INDEX

Ackerman, Bruce 16, 25, 126

acquis communautaire 119, 125 advisory and monitoring bodies 2, 4, 45, 107,

117, 126

technical 47, 48

see also monitoring; Venice Commission

Albania 32, 122

High Judicial Council 86

High Prosecutorial Council 86

Independent Qualification Commission 86, 88 judicial reform 70, 86

Lustration Act 51, 89

Armenia 19, 32, 87

audi alteram partem principle 11

Austria 37n18, 64, 73, 109

Freedom Party (FPO) 29

Austro-Hungarian Empire 37n18, 64, 73, 109 authoritarianism

constitutional traditions 126-7

and inter-war years 34 transition from 24

Ukraine 17

Avbelj, M 39, 45

Balogh, E 37

Bartole, Sergio 6

Belgium 38, 53, 60

Berlin Wall, fall of 1, 8, 9, 12, 24, 39, 49, 104, 108, 119

and constitutional justice 91, 99, 102

Berman, Harold 36

Besselink, L 34n4, 40n25, 99n40, 109n11

Blackstone, William 37

Bobek, M 1n1, 72n12, 74n20, 78n28, 106n3, 116n42

Bognetti, Giovanni 128

Bohemia, Crown of 63

Bosnia and Herzegovina 13, 44, 98

Brezhnev, Leonid Ilyich 23

Bulgaria

Constitution 33 democratic elections 26 implementation of Copenhagen criteria, problems 28

transition process 20

Bulla Aurea (Hungarian ancient constitutional document) 3, 36-9, 63, 64, 72-3, 129 see also Hungary

Buquicchio, Gianni 119-20, 121

Central and Eastern European countries

accession to Council of Europe 10, 22-3, 24-5, 32, 126

applications for membership 24-6, 108 compliance with Western constitutionalism

10, 38

and constitutional heritage 38-40 constitutions 64, 66, 72

new 19, 20, 32, 42, 44, 49, 62, 69, 70-1, 77 quotation of ancient documents in preambles 40, 41 distancing from Western Europe 6, 37 diversity of experiences 4 external governance 31 growth of new democracies 49 historical developments 38, 39, 40, 50 international agreements 13 international constitutional law 63-4 political conflicts 16-17

see also Ukraine conflict

retention of old judges of communist

regimes 74

and rule of law 14, 77 state institutions 39

transition from communism to liberal-democratic constitutionalism 8-10, 21-2, 32, 77 duration of transition process 12, 13 peculiar transition process 9 postponement of accession 27-8 ratification of Conventions 10 stability requirement 22 and Ukraine 17, 93-4

and Venice Commission see Venice Commission Warsaw Pact, cutting link with 10 see also Berlin Wall, fall of; individual countries; Warsaw Pact

Charter of the United Nations 65, 71

Charter on the Statute for Judges, Explanatory Memorandum 76

Coke, Edward 37

Committee of Ministers 11, 12, 25, 48

Venice Commission established by 8 communist regimes, former see Central and Eastern European countries comparative constitutional law 123-31 application and interpretation of constitutional provisions 127-30 authoritarian tendencies of European constitutional traditions 126-7 continuing importance 125-6

European perspective conditionality strategy compliance with rules and constitutionalism enlargement 23

123-5

2, 21-3, 24, 119, 125, 127

47

51

international and transnational law 57 and legal binding effect 48 and monitoring 45 overestimating 23 political conditionality 24, 27 post-accession conditionality and compliance 29-31 preferential trade schemes 21 principle of conditionality 5, 22, 29, 34, 49, 125, 127

and supranational institutions/organisations 47, 65, 108

Congress of Local and Regional Authorities 52 constitutional courts and Commission 19 composition 18 decisions, effects of 98 institutional position and composition 93-5 organisation and functions 121 tension with other branches of state 99-103 and Venice Commission 19, 51 see also constitutional justice; judicial councils; judicial review; judiciary; rule of law; supranational institutions/ organisations constitutional heritage, European 2, 33-42, 129 Bulla Aurea 36, 37, 38 comparing Western and Eastern European traditions 38-40 historical evidence 34-8, 70 human rights 41, 71 identification of 35-6, 61 impact of Western tradition 42, 77 Magna Carta (1215) 36, 37 paradoxes 35 principles of constitutionalism see constitutionalism researching a parameter 33-4 separation of church and state 36 and Venice Commission 51, 59 yardsticks for new democracies 34, 35, 38 see also Bulla Aurea (Hungarian ancient constitutional document); constitutionalism

constitutional identity 6, 10, 34, 66, 72, 99 and constitutional justice 102 at moment of accession 110 and national identity 109 safeguarding 126

constitutional justice 4, 34, 115 and constitutional identity 102 and international constitutional law 49, 51, 62 Kelsenian model 62, 97

and rule of law 93, 96, 97, 103, 104 see also judiciary

constitutionalism, European 44, 49, 51 historical analysis 35-7, 39, 59, 64, 107 and international law 43-4 and market economy 10-11, 17, 18, 44 post-Weimar 61 prehistory 37 primitive 42 principles 21, 29, 35, 41, 43, 50 progress 41 reconciliation of conceptions 53 texts 72

