Index

absolute concept of constitution 50,

74, 75

absolute factual concept of constitution

74, 75, 85, 86

Ackerman, Bruce 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 15,

17, 18, 20, 30, 31, 37, 49, 51, 61,

78, 79, 81-85, 91, 97, 102, 104, 109, 110, 113, 116, 119, 122, 123, 126-128, 131, 132, 135, 143, 148, 158, 159, 167, 179, 200

Act of Settlement 1701, 79-205

Adam Opel AG 151

Adams, John 96, 97, 103

Adams, John Quincy 96, 108

Adenauer, Konrad 140, 147, 149, 150,

160, 167, 168

Adidas 141

Afghanistan 88, 176

Africa 9, 18, 95, 172, 174, 205, 213 Agamben, Giorgio 14, 17, 30, 44, 70,

71, 73, 85, 86

Albert, Richard 69, 82, 83, 98, 117,

133, 148, 153, 175, 178, 186, 191, 197, 213

Albertus, Michael 76, 78

Algerian War of Independence 15, 69 Allied occupation 136

Allied Powers 135, 138, 140, 143, 146,

156; Western Allied Powers 62, 143, 145, 146

Al-Qaida 206

Althingi 179, 181

Amendments to the Irish Constitution:

Eight Amendment 186, 187; Thirty-Second Amendment 186; Thirty-Seventh Amendment 186;

Thirty-Sixth Amendment 186, 187

Amendments to the U.S.

13th 79, 98, 126; 14th 79, 98,

124-126, 128; 15th 98, 102; 24th 102; Second Amendment 124, 125, 129, 130; Ten first Amendments (1791) 82, 118, 124, 125

American Civil War 67, 82, 85, 91, 97,

98, 100, 124-129, 132, 178, 217 American Revolution 9, 30-32, 73, 93,

95, 102, 104, 106, 120

American States’ Constitutions see

States’ Constitutions

American War of Independence 67, 99 Ancient regime 36, 80

Anez, Jeanine 190

Anthill 179

Anti-Federalists 118, 120, 122-124 Apellatio ad populum 52

Apprentice Boys’ March 206

Arato, Andrew 1, 3, 4, 7, 24, 27, 32,

44, 45, 52, 80, 85, 88, 171, 200, 213 Arce, Luis 190

Arendt, Hannah 30-32, 68, 88, 93-95,

102, 135, 137

Aristotle 73

Arnold, Tom 184

Articles of the Confederation 49, 106, 108, 114, 119, 120, 132, 176, 200; Article XIII 113, 119, 132

Articles of the German Basic Law: Article

1 142, 148, 153; see also Human dignity; Article 14 152; Article 20 148; Article 23 157, 160; Article 38.1 162; Article 79.3 see Eternity Clause; Article 116 140; Article 144 144; Article 146 148, 149, 155-157, 167, 168

Articles of the U.S.

I.8 116; Article I.9 116; Article IV.4 116; Article V 117, 132; Article VII 113, 119, 132

Austria 137, 139, 159, 167

Bachelet, Michelle 174, 192-194, 210 backstop 208, 209

Bajnai, Gordon 198

Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia,

Lithuania) 138

BASF 151

Bates, David 17, 29, 63

Bavaria 140, 143-146, 165, 167 Bavarian Party 153

Bavarian separatism 143

Bayer 151

Bayerische Motoren Werke (BMW) 151 Bear River, 100

Beard, Charles A. 16, 70, 101, 108,

114, 115, 121-123, 131 Beaud, Olivier 69 Behrend, Magda 151 Belgium 145, 150 Benediktsson, Bjarni 182 Benjamin, Walter 70 Berlin-Blockade 141

Berlin’s Allied Command 141 Berlin Wall 134, 156, 159 Bieber, Roland 162

Bill of Rights 1689, 79, 205

Bill of Rights (American Bill of Rights

1791) 82, 116, 123-125 blasphemy 185, 187, 188 Bloody Sunday 206 Bockenforde, Ernst-Wolfgang 3, 40,

153, 162, 165, 169

Bogside 206

Bolivarian 189 Bolivia 12, 88, 173, 174, 189-192,

197, 210

Bolivia Constitution 2009, 190 Bolshevik regime 72 Bonaparte, Napoleon 44 Bonn 134, 149, 150, 153, 168

