Index
actions in aid of civil powers see under executive government
Afghanistan 7, 13, 220
Ahmad, Mirza Ghulam 41, 240 Ahmadiyya movement 412, 21820, 235, 237-40
Ajmal Mian, Chief Justice 68
Ali Ibn Talib 235
Ali Shah, Chief Justice Sajjad 68 Aligarh movement 11
All Pakistan Shia Convention 43 armed forces see under executive government Ashraf, Raja Pervaiz 115
Asian Development Bank 115
Awami League/Party 51, 70
Ayub Khan, President 34, 46-51 administrative centralisation 49 authoritarianism 47, 49, 102 ban on parties 70 displaced from power 50-1 disqualifications 77 and Islam 215 local government 180 modernisation programme see under Islam and the state takeover of power 46-7 see also Constitution, 1962
Aziz, Shaukat 115
Babar, Zaheeruddin 2
Balochistan 6-7, 14, 24
ethnic conflict 168, 169-70, 172, 173, 179-80
preventive detention 210, 212 quota system 174-5 resource transfers 176-8
Balochistan States Union (BSU) 37-8 Bangladesh independence 51-3, 204, 217 see also East Pakistan
Bareilvis 17-18
Basic Principles Committee 36 basic structure doctrine see under judiciary Bengal 14-15, 22
Bangladesh independence 52-3
India, war (1965), effect 50
military/bureaucratic underrepresentation 49
multi-faith/secular state support 40-1 remoteness 35
Bhutto, Benazir 56, 132, 140
Islamic reforms 244
and judicial independence 145-6
no confidence vote 64
use of emergency powers 166
Bhutto family 75
Bhutto, Zulfiqar Ali 51, 52
and 1973 Constitution 53
cooption of courts 55
and ethnic conflict 170-1 execution 121
and fundamental rights 187-8
and judiciary 127
and military intervention 94
murder trial 131-2
as President 109-11
and preventive detention 203-5 as Prime Minister 54, 67, 71, 108, 109-10 rigging allegations 88
Bills see parliamentary structure, legislative procedure
blasphemy laws see under Islam and the state
Boundary Commission 22-3
British Raj
apex institutions 9
colonial difference 10
customary laws 9
direct rule 8-10
inclusion of Indians 9
nationalism see nationalism rationalisation/systematisation of law 9 Rebellion (1857) 8, 10
uniform system 8
see also East India Company
Cabinet of ministers 64
centralisation of power
army's role 30
civil service bureaucracy 30-1 Constituent Assembly 31-3, 34 Governor-Generals role 29, 31-4
law-and-order state 29
One Unit Scheme 389, 70 and parliamentary system 289 Prime Ministers office 29 state necessity doctrine 33M Chaudhry, Chief Justice Iftikhar 113, 114, 122, 147
and basic structure 1424 judicial appointments 1478 review 1368 suspension/restoration of 122, 13842 Chaudhry, President Fazal Elahi 103 Chief Martial Law Administrator
(CMLA) 129-31
civil powers, actions in aid of see under executive government civil/military relations see executive government, militarised executive colonial difference see under British Raj committees (parliamentary), structure/ role 65
Communist Party, ban 69
Company rule see East India Company constituencies see under electoral system Constitution, 1956
abrogation 46 fundamental rights 44 presidential powers 44-5
Quran and Sunnah guidance 46 regional powers 45 state languages 45 unicameral legislative assembly 43-4
Constitution, 1962 abrogation 51 centralisation 49 conservative recommendations 47-8 court jurisdictions 48, 49-50 Islamic Republic, renaming 48-9 pyramidical structure of assemblies 48 see also Ayub Khan, President
Constitution, 1973
abeyance period 55-6 basic structure doctrine 55, 105,
108, 114
bicameral legislature 53 Eighth Amendment 56, 64, 67 emergency provision 54 federation structure 53 fundamental rights 53, 54 see also rights and equality, fundamental rights
President 53, 56
Prime Minister 53 proportional representation 53 and representative government 59 return to 1973 structure 67 revisions (1985 onwards) 60
Second and Fourth Amendment 62
Thirteenth Amendment 56