Western principles 75-6 see also yardsticks, constitutional constitutions 2, 33, 45, 52, 66, 74, 77, 117, 93, 107 amendments to 50

Central and Eastern European countries 66, 72 new constitutions 19, 20, 32, 42, 44, 49, 62, 69, 77

documents 116

of international organisations 44 liberal and democratic 61, 77, 83 living see living constitution concept national 40, 44, 58, 60, 116, 130 nineteenth-century 70, 71 old 61, 67, 98, 129 parallel 116 preambles 40, 41 principles 117 supranational 44 twentieth-century 71 variety of 34

Western European 74, 77 written 26

constructivism 127

Cooperation and Verification Mechanism 30 Copenhagen European Council (1993) accession document adopted at 22, 23, 27, 71 Copenhagen criteria 24, 27, 28

Corvinus, Matthias 37

Council of Europe

accession of Central and Eastern European countries to 10, 22-3, 24-5, 32, 126 applications for membership 24-6, 108 Committee of Ministers 11, 12, 25, 48

Venice Commission established by 8 competence of governing bodies 31-2 conditionality strategy 21 credibility of application for membership submitted to 24-5

documentation 22, 23, 27, 65, 71, 106, 107, 113, 115, 119, 120

governing bodies 2, 15, 20, 25, 27, 31, 54, 59, 127 and impact of Western tradition 42 and Member States compliance 121 monitoring procedures 119-20

Parliamentary Assembly see Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe

Secretary General 30, 50, 122

Statute 23, 26

values 53, 63, 65, 82, 120

Craig, P 66n23, 106n1, 114n33

Crisafulli, Vezio 55

Croatia 40, 63

Cruz Villalon, Pedro 39

Czech Republic 15, 16, 26

Constitution 40

Constitutional Court 39

not submitted to Venice Commission 78 President 40

Dayton Agreement, and Bosnia-Herzegovina 13, 44 De Gaulle, Charles 11

De Visser, M 1n1, 11n7, 50n28, 117n46 democracy distinguishing between old and new 76 illiberal 110 selection of constitutional judges 94-5 transition of Central and Eastern European states to see Central and Eastern European countries Western model 110 yardsticks for new democracies 17, 24, 34, 38

Denmark 82

Dicey, A 60 documentation 57, 63

Bulla Aurea 36, 38, 39

and constitutions 116

Council of Europe 22, 23, 27, 65, 71, 106, 107, 113, 115, 119, 120

of the EU 22, 51, 106

formal 48, 61

historical 36, 40, 41, 63, 64, 71, 72

institutional 4, 34

international 45, 50, 65, 71, 72, 77 Magna Carta (1215) 36, 37

national 60, 61

of Venice Commission 54, 59, 65, 79, 91, 106, 115, 116

Dworkin, Ronald 50, 65, 129

Estonia 26

European Commission for Democracy through Law see Venice Commission

European constitutional heritage see constitutional heritage, European

European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR) 12

Additional Protocol 52

First Protocol 67

international and transnational law 58 interpretation by Venice Commission 52 preamble 45

ratification by Central and Eastern European countries 10, 26

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 35,

44, 46, 58, 108

case law 52-3

European Court of Justice (ECJ) 35, 46, 108

case law 124

dialogue with courts 104-5

and judicial organisation 83, 85, 86, 89

European Parliament (EP) 104, 110, 111, 113,

115,122

Council 28

European Union (EU)

accession of new Member States 27-8, 71, 75 competence of governing bodies 31-2

Council 28

criminal justice 82-3 documentation 22, 51, 106 governing bodies 31 post-accession conditionality and compliance 29-31

purpose 29

role in Central and Eastern Europe's transition 10 tensions and backsliding 108-11

see also Member States

ex nunc effects 98

Finland 97

France 64, 74

Constitution 11, 38

French Revolution 35-6

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) 60, 61, 70-1

Georgia 40, 63, 87, 88

Parliamentary Commission model 90

Germany 12, 15, 38, 40, 42, 62, 93, 98

government

emergency ordinances 31

forms or models 1, 11, 15-18, 29, 52, 67, 73 communist regimes 109

liberal and democratic systems 27, 76, 97, 106 parliamentary systems 15, 16, 73 pre-communist systems 84 presidential systems 15, 68 semi-presidential systems 15, 16, 67, 68 see also local or self-government below

