....................................................................................... 27

I. Centralisation of Power...................................................................... 28

II. Regionalism............................................................................................. 35

III. Islam.......................................................................................................... 39

IV.

V. Ayub and the 1962 Constitution..................................................... 46

VI. Yahya/Bangladesh................................................................................ 51

VII. The 1973 Constitution........................................................................ 53

Further Reading.................................................................................................. 57

3. REPRESENTATIVE GOVERNMENT.................................... 59

I. Parliamentary Structure...................................................................... 61

II. Parties and Politicians.......................................................................... 68

III. Electoral System.................................................................................... 82

IV. Parliamentary Democracy/Parties, Class, Etc.............................. 89

Further Reading................................................................................................. 92

4. EXECUTIVE GOVERNMENT................................................. 93

I. Exceptional Powers.............................................................................. 95

II. A Militarised Executive...................................................................... 100

III. Courts as Referees—Article 58(2)(b), President v PM............. 106

IV. A Prime Ministerial Executive......................................................... 109

V. Taming the Executive......................................................................... 113

VI. Presidential Ordinances...................................................................... 118

Further Reading............................................................................................... 120

5. THE JUDICIARY.......................................................................

I. History and Structure of the Post-Independence

Judiciary.............................................................................................................. 122

II. Military Loyalty...................................................................................... 128

III. The 1990s Judiciary.............................................................................. 133

IV. Chief Justice Iftikhar Chaudhry and Extensive

Review................................................................................................................. 136

V. The Lawyers’ Movement and Judicialisation of

Politics................................................................................................................. 138

VI. Basic Structure....................................................................................... 142

VII. Judicial Independence......................................................................... 145

Further Reading............................................................................................... 149

6. FEDERALISM............................................................................ 151

I. Political Structure of Federalism.................................................... 152

II. Exceptions to the Federal Formula................................................ 154

III. Federal/Provincial Powers................................................................ 157

IV. Emergency.............................................................................................. 165

V. Ethnic Conflict and the Federal Formula.................................... 167

VI. Local Government................................................................................ 180

Further Reading.............................................................................................. 182

7. RIGHTS: EQUALITY AND LIBERTY................................... 183

I.

II. The Structure of Fundamental Rights in the

1973 Constitution............................................................................................ 187

III. Gender Equality and Equality Law................................................. 192

IV. Preventive Detention........................................................................... 199

Further Reading.............................................................................................. 213

8. ISLAM.......................................................................................... 215

I. Islam and State.............................................................................................. 216

II. Zia and Islamisation............................................................................. 220

III. Blasphemy.............................................................................................. 240

IV Musharraf Reform and After................................................................. 242

Further Reading............................................................................................... 248

CONCLUSION................................................................................. 249

Index.............................................................................................................................. 251

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