Cornelius, Chief Justice AR 217
Council of Common Interests (CCI) 154
Council of Islamic Ideology (CII)
218, 236
Delhi Sultanate 2
Deobandis 17-18
detention see preventive detention disappearances see preventive detention, missing persons
disqualifications 76-82
age criteria 77
complaint mechanism 76 conflicts of interest 78 detailed criteria 77-8 educational qualification 79-80
Islamic requirements 78-9
and personalisation of politics 82 reference to Election Commission 78 regime expansion 80-2 state employees 78
see also electoral system
East India Company
all-India Legislative Council 5
Anglo-Hindu/Anglo-Mohammadan law 6 and British Parliament 4-5
law reform commissions 5-6
local rulers' designation 6
Presidencies / mofussil 4 regional expansion 6-8 see also British Raj
East Pakistan
economic biases in West 45 military/bureaucratic underrepresentation 49 multi-faith/secular state support 40-1 preventive detention 202 see also Bangladesh independence
Election Commission 78, 82-8passim, 91 electoral system
candidate expenditure limits 83 constituencies, demarcation of boundaries 86-7
digitisation of data 84-5
elections 82-3
electoral rolls 84-6
local government elections 91 party expenditure 83 registration of voters 84, 85 rigging, pre-poll/post-poll 878 rules and regulations 83 voters 845
see also disqualifications; representative government
Elizabeth I, Queen 4 emergency powers see under executive government; federalist structures enforced disappearances see preventive detention, missing persons equality see rights and equality ethnic conflict see under federalist structures executive government 93^ actions in aid of civil powers 93 armed forces
appointments prerogative 956 federal government control 95 intervention legality 967 Joint Chief of Staff 95 key issues 95 police functions 97
subject to law' limitation 96 see also militarised executive below
Cabinet of ministers 64, 10910 civil powers, actions in aid of 93 courts
as referees (President v Prime Minister) 1069
taming the executive 11318 democratic executive powers/prerogative powers, review of 11518 bureaucratic appointments 11718 collective right to resources 116 international instruments/
treaties 11617 transparency violation 11516 democratic impulse 94 emergency powers 97100 constitutional emergencies 978 extra-legal emergencies 97 further powers 99100 military courts 100 National Assembly powers 98 proportionality criteria 99 revocation 989 see also under federalist structures executive ordinances see Presidential ordinances below
high treason charge 95, 11415 militarised executive 934, 1006 army promotions/foreign affairs/ defence, political danger zones 111, 112-13
courts' role 102
educational quotas 101 industrial/economic enterprises 101 multi-scalar militarisation 101-2 praetorianism 100-1 see also armed forces above military adventurism, high treason
charge 95, 114-15 political power coalescence 94 praetorianism 100-1 Presidential ordinances
circumstances necessitating 120 debates on 118
permissive environment for 120 tax impositions 118-19 validity periods 119-20
Presidential powers 102-6
court cases 105-6
dissolution of National
Assembly 103-4
formal powers 103-4
limitations on 104-5
and Prime Minister's role 105
state necessity doctrine 104
Prime Ministerial executive 109-13 army promotions/foreign affairs/ defence, political danger zones 111,112-13 bureaucratic-military complex, reforms 110-11
floor crossing barred 111-12
Islamisation furtherance 112 unitary power 109-10
executive ordinances see executive government, Presidential ordinances
Federal Shariat Courts (FSC) see under Islam and the state
federalist structures 63, 64
Bill ratification 153
Chief Minister/Provincial
Ministers 153 coordination mechanisms 154 18th Amendment, jurisdiction
after 161-4
industrial relations/employment standards 162-3