Hungary 53, 84, 101

local or self-government 8, 14, 16, 33, 40, 63, 66, 67, 74, 75, 77, 86

national 21

Poland 98, 101

principles 33, 34

see also Central and Eastern European countries

Greece 65

Gregorius VII, Pope 36

Grossi, Paolo 131

Gumplowicz, Ludwig 73

Halmai, G 101n47, 109n14

hard law see soft and hard law

Hart HLA 107, 107n6

Harutunian, G 12

Havel, Vaclav 16

head of state, powers 16-17

Herzen, Alexander 64

High Judicial Council system 14 historical analysis of constitutional heritage 34-8

Hoffmann-Riem, W 12n13, 114n31

Holovaty, S 16-17

human rights

constitutional heritage, European 41, 71 international treaties incorporated into national legal orders 44

violation by Russia 26

see also European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR); European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR)

Hungary 20, 26, 83, 109, 122

breach of basic values of the EU 110

Bulla Aurea (ancient constitutional document) 3,

36, 37, 38, 39, 63, 64, 72-3, 129

Constitutional Court 85, 89, 100, 101 constitutional justice and judicial reform 70,

72, 73

contesting of Venice Commission's ‘case law' 4 Curia (judicial authority) 63, 73, 85 and European constitutionalism 72

Fundamental Law of the State 73

National Council of Judges, competences 84

National Judicial Council 84, 85

National Judicial Office 84, 85

parliament 102

President of National Judicial Office 84

and rule of law 111, 121

uniformity procedure, admissibility 53

see also Central and Eastern European countries; Poland

lancu, B 1n1, 11n6, 48n22, 106n3, 128n23 international agreements 13, 44, 116 international constitutional law 43-56

Central and Eastern Europe 63-4 constitutionalism and international law 43-4 historical evidence 60-3, 70

judicial review 39, 51, 59, 62

making of 5, 47-51

see also judicial review

and national law 45

precedents and examples 51-6 principles, norms or standards 113-17 sources and materials 57-68

technical bodies 47-8

international constitutionalism 43 international law

and constitutionalism 43-4

and ECJ/ECtHR 46

and transnational law 45-6, 57-60

International Monetary Fund 10, 11 internationalisation of constitutional law

epiphanies 43, 58

foreign precedents 43

judicial councils 74-8

functions 79-81

judicial reform 62, 66, 69, 70-90, 78n28, 120-1 prosecution service 82-3

interpreters 34

Italy 36, 38, 42, 55, 95, 121

international constitutional law 60, 62, 64 judicial organisation 74, 77

quarterly meetings of Venice Commission in 1 ius publicum europaeum 123

Jagellonian Dynasty 37

Jarasiunas, E 3, 37, 40, 64

judicial councils 74-8

budgetary and financial matters 81-2

and corporatism 78

functions 79-81

High Judicial Council system 14

reducing presence of judges on 89-90

judicial independence 14, 53, 70, 73, 110, 112, 128 guarantees 85

and internationalisation of constitutional law 62,

66, 69, 78n28

plurality of models 71-2

judicial review 5, 30, 115, 121

choice of system 101, 103

internal 25

international constitutional law 39, 51, 59, 62 jurisdiction and functions 96-7 ordinary judges 62

and rule of law 92, 93, 95, 96, 97

and Venice Commission 18-20

weak or strong 5, 98, 99, 103

judiciary, organisational reform

appointments 73

authority of international judges on personal rights and freedoms 46-7

autonomy 70

budgetary and financial matters 81-2 constitutional statute 64

corruption among judges 86 councils see judicial councils disciplinary measures 80-1 efficiency 15

guarantees of personal rights 44

and internationalisation of constitutional

law 70-90, 120

judicial self-management (self-government) model 74

Mediterranean model 4, 74

Mediterranean states, crises and difficulties 83-6 miscarriages of justice 87-8 non-constitutional 70 quoting of Venice Commission Opinions by international judges 47 reactions of judges to reforms 111-13 retention of old judges of communist regimes 74 salaries of judges 83, 86, 111 self-administration 78, 80 separation of powers 70-4 status of judges 79 vetting of incumbent judges 70, 86, 87