Bonner draft 144, 146

Bonner Grundgesetz see German Basic

Law

Bosnia-Herzegovina 66

Boss, Hugo 151

Bossacoma Busquets, Pau 87, 200, 202,

204, 211, 213, 214

Bremen 139, 167

Bremerhaven 139

Brexit 175, 204, 205, 207-209, 214 Bright Future 181

British Columbia 177, 213

British Crown 90, 95

British Empire 98

British First Battalion Parachute

Regiment 206

British Parliament 103, 105, 110, 205

Brown versus Board of Education 129

Brumaire 18, 44

Bucaram, Abdala 190

Bundesrat 157

Bundestag 140, 144, 153, 154, 157, 158, 168

Bundesverfassungsgericht see German

Federal Constitutional Court

Burma 84, 205

Byrne, Gay 185

Cabildo 193

Canada 102, 201

Cape Cod 93

Carre de Malberg, Raymond 84

Catalan municipalities 204

Catalan Parliament 201-203, 213, 214

Catalan State 202

Catalan Statute 201

Catalonia 171, 172, 200-204, 211, 212, 214

Catalonia’s national day 202

Catholic Church 168, 187, 188, 206

Central Europe 142, 159

Chambers, Simone 27, 41, 153, 156, 157, 174, 211

Chavez, Hugo 189

Cherokee 99

Cherokee Nation versus Georgia 100

Chile 171, 174, 192, 195, 210

Chilean Constitution 1980, 192, 194, 210

China (People’s Republic of China)

9, 62

Christian Democratic People 198

Christian Democratic Union

(CDU) 135

Churchill, Winston 141

Citizens’ assembly 52, 177, 217; Irish 184, 187

Civil Rights Act 129

Civil Rights Revolution 82, 97, 127, 129, 217

Civil war: others 30, 50, 67, 69, 79, 88,

172, 206; see also American Civil War

Clay, Lucius D.

Clinton, George 123

Cold War 135, 138, 141, 151, 154, 168 colonial charters 93, 106

colonies see North American Colonies

Colon-Rios, Joel 2-6, 43, 47, 52, 74,

76, 84, 88, 183, 189 Communist Party of Germany 168 Communist States 10, 12, 39, 57, 72,

84, 138, 141, 145, 148, 150, 155,

156, 176

Confederation (American Confederation) 49, 90, 99, 106, 108, 110-114, 119, 120, 123, 132, 176, 200

Confederation of Indigenous

Nations 191

Congregationalists 94 Connecticut 94, 105, 106, 118,

122, 130 constituent assembly 5, 70, 146,

157, 215; Chile see Convention;

Ecuador (2007-2008) 190, 191;

French, (1789-1791) 44; Icelandic (2010-2013) 179, 183; Venezuela (1999 and 2017) 173, 189; Weimar (1919) 137 constitutional amendment 72, 74,

81-85, 97, 110, 115, 125, 126, 130, 133, 134, 142, 144, 148, 154, 155,

158, 160, 163, 164, 184-187, 195, 196, 199, 216

constitutional authority 3, 17, 40 Constitutional Council (Iceland) 180,

181, 185 constitutional dismemberment 82, 84 constitutional identity 72, 91,

161-164,166 constitutional moment 5, 91, 92, 128,

129, 159 constitutional patriotism

(Verfassungspatriotismus) 139 constitutional revolution 73, 74, 79, 81,

83, 156, 192, 211 constitutional supremacy 1, 5, 9, 17, 21,

25, 34, 36, 39, 59, 120, 147, 160 constitutional transformation 6, 8, 9,

11, 13-16, 20, 39, 42, 71, 73, 78,

79, 81-85, 92, 97, 100, 125-127, 129, 130, 134, 154, 155, 158, 159, 167, 171, 172, 174, 175, 177, 178, 181-183, 187, 192-194, 196, 199, 204-206,209,210,212,216-218 Continental Congress 104, 143 Convention 60, 112, 113, 117, 135,

143, 171, 198, 215; American States’ Conventions. Constitutional Drafting 106, 107, 143, 178; American States’ Conventions. Federal Constitution Ratification 101, 112, 114, 116, 119-125, 132; Annapolis Convention (1786) 113; Chilean Convention (2021) 193, 195, 196; European Convention (2002-2004) 176, 210; French Convention (1792-1795) 69; Ireland (2012-2014) 184-188, 213; Philadelphia Convention (1787) 49, 70, 96, 97, 108, 109, 111-119, 131, 132, 143, 176; Western Germany Convention see Parliamentarian Council