prior accountability/anti-corruption legislation 161
provincial legislative powers 161
emergency powers 1657
dissolution powers of President
165
recent situations 167
tested by judicial review 1656 see also under executive government ethnic conflict
census information 178 and federal formula 167 federal responses 17980 in Federation 16872 fiscal transfer regime 1756 and formal federalism 17280 proportionality principle 1723 provincial borders 1789 quota regime 1735 resource transfers 1769 exceptions 1547 executive powers in the federation, distributions 1645 fiscal transfer regime 1756 Governors 153 judicial review exceptions 155 key issues 1512 legislative powers 15760
courts' role 1589 interpretative principles 160 repugnancy voidance 15960 subject matter, federal/concurrent list system 158
territorial limitations 1578 local government 1802 majoritarianism 152 National Finance Commission
Award 1756
political structure 152^ provincial legislative powers 161 Supreme Court exceptions 1556 tribal areas 37, 61, 154 7 unicameral assemblies 1523 see also Balochistan; Muhajir Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) 37, 61, 154-7 fiscal transfer regime see under federalist structures
Frontier Province 23-4 fundamental rights see rights and equality, fundamental rights
Gandhi, Mohandas 16, 20, 122 gender equality see under rights and equality Gillani, Prime Minister Syed Yousaf
Raza 81, 140 Guantanamo Bay 210 habeas corpus see under preventive detention Haq, Anwar-ul-, Chief Justice 128-9 Hastings, Warren 5
high treason charge see under executive government
Hudood Ordinances see under Islam and the state
human rights blasphemy laws 242 and judiciary 133, 136-7 human rights, see also rights and equality Hussain, Maulvi Mushtaq 129
India, war (1965) 50
Indian National Congress (INC) 11 Indian Penal Code 9
Iqbal, Mohammad 43
Islam and the state
Ahmadiyya movement 41-2, 218-20, 235 legal restrictions 237-40
Ayub Khan's modernisation programme 215, 216-17
Bhutto's Islamic socialism 217-20 blasphemy laws
coded offences, 1982-1986 240-1 colonial law 240
criticism of law as blasphemy 248 death as punishment 241-2 evidential standards 241 as human rights issue 242 post-Musharraf critique 246-7 and Shia authority 242 Shia protection from 235 vulnerability of Christian community 242
Council of Islamic Ideology (CII) 218, 236, 245, 246
enlightened moderation 244-5 Federal Shariat Courts (FSC) 221-3 head of state requirement 219 Hudood Ordinances 221, 223 punishments 227 see also women and Hudood
Ordinances below
key issues 215-16
Musharraf reform programme 242-6 enlightened moderation 244-5 Madressah curricula reforms 243 ombudsmans office proposal 243M organised debates 245 post-Musharraf 246-8 sectarian violence 245-6 suo moto notice of violence 247 war on terror, post 9/11 242-3
non-Muslim minorities 234
Objectives Resolution (1949) 401, 187,
223-7
political Islam 217 private/public divide 39 quasi-constitutional documents 40-1 Quran and Sunnah's status 41, 220 sectarianism 41-3, 73-4, 245-6
Shariat courts 221-3
Shia/Sunni divide 42-3, 234 women and Hudood Ordinances 227-34, 245 common law and Islamic legal reasoning 233 honour killings 231-2 illicit sexual relations (Zina) 227-8 marriage consent/decisions 230-1 rape complainants, criminalisation 228-30 review/repeal, fundamental rights case 233-4
womens organisations 228
see also Hudood Ordinances above
Zia and Islamisation 215-16, 220-40
Afghanistan context 220
body for articulation of Law 220-1 deliberation practices 222-3 Hudood Ordinances 221, 223 Islamic ideology and morality, and parties 71-2
Islamic laws 227-40
Objectives Resolution 223-7
Shia protection from blasphemy 235
Sunnification issues 236
types of Islamisation 221
Ulemds role 234-5
women see women and Hudood Ordinances above
Islamabad
capital 49