Kelsen, Hans 5, 18, 62, 92, 107, 128

Kochenov, D 23

Kosar, D 1n1, 72n12, 74n20, 78n28, 106n3, 116n42 Kumm, M 35n8, 118n49

La Pergola, A 20n30, 34n6

Latvia 26, 28, 41

‘legal century' (twelfth century), English

law 36

Liechtenstein Constitution 29, 30, 54

Lithuania 26

Casimir's Code 41

Constitution 33, 40, 41

Statutes of 1529, 1566 and 1588 41, 63 living constitution concept 2, 20, 24-7, 29, 111 versus formalistic approach to study of constitutional law 25

Lopez Guerra, L. 9

Lund Seminar (2000) 8, 9, 12, 17

MacCormick, Neil 43

Macedonia 88

Maduro, Miguel 126

Magna Carta (1215) 3, 36, 37, 64, 129 documentation 36, 37 and rule of law 60, 70

Maitland, FW 36

market economy and constitutionalism 10-11,

17, 18, 44

Marongiu, Antonio 36

Member States

accession to the EU 27-8, 71, 75 compliance of 44, 121 conformity with purposes of institution 47 see also European Union (EU)

Middle Ages 36

Mirkine-Gueztzevich, B 34n2, 42n28, 109n13 miscarriages of justice, and judicial organisation 87-8

Moldova 32, 52

monitoring

advisory and monitoring bodies 1, 2, 4, 14, 15, 23, 24, 117, 126

technical 47, 48

see also Venice Commission

ordinary judges 5, 19, 62, 80, 104

and rule of law 94, 100

ordinary legislation 2, 50, 81, 96, 104

OSCE (Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe), 10, 125

Parliamentary Assembly, Council of Europe 2, 25,

48, 50, 115, 120

Bureau 29

Monitoring Committee 59, 119-22

monitoring procedures 119-20

Opinions 26

and Venice Commission 11, 12

on written constitutions 26

Peters, A 43n3, 44n8, 128n26

Pizzorusso, Alessandro 124-5

Poland 109

Constitution 32, 38, 39, 41, 72

old 63, 64, 98, 129

constitutional justice and judicial reform 70, 72,

85, 103, 112

Constitutional Tribunal 18, 124 contesting of Venice Commission's ‘case law' 4 and the EU/Council of Europe 122 and European constitutionalism 72

National Council of the Judiciary 85, 86 pioneering role in democratisation process 26 Polish identity, safeguarding 38-9 retirement age of judges 112

and rule of law 110, 111, 121

Supreme Court 85, 86

transition process 20

University of Krakow 41

see also Central and Eastern European countries; Hungary

Pollock, P 36

Portugal 64, 65

prosecution service 82-3

Prosecutor General 83

Putin, Vladimir 110

Rawls, John 91

Reed Amar, A 60

research conclusions 106-8

rex in regno suo est imperator, principle of 36 Romania

Constitutional Court 99

implementation of Copenhagen criteria, problems 28

internal constitutional order 30

loyal cooperation principle in Commission Opinion 31

and Opinion of Venice Commission 30-1, 52 transition process 20

Rousseau, D 2, 34, 107, 124

rule of law 30, 120

absence of procedural guarantees 14 background 91-3

concept 13-14, 60

and constitutional justice 91-104 constitutional justice 103

dialogue between courts and ECJ 104-5 and EU policies 60 and Hungary 111

and judicial review 92, 93, 95, 96, 97 jurisdiction and functions 96-7 and Magna Carta 60, 70 and Poland 110, 111

requirements 14

Rule of Law Checklist 120, 122 and separation of powers 13-15 state administrative activity 104 transition of Central and Eastern Europe to see Central and Eastern European countries and Venice Commission 66

see also constitutional courts

Russia

Constitution 32, 33, 63

Prokuratura (public prosecutor) 53, 129 socialism 64

violation of human rights 26 see also Soviet Union, former

Sadurski, Wojciech 24, 29, 127

Scalia, Antonin 43 Scholsem, J 3n5 Schmitt, Carl 12 separation of powers

compliance with 66 constitutionalism and international law 44 implementation 70-4

and judicial independence 62

and rule of law 13-15

Slovak Republic 26, 33

Slovakia

postponement of accession 27-8

Republic President 100

and rule of law 121 substitution of Dzurinda Cabinet for Meciar

Cabinet 28

Smilov, D.

soft and hard law 6, 66, 114, 115, 128 sources and materials 3, 4, 5, 47, 59 international constitutional law 57-68 legal 58, 65 normative 128

