Index

9/11 terror attacks 16

A and B v. Norway 73

Abbasov v. Azerbaijan 68

Abdullah II 149, 153, 161

Absinth 47n20

abuse of office 135

accountability 143, 146, 162; ethical 144; governmental 74, 78; principle of 80

ACHR see American Convention on

Human Rights

Ackerman, Bruce 104-106, 117, 123-124

acquis 89

activist courts 6-7, 11, 127, 162 administrative courts 1, 118, 138 administrative sanctions 72-73

Advisory Committee for the Revision of the

Constitution 152

Agamben, Giorgio 177 age discrimination 92, 95

A.K.

Court) 94-97

Albuquerque, Pinto de 73

American Convention on Human Rights

(ACHR) 65

Amsterdam Treaty 84 ancillary powers 125, 134, 141, 144 Angelov, Georgi 189, 191, 192 anti-constitutionalism 5, 12, 16 apex courts, 9, 16, 43-60, 215, 216; in

Germany 54-56; role of 44-45; in Swit­zerland 45-54; see also constitutional courts; supreme courts

Arab Spring 13-14, 145-150, 157-160, 166-167

Austria 45-46, 56-58, 85, 125

Austrian Constitutional Court 9, 56, 58

Austrian Federal Constitution Tribunal 121 authoritarian constitutionalism 5, 6, 7, 8, 14, 16, 214, 216

authoritarianism 17, 88, 102, 103, 145n1, 147, 148n11, 175, 177

Basic Law of Palestine 146

Belgian Constitutional Court 121

Benjamin, Walter 177

Besselink, L. 87

Biernat, Stanislaw 115

bilateral treaties 46, 48, 58

Bogdanowicz, P. 96

Brexit 98

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

33, 34

Budget Treaties 80

Bulgaria 14, 125; constitutional courts 15-15, 171-93; constitutions 14, 172-182, 185-189; see also Bulgarian Constitutional Court

Bulgarian Constitutional Court 14-15, 171-193

Burca, G. de 78

CEE see Central and Eastern Europe

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) 129

Chernobyl case see Parliament v. Council

Choudhry, Sujit 123

Civic Platform 111

Civic Platform-Polish People’s Party 109 civil law 63

‘civil libertarianism’ 206n36, 207, 211n55

Civil Rights Act 1964 33

CJEU see Court of Justice of the European Union

Code of Civil Procedure 135

Code of Criminal Procedure (Italy) 66, 70

Code of Criminal Procedure (Romania) 135, 136

Commission v.

Commission v. Poland 90-93, 119 common law 63 Community Law 82 conscience, freedom of 179 constitutional amendments 47-48, 58,

104-106, 111, 130-131, 134-136, 141-142, 144, 166, 188-189; in parliamentary monarchies 147-156 constitutional breakdown 101 Constitutional Council 151, 152 constitutional courts 1, 2, 6, 8-9, 12-14, 145, 213, 214-216; ‘active’ 127; ‘acti­vist’ 127; and ancillary powers 125, 134; in ; Bulgaria 14-15, 171-93; character­istics of 23-24, 32, 34; and democracy 25-26; functional perspective 29; and health-related emergency situations 187-192; institutional perspective 27-28; as interpreters of the law 30-31; in Jordan 145-168; and judicial activism 127-129, 143; and military emergency situations 184-187; in Morocco 145-168; outcomes of decisions 39-40; ‘passive’ 127; and politics 25-42, 126-127, 131-134, 141; post­communist 129; role of 26-27, 29, 124, 140-141, 149-150, 182-192; stand­alone 56; structural perspective 28; see also Austrian Constitutional Court;

Belgian Constitutional Court; Bulgarian Constitutional Court; Croatian Con­stitutional Court; German Constitu­tional Court; Italian Constitutional Court; Polish Constitutional Court; Romanian Constitutional Court constitutional crisis 101 constitutional democracy 1, 3, 7, 10, 15,

83, 141, 213 ‘constitutional dictatorship’ 15, 189,

190, 205 constitutionalism: authoritarian 5, 6, 7, 8,

14, 16, 214, 216; ‘beyond statehood’ 7, 213; emergency 4, 5, 8, 14, 16, 178, 215; illiberal 4, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 102, 103; key principles of 3, 59-60; national 2, 216; pandemic 5, 14; paternalistic 5; political 103; popular 104, 128; populist 4, 7, 11, 12, 214; as socio-legal phe­nomenon 7; sub-national 2; suprana­tional 2 constitutional justice 13-14, 142, 145n1 constitutional law: and international treaties