Correa, Rafael 173, 190, 191

Cortes Generates 201 Cosmopolitan constitutionalism see

Post-national constitutionalism coup d’etat 23, 44, 73, 190, 191 covenant 25, 31, 32, 39, 58, 94, 102 Covid-19, 12, 164, 195 Cox, Jo 207 Critical Legal Studies 78 Croatia 66

Customs Union 207, 208 Czech Republic 138 Czechoslovakia 12, 139, 141

Dahl, Robert Alan 119 Daimler-Benz 151 Dakota People 100 Dakota War 100

Daniels versus Tearney 126

Danish Constitution (1874) 179 Danish monarchy 179

Danzig 136

Dassler brothers 151

De Gaulle, Charles 206 De Vattel, Emer 28, 40 Dearborn 128

Declaration of Independence 200, 204; American Declaration of Independence (1776) 7, 107, 200; Catalonia Declaration of Independence (2017) 202, 204

Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789) 73

Delaware (State) 106, 114, 122 Delaware Nations 99

Democratic Unionist Party 208 demokratische Primarraum (primary democratic space) 162

Derry 206 destituent power 85 destructive moment 85

Detroit 128

Dietze, Gottfried 144, 147, 153, 167

Dinan, John 178

Duong, Kevin 4, 8

Dyzenhaus, David 21, 40, 44, 59,

72, 88

East Brandenburg 136

East Prussia 136

Eastern Europe 12, 66, 136, 138-140, 142, 148, 176, 198

Eastern Germany see German

Democratic Republic

Ecuador 88, 173, 189, 190, 192, 198

Ecuadorian Constitution: (1998) 190; (2008) 190, 191

Egypt 88, 172, 191, 205

Elster, Jon 2, 17, 48-50, 69, 70, 113, 116, 119, 131, 170, 212

Emancipation Proclamation

(1863) 100

encuentros 193

England 93, 95, 96, 102, 209

English Church 93

English Civil War 79

Enlightenment 5, 63

Equal Suffrage clause 117, 118

Estallido social 194

Eternity Clause 147, 148, 155,

163, 168

European Central Bank 164, 166, 169

European Common Market 175

European Communities 160, 175, 205, 206

European Communities Act

(1972) 205

European Council 176

European Court of Justice 160, 161, 166, 214

European Economic Community 205

European Parliament 199, 204

European Union 60, 61, 66, 67, 139, 159, 161-166, 171, 175, 176, 199, 204, 206-210, 214

European Union law 163, 164,

175, 208

European Union Treaty 164, 199, 205

European Union Withdrawal Act (2018) 205

European Union Withdrawal Agreement Act (2020) 205

Ewigkeitsklausel see Eternity Clause

Facebook 180, 185

Fair Housing Act 129

Fassbender, Bardo 61, 161 Federalist Papers 49, 109, 110, 120,

131, 132

Federalists 111, 113-115, 118, 119,

121-125, 128, 132, 143

Feldman, Noah 17, 126, 149

Fidesz 197-199 financial crises (2008) 172, 178, 183 Fine Gael 186

Finland 51, 88 Finnish Constitution (2000) 83, 197 First World War 66, 128, 137 Flick, Friedrich 150, 151

Flickr 180

Ford Hunger March 128

Ford Motor Company 128, 151 Forge Valley 104

Foster, Arlene 208

Foucault, Michel 1, 13, 28, 32-35 France 10, 17, 32, 45, 66, 69, 84, 88,

102, 135, 145, 148, 150, 156, 169, 176, 177, 210

Frankfurt Documents 146

French Constitution: (1791) 48, 49, 80;

Consulate (1799) 44; Fifth Republic (1958) 15, 69; First Republic (1793) 80, 107; Fourth Republic (1946) 69, 148; Second Republic (1848) 49 French Republic: Fifth 15, 69; Fourth