federal territory 157
Jalal, Ayesha 29
Jamaat-e-Islami 40, 42, 75, 187, 217 Jinnah, Mohammad Ali 1, 16-17, 20-2, 27, 32
authoritarianism 29
Islams role 39
mergers across boundaries 35-6 judiciary
administrative merger (One Unit
System) 123
advisory jurisdiction 125
and anti-terror measures 134-5 appeals process 124-5 appointment process disputes 122, 145-9
appointment/tenure/removal 123-4 basic structure doctrine 142-5
fidelity to constitutional text 143^ Indian origin 142
non-affirmal in Pakistan 143 reversal of approach 144-5 Bhutto murder trial 131-2 Chaudhry, Iftikhar
review 136-8 suspension/restoration of 122, 138-42
Chief Martial Law Administrator (CMLA) 129-31
declaratory/non-binding judgments
125
early constitutions 123-4 executive control 124, 127 fundamental rights enforcement 125, 133-4
human rights monitoring/cell 133, 136-7
and independence debate 122-3 judicial activism 137
judicial independence 145-9 jurisdiction definition 124, 125-6 key issues 121-2
lawyers movement 138-42 mego-politics intersection 142 Memogate incident 140-1 oath-taking refusal 138-9 and political parties 139-40 public perception 139
military loyalty 128-31
1990s 133-6
oath issue 130-1, 147 post-independence 122-4 public importance matters 125 public interest litigation 125, 133, 137 restrictions on 127
state necessity doctrine 129, 131
suo moto powers 136-7 superior judiciary 124, 130, 138, 148 Supreme and High Courts 124 transparency doctrine 137 tribal areas jurisdiction 135-6 womens appointment 148-9 writs against public functionaries 125
Junejo, Muhammad Khan 107
Kalat 7, 14, 23 4, 37
declaration of independence 46
Karachi
ethnic conflict 168
voter demographics 85
Kargil Valley military operation 11213
Kashmir 24, 30, 1567
Kelsen, Hans 47
Kennedy, Charles 173
Khan, Abdul Ghaffar 18, 23, 170, 202
Khan, Abdul Jabbar 23
Khan, Ghulam Ishaq, President 56, 1078
Khan, Liaquat Ali 312, 41
Khan, Maulvi Tamizzuddin 323
Khan, Yahya 51, 52, 54, 55, 124, 217
Khilafat movement 16
Khomeini, Ayatollah 242
Khudai Khidmatgars 18
Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 67, 1545, 161
Lahore, local government 1812
Lahore Resolution 19
Lau, Martin 221
lawyers' movement see under judiciary
Leghari, President Farooq 68, 98, 106, 146 legislative procedure see under parliamentary structure
local government see under federalist structures
Mahmood, Masood 132, 218
Majlis-E-Shoora (assembly) 63
Malick, Jamal 236
Masud, Dr Khalid 245
Maudoodi, Abul-ala- 40, 42, 217
Memogate incident see under judiciary, lawyers movement
Mian, Chief Justice Ajimal 130 militancy
militant wings of mainstream parties 74, 76
sectarian violence or terror-related (party) bans 734
worker/union militancy 69 see also representative government
militarised executive see under executive government
Mirza, Iskander, President 46
missing persons see under preventive detention
Mughal rule 23
Muhajir
community 176 refugee status 37
Muhajir Quami Mahaz (MQM) 1712
Mujibur Rehman, Sheikh 51
Muhammad, Malik Ghulam 32, 47
Munir Report 42
Musharraf, General Parvez 56, 1046,
109, 113
anti-Islamic militancy 5960 and basic structure 142 computerisation of electoral rolls 84 disqualifications 7780 and ethnic conflict 172
high treason charge 11415
and judiciary 122
legal context of taking power 97
local government 180
and militant elements 76
missing persons cases 209
and public order 723
reform programme see under Islam and the state
suspension/restoration of
Chaudhry 13842
and women's seats 612
Muslim League
authoritarianism 29
constitutional arguments 1922 dominance 69, 85
formation 1617
government dismissed 72
and Muslim pluralism 18
and partition 223, 24
regional disaffection 36
Muslim nationalism 1, 1213, 20, 39, 188 Muttahida Qaumi Mahaz (MQM) party 85
nascent statehood 1
pre-colonial India 23
see also British Raj; East India Company; nationalism; partition