Venice Commission Opinions 59, 65-6, 68 sovereignty, of monarchy 36

Soviet Union, former 41, 49

dissolution 1, 9, 61, 65, 75, 119

Spain 62, 64, 65, 74, 77, 111, 112

Steinberger, Helmut 91

Strauss, D 2n3, 20n29, 25n13, 25n14, 129n29 Suchocka, Hanna 12, 39

Sunstein, Carl 19 supranational institutions/organisations 3, 5, 10,

15, 17, 25, 34, 44, 106 accession to 9-10, 35, 58, 65 and conditionality strategy 47, 65, 108 cooperation with 35

creation of 42

expansion 56 judges 49 judicial bodies 69 and legitimacy issues 46 monitoring process 48 political bodies 11, 47, 48 relations with states 48, 49, 59 and social conflict 61-2 and technical bodies 48 transnational and international law 46, 50, 58 see also constitutional courts; Council of Europe;

European Union (EU)

Supreme Court, US 19, 43

Sweden 82

transnational law 3-4, 43

example 120

and international law 45-6, 57-60

Treaty of Amsterdam 29

Tuori, Kaarlo 45

Tushnet, Mark 123, 125, 128

Ukraine

conflict 11, 12, 17-18

High Qualification Commission of

Judges 87

judicial reform 70, 87

and new constitution 32

Prokuratura (public prosecutor) 53, 129 Venice Commission Opinion 17, 93-4

United Kingdom

constitutional developments 38 judicial organisation 76

Magna Carta (1215) 3, 36, 37, 60, 64, 70, 129 rule of law 42

United States

American Colonies 60

American Revolution 71

Bill of Rights 60

Constitution 38, 60

and European constitutionalism 61 judicial review 92

Philadelphia Convention debate 61

Supreme Court 19, 43

Venice Commission

and accession of post-communist states to Council of Europe and EU 16, 32

activities 3, 8, 120

advisory role see below guidelines as standards 12 and making of international constitutional law 47-51, 55, 57

take-off 10-13

advisory role 35, 89, 105, 125

development 8, 9, 11

and international constitutional law 50-3, 57, 58 mandate 124

see also Opinions below

apolitical stance 11

basis of binding force 48

‘case law' 53, 54, 55, 59, 65, 67

‘law of the case' 107

and constitutional courts 19, 51

constitutional principles and market economy 10-11, 17, 18

defence of values and principles of constitutionalism 11

development of role 1, 8-20, 27 documentation 54, 59, 65, 79, 91, 106, 115, 116 documents 54, 79, 115, 116

establishment (1992) 8, 21

European constitutional heritage, focus on 34 inspiration from Western European States 50 and judicial reform 62, 73-4, 76, 80-1 corruption and inefficacy 87-8

and judicial review 18-20

and monitoring procedures of Parliamentary Assembly and Council of Europe 119-20 monitoring role 108

Opinions 1, 3, 4, 11, 31, 32, 57, 113-14

authority 54, 56

constitutional and legislative drafting 31-2 and constitutional heritage 32, 51 contents of 50

and creation of Ombudsman 13

criminal justice 82

doctrines 54

implementing 57

individual cases 107-8

international and transnational law 58-9

and interpretation of the ECHR 52

and Liechtenstein Constitution 30, 54

and new constitutions 16, 32, 58

pragmatic and flexible 67

quoting by international judges 47

Reports/Compilations 54

and Romania 30-1, 52

and rule of law 66

and separation of powers 13 sources and materials 59, 65-6, 68

Ukraine 17, 93-4

precedents 48

and rule of law 60

soft law 6

technical contribution 11, 32

universal dimension 65, 117-18

yardsticks adopted 10, 50, 61, 65

see also advisory and monitoring bodies

Volpi, Mauro 71, 82, 90

von Bogdandy, Armin 123, 125, 127

Warsaw Pact 1, 9, 33, 35, 126

cutting link with 10

dissolution 38, 75

Washington Agreement, and

Bosnia-Herzegovina 13, 44

Weiler, JHH 36n14, 124n5

Weimar Constitution 12

Weinberger, Ota 107

Western Europe

comparing Western and Eastern European

traditions 38-40, 76

constitutionalism and constitutions 5, 49, 65, 74, 77 democracy model 110 impact of Western tradition 42 inspiration for Venice Commission 50

World Bank 11

yardsticks, constitutional 2, 17, 24, 45, 55, 64 constitutional heritage concept, European 34,

35, 38

Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of

Constitution 39

dissolution 1, 6, 9, 61, 65, 75, 108

Zakaria, F 110