69, 148; Third 66

French Revolution (1789) 24, 66, 69,

71, 89 Friedrich, Carl Joachim 19, 136,

142, 192

Fry, Stephen 185

Fugitive Slave Clause 98 Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

94, 130

Gastil, John 52

Gat, Azar 17, 63-65, 88 genealogical approach 1, 13, 16, 20,

28, 32-36, 40, 48, 59, 80, 85, 102, 121

Georgia 99, 100, 106, 122, 131 German Basic Law (1949) 5, 14, 15,

53, 87, 92, 135, 138, 141, 143, 145, 146, 148, 149, 152-154, 157-159, 162-164, 167, 168, 198

German Democratic Republic 11, 135, 140, 141, 144, 148, 155-157

German Federal Constitutional Court

11, 153, 158-163, 168, 169 German Federal Republic 14-16,

134, 135, 138, 141, 143-146, 148,

150-152, 154, 156, 157, 159, 160,

165, 166, 169, 217; see also Germany German monarchies and princedoms 73 German-Polish Border Treaty (1990)

140, 160

German reunification 5, 11, 134, 135,

140, 144, 146, 149, 153-158, 160,

161, 164, 168, 217

German States see Lander

Germany 10, 11, 66, 68, 92, 126,

134-146, 148-162, 165, 167-169,

217; see also German Federal Republic Glorious Revolution (1688) 79, 103 Goebbels, Joseph 137, 151 Good Friday Agreement 207-209, 214 Great Depression (1929 and 2008) 128,

129, 161

Great Proclamation see Royal

Proclamation 1763

Greece 161

Grenville, George 103 Grimm, Dieter 61, 211

Grundgesetz see German Basic Law 1949 Grundnorm 21, 40

Guaido, Juan 190

Guardia Civil203

Gunnlaugsson, Sigmundur David 181 Gyurcsany, Ferenc 198

Haberle, Peter 153, 161 Haberler, Gottfried von 159 Habermas, Jurgen 2, 5, 6, 30, 55-58, 152, 167

Hahn, Erich J.C.

Hamilton, Alexander 49, 111, 113, 114, 120, 124, 131, 132

Hart, Herbert Lionel Adolphus 22-24 Harzburg Academy for Economic

Leadership 151

Hayek, Friedrich August 79, 159, 160 Hazard, Jonathan 108

Heath, Edward 206

Heidegger, Martin 10, 151 Helgadottir, Ragnhildur 180, 181 Henschel 151

Herrenchiemsee Abbey 146 Hessen 143

Heuss, Theodor 149

higher lawmaking 5, 23, 42, 91, 92, 127, 170, 188, 210

Hitler, Adolf 135, 137, 139, 149, 150, 167, 207

Hobsbawm, Eric 128

Hoechst 151

Hohn, Reinhard 151 homo sacer 85, 86, 216

Hont, Istvan 17, 43-45, 63

House of Delegates: Maryland 108; Massachusetts 109

House of Representatives (U.S. Federation) 96, 117, 124

Huber, Peter M. 165

Hudson Valley 101

human dignity 38, 142, 148, 153

Hume, David 7

Hungarian Fundamental Law (2011) 197-199

Hungary 11, 88, 196, 198, 199, 210

Iceland 11, 18, 52, 171-173, 178, 179, 181-183, 188, 191, 194, 198, 212

Icelandic Constitution (1944) 179, 182

Icelandic Constitutional Council 185

Icelandic Parliament see Althingi

Iceland’s Supreme Court 180

I.G. Farben and Krupp 151 Importation Clause 98

Independence Party 182

India 69, 84, 205

Indian Wars 99

Indigenous Peoples 29, 90, 94, 95, 98, 100, 103, 124, 193

internal enemies 65

Iran 84

Iraq 88, 176

Ireland (Irish Republic, Republic of Ireland) 11, 18, 52, 66, 171-173, 177, 183, 184, 187, 191, 198, 207, 209, 212, 214