National Assembly see under parliamentary structure
National Awami Party (NAP) 71, 169
National Commission on the Status of
Women 234
National Economic Council (NEC) 154 National Finance Award 36
nationalism
post-1857 10-14
Hindu dominance 12 middle-class disaffection 10-11 modes of government 12-14 Muslim group consciousness 11-12 Muslim League 16-17
Muslim nationalism 1, 12-13, 20,
39, 188
20th cent 14-17
during WWI 1516
during WWII 20 group representation 15 Muslim League 1617 Muslim pluralism 1718 partition protests 1415
Nazimuddin, Khwaja 312 non-Muslim minorities 234
parliamentary seats 62
North West Frontier Province
(NWFP) 13-14, 151, 169
Northern Areas 53, 156-7, 173
Objectives Resolution (1949) 40-1, 187, 223-7
Omar, Imtiaz 200
One Unit Scheme 38-9, 70
dissolution 151, 168-9 opposition leader 63
Pakistan National Alliance (PNA) 96, 170
Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf (PTI) party 75, 88 parliamentary committees, structure/
role 65
parliamentary structure 61-8
Bills see legislative procedure
Cabinet of ministers 64 committees, structure/role 65 federal government 63, 64 legislative procedure 65-6
between houses 65, 66 money Bills 65
suspension of both houses 66 National Assembly
convening after general election 67 government Bills 66
non-Muslim minority seats 62 primacy 63
single-member territorial constituencies 61
women's seats 61-2 no confidence vote 64 opposition leader 63 President 66-8
assent to Bills 68
ceremonial role 66-7
Prime Minister 63
election 67
representation formulas 61-3 Senate
Chairman 64
composition 62-3 dissolutions 63
parties see political parties
partition
border uncertainties 22-3
British withdrawal 22 communal hatred 21-2 constitutional arguments 18-22 territorial acquisition 23-4
Patel, Doreb 131
People's Party 56, 70, 81, 169
PML-N party 88, 113
political parties
business-owning, trading and professional elites 75
election expenditure 83
Islamic ideology and morality 71-2 legitimacy 68-9
militant wings of mainstream
parties 74, 76 proliferation/anxieties 69 and public order 72 right of association, reasonable restrictions 70-1, 72
sectarian violence or terror-related
bans 73-4
worker/union militancy 69 see also parliamentary structure politicians, legitimacy 68-9 praetorianism see under executive government pre-colonial India 2-3 prerogative powers see executive
government, democratic executive powers/prerogative powers
President see under parliamentary structure Presidential ordinances/powers see under executive government
preventive detention 199-213 balancing test 208 colonial government practice 199-200 constitutional safeguards,
post-1956 201-3
habeas corpus 199, 201, 204, 207 maximum period for 212 missing persons 206, 209-13
as crime against humanity 211 legal cover for security agencies 211-12
maximum period for 212 numbers held 212-13 petitions/investigative reports 210-11
renditions programme 210
review board 212
rights violations 211
Missing Persons Commission 209 national unity goal (pre-1973) 203 objective reasonableness test 2012 post-1973 2036
constitutional amendments 204 fundamental rights, suspension/ safeguards 2034
martial law 206
political speech/expression, protection 204-5
restrictive conditions 203 post-independence 2001 procedural preconditions 2078 public security 208, 209 regional unrest 2023 restoration of democracy 2069 sectarian organisations 207 terrorism, war against 208, 20913 unlawful grounds 208 Prime Minister see under parliamentary structure
Prime Ministerial executive see under executive government
Punjab borders/boundaries 151, 178 British Raj 1213 conquest 68 constitutional arguments 20
Qadeer, Mama 212 Qadri, Mumtaz 2478 Quit India Movement 20
Radcliffe, Cyril 223, 24 Rahman, Dr Fazl-ur- 21617 Raj see British Raj regionalism 359
disaffection 36