44- 45, 49-53, 56-59; national 44

constitutional moment 12, 104-106, 117, 122-124

constitutional norms 44, 45, 48, 49, 51, 53, 112, 199, 209n50

constitutional orders 1-2, 3, 6, 7, 9, 15, 215, 216

constitutional politics 2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 15, 23, 123, 185, 214; emergency 14, 172

constitutional review 24, 25, 26, 32,

45- 46, 127; American model 130; in Austria 56, 57; in Croatia 197-198, 201, 202, 211; in Germany 54; in Jordan 155, 156, 164-165; Kelsenian model 130, 133, 134; in Morocco 155, 156, 164-165; in Poland 106-107, 109; in Romania 13, 126, 129, 131, 133-136, 139, 140, 142; in Switzerland 53-54; in the United States 104

‘constitutional revolution’ 104, 216 Constitution Court Law 149 constitutions: in Austria 56-58; in Bulgaria 14, 172-182, 185-189; flexibility 43, 45, 55; in Germany 54-56; and interna­tional law 43-60; in Italy 67-68; in Jordan 146, 149, 151, 154-155; as ‘living documents’ 127; malleability 47, 53, 59; in Morocco 146, 151-152, 154-155, 164; in Poland 106-108, 111; as political product 26-27; as political symbol 30; in Romania 129-132, 136, 138, 141; in Switzerland

46- 47, 57-58 construction abuse 73

Cooperation and Verification Mechanism (CVM) 131-133

corruption 76, 131-133, 135-136, 140, 150

‘counter-constitutional revolution’ 12 Counter-Terrorism Act 180 Court of Appeals of Bucharest 142 Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) 9, 11, 77, 80-82, 86, 89-98, 117, 119-120

Court of Luxembourg 73 court-packing 89-90, 92-94, 102, 122 courts: activist 6-7, 11, 127, 162; adminis­trative 1, 118, 138; ‘beyond statehood’ 9; and impartiality 1, 68, 95-96, 120, 133; international 2, 9-10; and liberal-democratic constitutionalism 1, 3; mitigating power of 48; and policy­making 2, 4; revolutionary 4-6; role of 2-3, 8, 44-45, 215; supranational 2, 3, 6, 9-10, 14, 171, 214, 216; supreme 2, 9, 214-216; see also apex courts; constitutional courts

Covid-19 pandemic 1, 16, 173, 174, 187; and Croatian Constitutional Court 194-212; see also pandemic constitutionalism

Criminal Code 135 criminal justice 10, 63-73 criminal offence 51, 71 criminal proceedings 63, 65-67, 135-136;

qualifying as 71-72; reopening of 68-70 Croatia 125; constitutional review in

197-198, 201, 202, 211; see also Croatian Constitutional Court

Croatian Constitutional Court 14, 194-212

cruel, inhumane and degrading treatment 179

CVM see Cooperation and Verification Mechanism

Czech Republic 125

death penalty 49

‘December judges’ 113

Defence and Military Troops Act 180 democracy 2; and conflict 126, 213; con­stitutional 1, 3, 7, 10, 15, 83, 141, 213; and constitutional courts 25-26; ‘con­structive deconstruction’ of 3; con­temporary understanding of 78; dualistic concept of 104, 123; erosion of 86, 88, 96; and European Union 11, 74-98; illiberal 7-8, 10, 12, 93, 97, 102-103, 106, 122; liberal 83, 102, 105; ‘mini­mum substantive core’ of 74, 78; non­consolidated 13, 129, 143; paradox of 83; participatory 79, 81; and power 78, 80; principles of 59-60, 80; representa­tive 1, 5, 11, 79, 80, 81, 213; and rule of law 89; ‘simple’ 103; see also militant democracy

democracy-endangering actions 83 democratic backsliding 5, 8, 12, 16, 77, 85-86, 88-90, 92-93, 97, 101; see also democratic decay

democratic decay 103; see also democratic backsliding

‘democratic minimum core’ 11, 74 democratic monarchies 145-146; see also parliamentary monarchies

‘democratic striving approach’ 78 dependant variable 46 de-segregation 34 detention 63, 66-67 direct effect doctrine 82

disputes 95

Dixon, Rosalyn 74, 78

DNA see National Anti-Corruption

Directorate

domestic law 43; and EU law 57; and European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 50, 52; and international law 44-45, 49-52, 55-57, 164 double jeopardy see ne bis in idem double punishment 72-73

Drozd and Januseck v.