Ireland National Parliament 184, 187

Irish Constitution (1937) 185-187, 213

Irish Republican Army 206; Official 206; Provisional 206

Iroquois 99; see also Six Nations Iroquois

Isensee, Josef 139, 155

ISIS 206

Israel 84

Italian Constitution (1948) 69, 148

Italy 10, 69, 84, 148, 151

Jackson, Andrew 97, 125

Jacksonian democracy 101

Jacobins 45, 80

Jakobsdottir, Katrin 182

James VI and I King of Scotland and

King of England and Ireland 93 Jamestown 95 Japan 68, 126, 168

Jay, John 49, 120, 131, 132

Jefferson, Thomas 97, 111, 131

Jensen, Merrill Monroe 106, 108,

113, 131

Johnson, Boris 208, 209

Johnson versus M’Intosh 100

Judt, Toni 139, 140, 149, 151,

168, 206

Kant, Immanuel 24, 27

Katyal, Neal 113, 122, 123, 132

Kay, Richard 22, 35, 38, 52, 76, 113,

114, 120, 123, 130, 132

Kelsen, Hans 21-24, 40

Kelsenian 200

Kennedy, John Fitzgerald 129 Kenny, Enda 186

Kenya 88, 175

Kessal-Wulf, Sibylle 165

Kibaki, Mwai 175

Kiel 138

Kirchhof, Paul 139, 153, 155, 169 Knox, Henry 109

Koblenz 146

Kohl, Helmut 135, 157

Kommers, Donald P. 143, 146

Konig, Doris 165

Krisch, Nico 25, 59, 60, 161

Krupp, Alfred 151

Krupp, Otto Ambros 151

Kumm, Mattias 2, 53, 59-61, 158,

160, 161

Labour Party 207

Laeken 176

Landau, David 191, 192, 210, 211

Lander 135, 138, 140, 142-146, 154,

156, 157, 165, 167

Lander’s Assemblies (Landtage)

142, 143

Lander’s Constitutions 143

Lansing, John 114

Lassalle, Ferdinand 74

Leftist-Green Movement 182 legal positivist theories 20-24, 34, 35, 40

Levinson, Sanford 82, 117, 126,

131, 178

Libya 88, 172

Lincoln, Abraham 100, 127

Lindahl, Hans 2, 53

Lisbon Treaty 162, 169, 177; see also

Treaty on European Union

Lisbon Treaty case 162

Locke, John 24, 27-29, 32, 88

London 141

London Protocol (1944) 139

London Six-Power Conference (1948) 141, 145, 146

Lone Wolf versus Hitchcock 100

Loughlin, Martin 2, 17, 25, 43, 53, 54, 63, 88, 165

Luftwaffe 151

Luther King Jr., Martin 129

Luxembourg 146, 150

Lyotard, Jean-Fran^oise 7, 36

Maastricht judgment 18, 169

MacArthur, Douglas 128

Macedonia 66

Macmillan, Harold 205

Madison, Ambrose 108

Madison, James 49, 97, 108-112, 120, 121, 123, 124, 131, 132

Maduro, Nicolas 173, 189, 197

Mair, Thomas Alexander 207

Majer, Johan Christian 73

Malacca Peninsula 205

Marbury versus Madison 3, 17 Marshall, John 120

Marshall Aid 154

Marx, Karl 73, 74

Maryland 106, 108, 118

Mas, Artur 202

Mason, George 104

Massachusetts 70, 106, 109, 111, 113-115, 122,124

Massachusetts Constitution (1780) 101, 121

Massachusetts Convention U.S.

May, Theresa 208

Mayflower Compact 93, 94

Mazower, Mark 135, 139, 140, 150, 151, 167

McIlwain, Charles Howard 64, 111

McPherson, James 97

M’Culloch versus Maryland 120 Menaldo, Victor 76, 78 Merkel, Angela 161, 164 Mexican Federal Constitution

(1917)171

Mexico 97, 125

Mexico City State Constitution (2018) 171, 178

Michelman, Frank Isaac 6, 7, 18, 21,

22, 46

Middle East 9, 12, 18, 172, 205,

206, 217

Middlekauff, Robert 90, 96, 99, 101,

103, 105, 116-119, 123, 124

Miller, James 94

Minnesota 100

Mises, Ludwig von 159

Mitchell, George J. 207

Mitterrand, Fran^oise 156

Mollers, Christoph 4, 53, 85, 137, 152,

153, 155, 169

Monroe, James 97

Morales, Evo 173, 190, 197

Moreno, Lenin 173, 191

Morgenthau Jr., Henry 141

Morgenthau plan 141

Mortati, Constantino 74

Mosca, Gaetano 77

Moscow Conference (1943) 138 mulier sacer 130, 204, 207 Murkens, Jo Eric Khushal 162

