Index

Note that some common items (e.g. Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the Soviet Union, the West and the East) are only indexed exceptionally, and many selectively. ‘Cz* stands for Czechoslovakia, ‘d* for definition, *EE^, for countries under review, ‘H’ for Hungary, T^, for Poland, ‘SU’ for the Soviet Union.

Absenteeism, 46, 65

Adam, J., 49-50, 53, 106, 122, 142, 169, 173, 189, 218, 220, 225

Agriculture, 139, 183, 187 collectivisation in, 163-6, 183

Albania, 220

Alienation, 164

Altmann, F.

Alton, T. P., 224,

Andropov, Y., 184, 186

Antal, L., 129

Antisemitism, 109

Arab-Israeli war, 74

Armenia, 193-4

Arms race, 42-3, 200, 224

Aslund, A., 166, 170, 188, 225 Austria, 3, 112, 149, 224 Azerbaijan, 193

Bajt, A., 45,218

Baker, J., 196, 225

Balance of payments deficit, 141, 144, 153, 185

Baltic states, 194, 225

Banking system

its economic role, 27 reform of, 134

Bardhan, P.K., 217

Bauer, T., 128,218

Belgium, 224

Berliner, J., 38, 218

Beschloss, M.R., 199-201,225

Bielasiak, J., 110

Bodzaban, I., 131

Bornstcin, M., 217

Bova, R., 226

Brabant van, J.M., 76, 79-80

Brada, J. C., 220

Brezhnev, L., 121, 186

Brezhnev’s doctrine, xiii, 121, 135, 147, 180, 201, 211, 214-15, 222(d)

Brus, W., 111, 119, 124, 127-9, 166, 223

Brzezinski, Z., 7-8, 101, 107, 120, 217, 221

Budget balanced, 51 deficit, 146, 148 soft constraint, 31-2, 126

Bukharin, N. I., 162

Bulgaria, 75, 77, 220

Burke, E., 217

Bush, G., 196, 201

Canada, 219

Capital market, 126-7, 132

Capitalist system

multi-party system, 97 role of media under, 97-8

Cech, J., 63

Charter 1977, 222

Chase-Dunn, C., 35

Chernenko, K., 80

Chin-a (ese), 95, 119-20, 186-8, 219

Civil society, 13

CMEA, 13, 72, 121, 131,220 changes: comprehensive programme, 78-81; programme for technological progress, 80-4 disintegration of, 83-4 economic integration, 76, 87-8 evening out economic differences, 77-8 intra-CMEA prices, 73-5; reform attempts, 75

intra-CMEA trade, 73, 75, 84-5, 127; hard and soft products, 75-6; multilateral, 76, 87; payments, 75-7, 80, 83; subsidies, 74

investment credits, 79 joint investment activity, 79 reasons for poor performance, 86-8 specialisation and cooperation, 79, 86

supranational authority, 77 COCOM, 82, 85

Collapse of the socialist system, 114 and economic reforms, 120-1, 209 economic reasons: excessive socialisation of means of production, 207-9; declining or stagnating standard of living, 207 (see also Standard of living); increasing gap in technology, 207 (see also Technology); increasing foreign indebtedness, 208-9 (see also Indebtedness); systemic and economic policy factors, 209

political reasons, 211-15; anti-socialist propaganda, 212—13 (see also Propaganda); disintegration of CPs, 213 (see also Communist Party); erosion of ideology, 212 (see also Ideology); lack of legitimacy, 211-12 (see also Political system) social reasons: contrary to human nature, 15, 17; social programmes lost their attractiveness, 210-11; treatment of intelligentsia, 15, 213-14 (see also Intelligentsia)

the role of the West, 199-202, 214 views of some scholars on: Brzezinski’s, 7-8; Elmann and Kontorovitch’s, 120; Fukuyama’s, 8-10; Hayek’s, 5-7; Kornai’s, 119; Mises’, 3—5; Petrakov’s, II; Staniszki*s, 13; Szelenyi’s, 12-13; Thcrborn’s, 14

Collective farms, 164, 166, 188, 219, 224

Communism - a utopia, 110 Communist elite privileges, 103 Communist Party

Action Programme in Cz, 167 changes in apparatus structure, 98-100, 113 congresses in SU: XXth, 93, 104, 108; XXVIllth, 191-2, 194 enterprise organisation, 60-1, 64, 69, 187; control right, 60; veto right, 60

formal factions outlawed, 96-7 its control of the economy, 94-5 its governing bodies, 92-4 its leading role, 92, 122, 165, 193 its organisation: democratic centralism, 92, 122 its programmes in SU: third, 91; fourth, 193 its role, 92