Duda, Andrzej110, 112, 116 Duverger, Maurice 137

Dworkin, Ronald 33

Dyzenhaus, D. 84

ECtHR see European Court of Human

Rights

Egypt 158-159

elections 74, 78

Elkins, Z. 142 emergency constitutionalism 4, 5, 8, 14,

16, 178, 215

emergency powers clause 83

emergency situations 14-15, 172-193; as ‘emergency regimes’ 189; health-related 187-192; military 184-187; role of constitutional courts 182-192; and rule of law 204-211; see also state of emergency; state of exception; state of siege; war

‘empire of courts’ 3

‘enemy combatants’ 204

Engel’s criteria 71 environmental policies 73 equal treatment 34, 95

Equity and Reconciliation Authority 152 ethnicity 33

European Commission (EC) 76, 79, 85,

131; Directive 2000/78/EC 92, 96

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) 49-50, 52-53, 58, 64-73, 131, 200

European Council 85-86, 137

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 9-10, 53, 58, 66-70, 131, 138-139; and militant democracy 83-84; and res judicata 63-73; sub­sidiarity of 64

European Parliament 81, 82, 85

European Union (EU): and Austria 56-58; and democracy 11, 74-98; and Germany

54; key principles 75n7; primacy of law

57, 96-97, 119; and rule of law 75-76; sanction mechanisms 76-77, 85-86, 91; and Switzerland 46, 48, 50-52; values 75-76, 78-79, 85, 87-88, 93-97 Euroscepticism 120-121 executive power institutions 1, 176,

181, 193

‘executive unilaterism’ 207, 208, 211 expression, freedom of 160

‘expulsion of criminal foreigners’ initiative

49, 51, 55 ‘extraordinary epidemic situation’

181-182, 187-188, 190-193

face protection masks 202 fair trial, right to 70, 92, 108 family life, right to 49

Farinacci-Fernos, Jorge M. 128 fascist movement 83

Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland 9,

46, 49-51, 53, 58, 59 financial austerity 16 financial crisis 1,16 fines 93

forcible assimilation 179

Foucault, Michel 41

France 125

Frankenberg, G.

156-158; fundamental 142, 165, 195, 197; restriction of 83-84, 197 free movement 47n 21, 49, 50-51 free speech 83 ‘friction surface’ 44

Friedrich, C.J. 205 function-effects 36-37, 40 fundamental legal principles 39 fundamental rights 55, 64, 68-71, 78-80,

82, 83, 95, 98, 103, 107-108, 119, 142, 149, 154, 155, 165; and populism 74-76

Galligan, Brian 128 ‘gas deal’ case 163-164

Gencel v. Turkey 68

German Federal Constitutional Court 9, 54-56, 58

Germany 45-46, 54-56, 125, 155; apex courts 54-56; constitutional review in 54; and European Union (EU) 54; see also German Federal Constitutional Court

Ginsburg, T. 142

giudice dell'esecuzione 67, 70

Glantz v. Finland 71

globalisation 214-216 globalism 4

Global North 1, 16

gouvernement des juges 7

governmental accountability 74, 78 ‘government of judges’ 23

Grande Stevens and others v. Italy 71-73

Grundgesetz 54, 55, 58

Guantanamo 204

Haider, Jorg 85

Hamilton, A. 205, 210

hate speech 83

HCCJ see High Court of Cassation and Justice

Health Act 2020 173, 180-182, 187-188, 191, 192

‘health Earnstfall’ 175

‘health Leviathan’ 5

High Court of Cassation and Justice (HCCJ) 134, 135, 139-140

human rights 16-17, 55, 160; and con­stitutional courts 156-158, 165-167; in emergency situations 178, 188, 190, 191; international 48; protection systems 63-64; violation of 64-66, 69