Nash, Gary 101

National Consultation Body (Hungarian constitution-making process) 198

National Council of Observers (Chilean

constitution-making process) 193

National Forum (Icelandic constitution­making process) 179

Nationalstaat 165 Nationalversammlung see Constituent

Assembly, Weimar 1919

Native American see Indigenous Peoples natural law 45

Nazi regime 134, 136, 137,

149-152,167

Negri, Antonio 3, 31

Netherlands 145, 150, 177, 210 new constitutionalism 170-174, 177,

189, 210, 212

New Deal 82, 129, 194

New Hampshire 106, 122, 123

New Jersey 106, 115, 122

New York 99, 104, 106, 114, 122-124, 176, 178

New York Convention U.S. Federal Constitution ratification (1788) 124

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm 1

no victims rule 20, 85-87, 92, 174, 187, 192, 196, 200, 204, 209, 215, 217

Nootens, Genevieve 53

North American Colonies 94-96, 98,

100, 102-105, 109, 110

North Carolina 101, 106, 115, 123

Northern Africa 172

Northern Ireland 206-209, 214

Northern Ireland Assembly 184 Northern States (American Northern

States) 96, 97, 118

Oakeshott, Michael 37, 63

Oder-Neisse line 140

Ohio 99

Oireachtas see Ireland National Parliament

Oklopcic, Zoran 3, 8, 34, 39, 85

Okubaso, Duncan 175

Ontario 177

Orban, Viktor 197-200, 213

Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 193

Original Peoples see Indigenous Peoples Ottawa 99

Paine, Thomas 107

Pakistan 205

Palestine 205

Parliamentarian Council (der Parlamentarische Rat) 143, 144, 146

participatory process 185, 186, 202 Partlett, William 4, 52, 85, 120 Pennsylvania 101, 106, 107, 111, 112, 114, 118, 120, 122, 131

Pennsylvania Constitution (1776)

101, 107

Pennsylvania Executive Council 107 Philadelphia 49, 57, 101, 104, 114-118, 121, 123, 143

Philadelphia Convention 1787 see Convention

Pilgrim Fathers 93, 94

Pinera, Sebastian 174, 194, 195 Pinochet, Augusto 192, 195 plebiscite 137, 147, 168, 174, 189, 192, 195; see also referendum

Poland 84, 139, 160

Polk, James Knox 97

poll taxes 102

Pomerania 136, 139

Pontiac 99; Chief Pontiac 99; Pontiac’s

Rebellion 99

popular consultation 191, 202; see also referendum

positivism see legal positivist theories post-National Constitutionalism 59, 60 post-sovereign approach 171

Potsdam Agreements (1945) 141, 142 pouvoir constituant 13, 20, 42-44, 46,

47, 61, 72, 87, 88

pouvoir constituant derive 84, 154 pouvoir constituant institue 84 pouvoir constitue 154

Presidency of the Republic: Bolivia

173, 190; Chile 174, 192-194, 210;

Ecuador 173, 190, 191; Finland

83, 197; France 156; Germany, Weimar see Reichsprasident; Ireland 185; Kenya 175; United States 96, 97, 108, 116, 118, 125, 128-130; Venezuela 173, 189, 190

Preuss, Ulrich 4, 29, 73, 77, 80, 85, 141, 143, 146, 147, 149, 156, 158, 167

Progressive Party 182

Proportionate Tax Clause 98 Providence 123

Prussia 142, 167; see also East Prussia Puigdemont, Carles 202

Puma 151

Putsch 69, 197; see also coup d’etat

Quandt, Gunther 151

Quandt, Harald 151

Quandt, Herbert 151

Quebec 201

Rajoy, Mariano 202, 203

Randolph, Edmund 116, 121 ratification: ratification of the

1949 German Basic Law 141, 143, 144, 146; ratification of the U.S.

Rawls, John 24, 26-28, 32, 58

Rechtsstaat 161; see also rule of law Reconstruction: American

Reconstruction 124, 126-128, 132; Reconstruction theory on the constituent power 3, 16, 27, 30, 47, 53, 55, 80, 81, 152, 153, 155, 165