establishment clique at centre 38 Federally Administered Tribal Areas
(FATA) 37, 61
fiscal control 356
mergers across boundaries 356 mineral/energy resources 378 Muhajir (refugee) status 37 parochial interests 35 Urdu language supremacy 367 West/East identity tensions 389 Rehman, Justice Hamoodur 71 Rehman, Sheikh Mujibur 202 Rehman, Sherry 246 renditions programme see under preventive detention, missing persons representative government
disqualifications see disqualifications electoral system see electoral system human development issues, neglect 901
major events 5960 militancy see militancy military takeovers, impacts 60, 8990 National Assembly/Senate see under parliamentary structure
parliament see parliamentary structure parties see political parties political contests, changes 60 political protests, legitimate 91 rigging see under electoral system rigging see under electoral system rights and equality
enforced disappearances see preventive detention, missing persons fundamental rights 44, 53, 54, 18791 anti-discrimination 190 aspirational goals 188 inconsistent laws' voidance 188 liberty, rights of 18990 life or liberty, deprivation of 189 preamble/background 1878 preventive detention 2034 property protections 191 public importance/interest cases 189 reasonable restrictions 190 religious freedom 1901 review of enacted laws 189 security forces exemptions 1889 torture, prohibition 190 gender equality 1929 absence of right (1962) 193
dissent/protest 1923 employment cases 1979 medical colleges cases 1946 non-discrimination clause 1923 separation of electorates/ representatives 192 see also women
judicial review, pre-1973 184 7
due process standard 187 formalising of guarantees 184 limitation clauses 1845 reasonable restrictions 1867 subject to law 185-6, 187 key issues 183-4 limitation clauses 184-5 missing persons see under preventive detention
political dissent 200, 203 preamble/background 187-8
preventive detention 2034 preventive detention see preventive detention
see also human rights
Rowland, Sir Archibald 35
Rushdie, Salman 242
Russia, and the Great Game 7
Saeed, Hafez 209 sectarianism see under Islam and the state Senate see under parliamentary structure Shah, Chief Justice Sajjad Ali 1457 Shah, Sabir 166
Shariat courts see under Islam and the state
Sharif family 75
Sharif, Nawaz 56, 68, 72, 85, 99, 105, 111-13
Kargil Valley military operation
112-13
Supreme Court dispute 147 Shia/Sunni divide see under Islam and the state
Sindh
borders/boundaries 151
British Raj 13
conquest 6-7
ethnic conflict 168, 169, 172, 173,
178
state building 27-8
see also Bangladesh independence; centralisation of power; Constitutions 1956/1962/1973; regionalism Sunni/Shia divide 42-3
Syed, GM 170, 202
Tarar, President Rafique 98, 105
Taseer, Governor Salman 246
Toor, Sadia 38
treason charge see executive government, high treason charge
Urdu language
shared status 45
supremacy 36-7
voting practices see electoral system
West Bengal see Bengal
West Pakistan 35, 38, 45
Bangladesh independence 52-3 women
judiciary appointment 148-9
National Assembly seats 61-2 see also Islam and the state, women and
Hudood Ordinances; rights and equality, gender equality
Women's Action Forum 228
Workers Party (election) petition 82-5,
90-1
Yahya Khan, General 51-2
Supreme Court verdict on 54-5
Zardari, President Asif Ali 80, 140
Zia-ul-Haq, General 55-6, 102-4 consultative and appointed assembly 63 courts as referees (President v Prime
Minister) 106-9
disqualifications 77-8
and ethnic conflict 170-1, 179
and Islamisation see under Islam and the state
and judiciary 121, 128-31, 145 legal context of taking power 96 local government 180 non-Muslim minority seats 62 President's role, revisions to 67 preventive detention 205-6 promotion of Islam 59 and provincial legislative powers 158 rights' suspension 194
260