Hungary 74-76, 85, 87-90, 92, 97

Hussein (King) 150

lACtHR see Inter-American Court of

Human Rights

lancu, B. 142

ICCPR see International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

Ilascu v. Moldova 65 illiberal constitutionalism 4, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 102, 103

illiberal democracy 7-8, 10, 12, 93, 97, 102-103, 106, 122

‘illiberal turn’ 12, 16, 87, 101, 102, 106, 117, 122

immigration 49, 52 imprisonment 65-70

Infectious Diseases Protection Law 196-197, 200-201, 209

infringement proceedings 89-93, 97, 98 in-house attorneys 33, 35

institutional design 14 institutional positions 36

intelligence collection 136

Inter-American Court of Human Rights (lACtHR) 65

international cooperation 44

international courts 2, 9-10

International Covenant on Civil and

Political Rights (ICCPR) 52, 200 internationalisation 214

international law: and constitutions 43-60; and domestic law 44-45, 49-52, 55-57, 164; mandatory provisions 48-49; public 44; self-executing 44

international norms 44

international treaties: and constitutional law 44-45, 49-53, 66-59; overriding 53, 55, 58; ratification 50-51, 52n56, 56-57, 184-186; see also bilateral treaties

Ireland 93

Iribarne Perez v. France 66

Israel 163

Israeli Supreme Court 98

Italian Code of Criminal Procedure 66, 70

Italian Constitutional Court 69, 70

Italian Court of Cassazione 67

Italy 10, 28, 66-73, 125; constitution 67-68

ius cogens 49

Jordan 13-14, 145-168

Journal of Laws 114

judges: active stance towards law-making 23; appointment of 117-118, 120, 125, 133-134; authority of 144; compulsory retirement 92; ‘December’ 113; duty of self-restraint 142, 161-164, 183, 189; ‘government of 23; ‘October’ 110; and power 36; remuneration of 90; retire­ment age 91-92, 94, 119; role of 30; specialisation 140; ‘stand-in’ 116, 122, 124; tenure 126

judicial activism 21-22; as defence strategy 6-7, 9, 43-60; definition 23, 45, 127-128; evolutionary 6; revolutionary 6; risks of 13; role of courts 2-3, 8, 45; and rule of law 16-17; as socio-legal phenomenon 8

judicial culture 134

judicial dialogue 3

judicial empire 2

judicial imperialism 3

judicial independence 7, 76, 90, 92, 95, 97, 145-146, 156

judicial policy-making 4, 6, 7 judicial populism 128-129 judicial power 129, 135, 139, 143, 207 judicial review 46, 78, 89, 104, 145-146,

156, 157, 160-162, 166, 206; constitu­tional 125, 146; Kelsenian model of 125; and parliamentary monarchy 153-154; pathology of 13, 126; in Poland 106-107; role of 43

Kelsen, Hans 25, 39, 104

Kelsenian model: of constitutional review

130, 133, 134; of judicial review 125 Kempa, Beata 114 Kieres, Leon 116 Kohl, Helmut 55 Kovesi, Laura Codruta 138-139

Landau, David 74, 78 language 41

Laska and Lika v.

Latvia 140

Law and Justice 102, 103, 110-118, 121-123

‘law-in-action’ 30

‘law-in-books’ 30

Law on the Civil Protection System 195-197, 199-200, 209

Lebanon 146

legal actors 25, 34, 35

legal certainty 8, 10, 13, 17, 188, 190, 199, 215

legal culture 38, 39, 45, 73 legality 32-34 legal legitimacy 38 legal predictability 17 legal reasoning 34, 39 legal revolutions 2, 6 legal rules 7, 25, 27, 30, 38, 41, 48 legitimacy 32-33, 36-38, 41, 59, 122,

153, 158-161 liberal democracy 83, 102, 105 liberal-democratic consensus 103 liberal-democratic constitutionalism 1, 3,

6, 16 liberalism 4 liberal revolutions 105 liberty, right to 67 Lisbon Treaty 78-79 Listing Procedure case 81 lockdowns 187, 203

Locke, John 204-205, 210

Loewenstein, Karl 83

Lucky Dev v. Sweden 71

Maastricht Treaty 78, 81

market abuse 73

market freedoms 82

martial law 106

MENA see Middle East and North Africa microconstitutionality review 141

Middle East and North Africa (MENA) 145-168

migration crisis 1,16

militant democracy 5, 10-11, 82-88; defi­nition 77, 82-83; and European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) 83-84; and European Union 11, 84-97; limits of 86-88; transnational 80

Miltner judgement 58

Mohammed VI 151

monism 46, 56

Montesquieu 183

moral revival 111

Moreira Ferreira v. Portugal 66

Morocco 13-14, 146-148; constitution 146, 151-152, 154-155, 164; constitu­tional courts 145-168; constitutional reviews 155, 156, 164-165