Red Army 139

referendum 4, 51, 52, 88, 121, 135, 137, 141, 165, 170, 184, 193; Bavaria constitutional referendum (1946) 143; Bolivian constitutional referendum (2009) 190; British referendum on accession to the European Communities (1975) 206; British referendum on withdrawal from the European Union (2016) 204-207; Catalan participatory process (2014) 202; Catalan referendum on Statute of Autonomy (2006) 201; Catalan self-determination referendum (2017) 202-204, 213, 214; Chilean referendum on constitution-making process (2020) 196; Chilean referendum on Pinochet’s continuity (2008) 192; Ecuadorian referendum on Constituent Assembly (2007) 190; Ecuadorian referendum on Constitution (2008) 190; Hessen Constitutional referendum (1946) 143; Icelandic referendum on constitution-making process (2012) 181, 183; Irish constitutional referendum on blasphemy (2018) 186; Irish constitutional referendum on minimum age to accede to the Presidency (2015) 185; Irish constitutional referendum on regulation for abortion (2018) 186, 187; Irish constitutional referendum on same-sex marriage (2015) 185; Irish constitutional referendum on the abolition of Senate (2013) 186; Irish referenda on the Treaty of Lisbon (2008 and 2009) 177; Massachusetts Constitutional referendum (1778) 121; Quebec referendum on sovereignty (1995) 201; Rhineland- Palatinate referendum (1947) 143; Rhode Island referendum on U.S. Constitution (1788) 132; Scottish referendum on independence (2014) 201, 209; Third Reich referenda

(1934 and 1938) 137; Venezuela referendum on constituent assembly (April 1999) 189; Venezuela referendum on Constitution (December 1999) 189, 190 Reichsprasident 137 Reichstag 137 Representatives see House of

Representatives

Revenue Act (1764) 103 Rhineland-Palatinate 143

Rhode Island 70, 105, 106, 108, 111,

114, 123, 131, 132, 144 Robespierre, Maximilien de 80 Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 128, 129,

141, 194

Ropke, Wilhelm 159

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques 24, 27-29, 43,

46, 47, 88

Royal Proclamation (1763) 98

Roznai, Yaniv 2-4, 17, 18, 22, 43, 71,

72, 83, 84, 88, 120, 135, 196, 213 Ruhr 138

rule of law 1, 9, 37, 63, 67, 79, 84, 85,

92, 147, 148, 154, 159-161, 166, 192, 216, 217

Russell, Peter H. 50

Russia (Russian Federation) 32, 62, 139 Russian Revolution 32, 71, 94

Saarland 138, 157

same-sex marriage 185, 187-189 Saratoga 102

Sartre, Jean-Paul 10 Schleswig-Holstein 140, 167

Schmid, Carlo 149

Schmitt, Carl 3, 13, 22, 25, 40, 42-46,

49, 50, 62, 65, 70-78, 81, 83, 88, 163, 164

Schneider, Hans-Peter 144, 146, 153,

154, 163, 167

Schroder, Gerhard 161

Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 79, 80 Scotland 93, 201, 209

Seanad 186 secession 12, 67, 70, 87, 90, 95, 102,

104, 126, 127, 200, 201, 203, 205, 214

Second World War 10, 61, 62, 69, 128, 129, 135, 136, 139, 145, 151, 152,

155, 158, 159, 166, 167, 175 self-determination 17, 39, 47, 69, 162,

163, 201, 203, 208, 214

Senate 107; American Senate 116-118, 124; Irish Senate 186; see also Seanad; Maryland Senate 108; Massachusetts Senate 109

September 11 attacks 176

Seven Years War 98, 103

Shawnee 99

Shays, Daniel 109, 116

Shays’ Rebellion 70, 109, 113, 115, 131

Shoshone 100

Sicherheitsdienst (SD) 151

Siemens 151

Sieyes, Emmanuel 4, 13, 15, 42-47, 87, 88, 138, 164, 216

Sigurdardottir, Johanna 178

Silesia 138, 140; see also Upper Silesia Six Nations Iroquois 99

Skoutaris, Nikos 207, 208

Slovenia 66

social contract theories 13, 20, 24-30, 32-34, 46, 58, 68, 93, 130

Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) 161

Social Peace and a New Constitution (Chilean Agreement 2019) 195, 196

South-Africa 84

Southern States (American Southern States) 95, 96, 102, 118, 126, 127

Soviet Union 12, 62, 66, 128, 135, 141, 152, 155, 156, 168, 169

Spain 88, 102, 161, 171, 177, 200, 201, 203, 212

Spanish Constitutional Court 201-203,213

Spanish Government 202-204

Spanish Parliament 204; see also Cortes Generales

Speer, Albert 150

Stalin, Joseph 142

Stalingrad 137

Stamp Act (1765) 103, 104

States’ Constitutions 177, 178; American States’ Constitutions 93, 101, 102, 104, 106, 107, 114, 124; German States’ Constitutions 143; see also Lander Constitutions