Comparisons of economic systems, 105-6

Competition in Western markets, 151, 155

Cook, E., 177 Convertibility commodity, 87 currency, 87

Coup d' etat in SU, 195, 197, 201 Crane, K., 154

Credit extension under 1960s’ reforms, 124 long-term, 27 short-term, 27

Csaba, L., 76, 79-81

Csikδs-Nagy, B., 154, 156-7

Cuba, 220

Cyclical development, 13, 36-7, 56, 149, 184, 218

Western business cycle, 85, 149

Defence expenditures, 42-3, 48, 182

Democra-cy (tical), 16, 91 capitalist, 16 industrial, 70, 172 liberal, 8, 16 socialist, 105 traditions, 113

Descartes, R., 6

Dictatorship of a collective, 93 one person, 92 the proletariat, 90-1, 104

Distribution of income, 30, 48, 101, 161

egalitarian, 39-40

Dobb, M., 162

Dreze, J.

Dyba, K., 149, 224

East Germany, 77, 79, 81, 186, 216

Economic calculation, 4-5

Economic development in

Cz, 149-53

H, 153-9

P, 144-9

SU, 180-4

Economic efficiency, 27 and democracy, 9 and equality, 57 of enterprises depends on management, 137

Economic growth balanced, 41, 43-4 declining, 138,145, 149,159,180-1 extensive, 12, 13, 83

favourable, 138, 184

intensive, 12-13 policy, 128, 155 rates, 138

Economic mechanism (system of

management of economy), 21 able to accommodate different policies, 40 bureaucratic (administrative), 129 indirect, 129 reformed (decentralised), see Economic reforms traditional (unreformed, centralised): and discipline, 102; its chief principles, 22-8; its evaluation, 28-37; role of the market, 25 Economic policy

and economic mechanism, 38-40, 56

its impact on the economy, 56 Economic recession (crisis), 12, 98, 100, 138, 209

in the West, 131, 139, 141 Economic reforms in SU, 200 the 1965 reform, 122 the 1987 reform, 186—89; its impact on EE reforms, 189 Economic reforms of 1960s in Cz and H, 117 (d), 121-30, 209

H. reform went beyond traditional system, 128 minor reform in P, 110, 144 their essence, 121-4 their shortcomings: enterprise autonomy limited, 125; market’s supplementary role, 126; no changes in state ownership, see Private sector; not far reaching enough, 121 Economic reforms of 1981-5 in P and H, 130-2

changes in property rights, 131 expansion of private sector, 131 no challenge to state sector, 132 (see also Private sector) Economic reforms of 1987 in P and H, 132-5, 209

Action Programme in H, 133 beginnings of market socialism, 132

second stage in P, 133-4, 147, 173 Economic regulators, 122, 136 uniform application, 126 Economic restructuring, 149, 157 Economic security, 40

Economic situation, 131,138,141,158 its perception, 160

Economically active, 44, 153 Ehrlich, E., 224

Ellman, M., 120 Embourgeoisment, 13, 225 Employment

full, 43, 47, 56-7, 68, 101, 210; and economic mechanism, 44; and economic policy, 44-5; and human rights, 47;

changes, 68; its disadvantages, 47

limits, 23

policy, 43-7, 69-70 Engels, F., 3, 11, 14, 89-90, 161 Enterprise (s)

autonomy, 122, 125, 131 bailing out, 32, 133 closure, 46, 126 self-financing, 31-2, 125

Europe, 7

Evolutionary approach to systemic transformations, 11

Fallenbuchl, Z., 145 Falusne Szikra, K., 168-9 Farkasinszky, T., 64

Feher, F., 218

Fejtδ, F., 102, 108, 110

Fekcte, J., 141

Ferber, K., 223

Fick, B., 218 Flakierski, H., 48 France, 219 Fukuyama, F., 8-10, 16, 209, 217-21 his interpretation of history: desire for recognition, 9; natural sciences, 9-10

Fusfeld, D.R., 217

Gabor, I., 167, 22

Gacs, E., 159

Gajdcczka, P., 221

Galasi, P., 167, 224 Gardner J., 94

Gazs∂, F., 99

General crisis of capitalism, 71 socialism, 7

German (y), 3, 99, 102, 194

Gicrek, E., 144

Gill, G., 193

Goebbels, J., 102

Goldmann, J., 37, 45

Gomulka, W., 109-10

Gorbachev, M., 13, 48, 72, 80-3, 86, 119-20, 132, 135, 147, 176, 182, 184-7, 189-90, 192-203,214-15, 225-6

abandons Brezhnev’s doctrine, 198, 203, 215

and the small countries, 197-9 his and Yeltsin’s struggle for power, 197-9

Granick, D., 45

Great Britain, 224

Gregory, P., 31, 217,

Greece, 224

Grievances, ethnic, 193, 206

Grosz, K., 198

Hanson, Ph., 188

Havasi, F., 132, 156, 172

Havlik, P., 224

Hayek, F.A., 5-6, 10, 15-16 his views on: market, 5-7; morality, 5-6; rationalists, 6