‘most similar case’ principle 46 ‘Muzzle Law’ 96

National Anti-Corruption Directorate (DNA) 132, 139

National Assembly 176, 178-180, 182, 184-187, 189-190, 192-193

National Broadcasting Council 118

National Charter 150

National Civil Protection Headquarters 195-198, 200-203, 210

national constitutionalism 2, 216

National Council of the Judiciary (NCJ) 94-96, 117-119

national defence 14, 172, 173, 179, 184-187, 192-193

national identity 75, 103 nationalism 4

national security 68, 136, 162, 178-179, 184-185, 207

national sovereignty 103

nation-states 78

NATO 187

NCJ see National Council of the Judiciary ne bis in idem (double jeopardy) 10, 71-73 neoliberalism 4,111 neo-nationalism 4 norm-setting 2, 7

nullum crimen sine lege 108

Nykanen v.

obiter dicta 49, 50, 51

Ocalan v. Turkey 65, 68

‘October judges’ 110

‘open texture’ 2, 173, 174, 183, 189

Orban, Viktor 103 organisational positions 36 outcomes 37, 39-40 outputs 37-38, 40

Palestine 146

pandemic constitutionalism 5, 14 pandemics 181-182; see also Covid-19 pandemic

parliamentary monarchies 147-156

Parliament v. Council (the ‘Chernobyl’ case) 81

Pawlowicz, Krystyna 117

Piotrowicz, Stanislaw 117

PKK judgement 53

Poland 12, 74-77, 85, 87-98, 101-125; constitutional review; 106-107, 109; constitutions 106-108, 111; see also Polish Constitutional Tribunal; Polish Supreme Court

policy-making 2, 4, 165, 214, 215; emergency 174, 177; judicial 4, 6, 7; military and defence 185, 193

Polish Constitutional Tribunal 12, 101-124; before 2015 106-109; from 2015 to 2016 112-115; from 2017 to 2018 115-117; from 2019 to 2020 117-121

Polish People’s Party 109, 111

Polish Supreme Court 90-96, 118-120; Disciplinary Chamber of 94-97, 117, 119-120; Extraordinary Control and Public Affairs Chamber 119

political actors 24, 34

political constitutionalism 103

political culture 43

Political Messianism 78

political parties 24, 35, 37, 48, 109, 130, 140, 151, 155; banning of 83, 86; freedom to form 83; goals 39

political question doctrine 81

political revolutions 2

political rights 83-84, 160

popular initiatives 47-53, 55, 58 popular sovereignty 11, 14, 51, 128,

171, 183

popular vote 47 populism 11,16, 74-75, 82, 89, 94,

97-98, 216; constitutional 4, 7, 11, 12, 214; judicial 128-129 populist backsliding 101

Portugal 125

Portuguese Judges case 90, 92 post-communist countries 126 post-modernity 2 power: balance of 132, 141, 143, 145, 158,

177; and democracy 78, 80; and judges 36; judicial 126, 129, 135, 139, 143, 207; and language 41; tripartition of 107, 108; see also ancillary powers; emergency powers clause; separation of powers

preliminary rulings 94-98 presidential powers 137-138 privacy, right to 108, 179, 187 private life, right to 49 private property 39 procedural acts 69 proportionality, principle of 48 Protection Against Disasters Act

180-181, 188

Przylebska, Julia 116, 122

public good 204

public safety 73 pyramidal concept of law 44

racism 34

Raikovska, Tanya 191 rationality 29, 32, 34 Rawls, J. 84

RCC see Romanian Constitutional Court refugees 76 regionalism 4 religion 179 representation, principle of 80 representative democracy 5 res judicata 9, 63-73, 139-140 restitutio in integrum 64 retirement age 91-92, 94, 119 retrial clause 68

retroactivity 107, 196-198, 200-201 revolutionary courts 4-6

revolutions 6; constitutional 104, 216; counter-constitutional 105-106, 124; legal 2, 6; liberal 104; political 2

rights: to an effective remedy 92, 95; to family life 49; individual 13, 50, 55, 82, 150, 156-158, 167; to liberty 67; to life 179; of minorities 76; political 83-84, 160; to privacy 108, 179, 187; to private life 49; restriction of 178-179, 181, 188, 190, 197; see also fundamental rights; human rights

Romania 125-144; constitution 129-132, 136, 138, 141; constitutional review in 13, 126, 129, 131, 133-136, 139, 140, 142; see also Romanian Constitutional Court (RCC)