Stunde Null (the Zero Hour) 135, 136, 138

Sturgeon, Nicola 209

Sudan 88, 205

Sudetes 138, 140

Sugar Act (1764) 103

Supreme Court (United States) 3,

100, 126, 128-130, 132, 180, 189, 191, 214

Swiss Constitution (1999-2000) 82,

83, 197 Switzerland 159 Syria 88, 172

Taoiseach 186, 208

Tarr, Alan 178

Taylor, Zachary 97 terra nullius 94

Texas versus White 126

Thatcher, Margaret 156

Third Reich 135, 139, 149, 150 Thornhill, Christopher 54 Three-Fifths Clause 96, 98, 118 Tierney, Stephen 52 Tilly, Charles 17, 19, 63 Tocqueville, Alexis de 36, 63 Torra, Joaquim 200, 204 Treaty Establishing a Constitution for

Europe 175, 176, 193, 210

Treaty on European Union 199; see also

Lisbon Treaty

Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany 140, 156, 169; see also “Two Plus Four” Agreement 1990

Trump, Donald John 130

Tully, James 27, 29, 33, 52,

130, 131

Tunisia 88, 172, 173

Tushnet, Mark 3, 9, 69, 81-83, 87, 96,

117, 124, 125, 170

Twitter 180, 185

“Two Plus Four” Agreement (1990)

140, 156

Tyler, John 97

Unification Treaty (1990) 157,

160, 169

Union Army 100

Union of Expellees and Dispossessed (Block der Heimatvertriebenen und Entrechteten: BHE) 140

United Kingdom 66, 145, 156, 166,

169, 175, 204-209, 214

United Nations 61

United Nations Charter 61, 62

United States Federal Constitution

(1787) 3, 14, 15, 49, 57, 70, 73, 82,

87, 90, 95-97, 99-102, 107-109,

111-123, 126, 127, 129, 132, 144, 152, 176, 200, 212

United States of America 3, 9, 14-16, 25, 31, 49, 77, 80, 84, 90, 96-99, 101, 113, 114, 121, 123, 127, 128, 131, 132, 135, 141, 142, 145, 149, 156, 159, 168, 169, 176, 178, 207, 212

Upper Silesia 136, 139, 155

Varadkar, Leo 208

veil of ignorance 27, 58

Venezuela 12, 173, 174, 189-192, 197, 198, 210

Venezuelan Constitution: (1961) 189; (1999) 189, 190

Venice Commission 181, 213

Vifireisn 181

Virginia 96, 99, 106, 122

Virginia Company 95

Virginia Convention U.S. Federal

Constitution ratification (1788) 124

Virginia Declaration of Rights 104

Virginia legislature 124

Volksdeutsche (ethnic Germans) 138, 140

Volkskammer 157

Volkswagen 151

Voting Rights Act (1965) 102, 129

War of Independence see American War ofIndependence

Washington, D.C. 128, 141, 176

Washington, George 70, 97, 98, 104,

111, 115, 116, 118

We the People 2, 3, 54, 130, 134, 144, 212

weak constitutionalism 6

Weber, Max 70

Weiler, Joseph 53, 127, 160

Weimar Constitution (1919) 72, 137, 142, 164

Weimar Republic 22, 137, 141,

147, 151

West Africa 205

West Indies 102

Western Europe 12, 152, 200

Western Germany see German Federal

Republic

Whigs 105, 107

Williams versus Lee 100

Wilson, James 120, 123

Wolff, Christian 28, 40

Wolin, Sheldon Sanford 18, 32, 46,

71, 73

Wood, Gordon Stewart 25, 62, 97, 101,

103, 107-109, 111, 112, 120, 131

World War Adjusted Compensation Act

(1924)128

Wright Mills, Charles 77

Yates, Robert 114

Yemen 172

Yorktown 102

YouTube 180,185

Yugoslavia 12, 66, 67, 176

Zizek, Slavoj 10, 14, 20, 36, 207