Romanian Constitutional Court (RCC)

12-13, 90, 125-144; activism 129-142; Decision 144/2005 136; Decision 220/ 2019 135; Decision 26/2019 135-136; Decision 358/2018 138-139; Decision 417/2019 140; Decision 55/2020 135, 136; Decision 685/2018 139; Decision 727/2012 141; Decision 799/ 2011 141; Decision 874/2018 135; Decision 901/2009 136; design 129-131; Internal Ruling no. 1/2017 142; Law no. 177/2010 140; politicisation of 131-134

Rome Treaty 80-82

Roquette Freres v. Council of the European Communities 80

Ross, Alf 30

Rossiter, C.L. 205-206 Rousseau, J.J. 205, 210 rule of law 59-60, 66, 79, 87, 92; ‘con­structive deconstruction’ of 3; crisis of 101; and democracy 89; ‘emergency exceptions’ 15, 204-211; and judicial activism 16-17; in Poland 109-112; and populism 75-76; primacy of 66

Rule of Law Report 76 Rzeplinski, Andrzej115

Schmitt, C. 205, 206 Schubert Praxis 53, 55 SCM see Superior Council of Magistracy Sejdovic v. Italy 68 self-restraint 142, 161-164, 183, 189 semi-presidentialism 137

Semov, Atanas 191 separation of powers 3, 5, 48, 74, 78, 95, 103, 161, 189, 215

‘severe natural disaster’ 194-197, 199, 209-211; see also state of disaster Single European Act 81 Slovenia 125

social justice 152 social solidarity 111 Solidarity 107

Somogyi v. Italy 68

Southern Europe 16 sovereignty 3, 5; European citizens’ 87; of law 149, 154; national 103; of parliament 123; popular 11, 14, 51, 128, 171, 183

Spain 125, 155

Stanciu, L.-D. 136, 138 state of disaster 15, 173, 180-181, 188, 192; see also ‘severe natural disaster’ state of emergency 173-182, 184, 187, 190, 192, 199

state of exception 15, 176, 179-181, 211 state of siege 173-182, 184, 190 statutes 25

statutory anticonstitutionalism 101 statutory law 24, 44, 47, 50-51, 53-55, 57, 67

Stoichkov v. Bulgaria 66, 67, 68

Strasbourg Court see European Court of

Human Rights (ECtHR) structural discrimination 33 subsidiarity, principle of 79 Superior Council of Magistracy (SCM) 138 supermajority 125, 142

supranational courts 2, 3, 6, 9-10, 14, 171, 214, 216

supranationalisation 216 supranational organisations 44

Supreme Constitutional Court of Palestine 146

Supreme Court Act 2017 94-95 supreme courts 2, 9, 214-216 surveillance 136

Swiss Federal Court see Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland

Switzerland: apex courts 45-54; constitu­tion 46-47, 57-58; constitutional review in 53-54; and EU 46, 48, 50-52; the popular initiative 47-53; see also Federal Supreme Court of Switzerland

Szydlo, Beata 115

Tanasescu, E.-S. 128, 136, 138, 144 Tanchev, Advocate General 90-91 taxation 73

tax offences 73

technocracy 2, 215

TEU see Treaty on European Union TFEU see Treaty on the Functioning of the

European Union torture 179 transitology 14 transplantology 14 travel ban 98 Treaty of Nice 84 Treaty on European Union (TEU) 75, 76,

85-93, 95

Treaty on the Functioning of the European

Union (TFEU) 91, 93

Trump, Donald 98

Tunisia 146

Turkey 125, 155

UK Supreme Court 98 ultima ratio 51

United Kingdom 153

United Nations (UN) 48

United Nations International Law Com­

mission (UN ILC) 65

United States 98; constitutional review in

104; Supreme Court 33, 34, 104, 141

values 34-35; European Union 75-76,

78-79, 85, 87-88, 93-97

VAT violation 73 video conferencing 203

war 173-182, 184, 190; ‘on terror’ 16, 204, 206

Waste Directive case see Commission v.

Ireland

Weber, Max 32

Weiler, H. 86, 87, 88

Western legal systems 32, 34, 36 WHO see World Health Organization World Health Organization (WHO) 202 World Trade Organization (WTO) 52 World War I 83

World War II 83, 103, 206

WTO see World Trade Organization

Zioikowski, M. 123