Health care, 54, 141-2, 152-3, 159, 210

tipping of doctors, 142 underfunded, 54, 142 unequal access to, 54, 103

Hegel, F., 8

Heller, A., 218

Hetenyi, I., 126

Hewett, E.

Historical materialism, 3, 217

Hitler, A., 93

Hohmann, H. H., 141

Holzman, F. D., 75, 220 Hoδs, J., 155, 157 Horn, G., 221 Horvath, L., 68

Housing, 54-6, 210, 223

changes in policy in 1950s, 55 rent, 51, 55

shortage, 46, 55, 142, 153

Hron, J., 49

Human rights, 97, 103-5, 107-8, 113 Hungarian uprising, 108-9

Ideology

capitalist, 94, 106 socialist (Marxist), 106—9, 121, 135; code of behaviour, 101-2; dogmatic, 113; its erosion, 101-8

IMF, 147

Incentive (s), 65, 68, 184

bonuses, 23, 60, 68, 165, 220 money, 15, 23

profit, profitability, 24, 68 year-end rewards, 23 Indebtedness, foreign, 85, 130, 132, 144-6, 154, 156-7, 223 Industrialisation, 43-4, 56

policy, 40-3; and economic mechanism and economic policy, 39,45; its effect on the economy, 41

Industry (industrial)

concentration, 126, 164, 187 heavy, 41, 47, 139, 150, 152; lobby, 41-2, 152; preferential treatment, 42; rapid development, 41-2

Inflation, 28, 123, 146, 148, 152, 158, 185

Infrastructure, 56, 139 Intelligentsia, 110, 121, 131, 153 its discrimination in terms of: pensions in Cz, 53, 153; remuneration, 49

Interest rate, 26

its role in investment, 26 International Bank for Economic Cooperation, 76

International Investment Bank, 80 Investment decisions, 32-3 drive, 145 financing, 26

overinvestment, 32, 145; its impact on inflation, 33, 145

rate, 139, 181

Ireland, 224

Iron curtain, 109, 131

Jakes, M., 199

Jaruzelski, W., 146, 223 Jςdruszczak, H., 65 Jςdrychowski, S., 145 Jezierski, A., 166 Job (s)

a right to a, 39, 47

administrative allocation, 63 choice, 63, 213 dismissal from, 64-5 security, 39, 48, 63

Jδzcfiak, C., 42

Kadar, B., 154-5

Kadar, J., 109, 198, 213 Kalecki, M., 43, 49 Kaminski, B., 170, 174 Katowice, 145 Kautsky, K., 90-1 Kawalcc, S., 221 Keynes, J. M., 6 Khanin, G., 181-2, 184 Klιozrasclιot, 27, 31 Khrushchev, N., 48, 77, 91, 104-5, 218, 226

Kisicl, H., 145

Kissinger, H., 201

Kojeve, A., 9

Kolodko, G.W., 146

Komarek, V., 149, 152

Kondratenko, R., 186

Kontorovitch, V., 120

Kopatsy, S., 225 Korbonski, A., 112

Kornai, J., 32-5, 44, 67, 80, 102, 117, 119, 126, 129, 136-7, 213, 220 Kouba, K., 122, 151

Kovari, G., 169

K6ves, A., 83 Kowalik, T., 43 Kozusnik, C., 152 Krawczyk, R., 225 Kudrna, A., 68 Kurtzweg, L., 181 Kusin, V.V., 151

Labour

discipline, 65-6, 168 market, 22, 68, 126-7 mobility, 46, 48 productivity, 181-2, 184 saving equipment, 47, 139 shortage, see Shortage Labour-management relations, 58-70, 210

and economic efficiency, 69 marked by different features, 62, 68

top manager’s position (see also Managers); effects of his weak position, 59, 61-2; in a capitalist corporation, 59; under reformed system, 67-9; under traditional system, 58-61, 69 workers* position:

blue-collar, 49-50, 66-7, 168; white-collar, 49-50, 67, 168 Lammich, S., 169-70

Lane, D., 214

Lange, O., 9, 16, 21, 111, 119, 217 Laqueur, W., 226

Laski, K., 124, 127-9

Lavigne, M., 34, 75, 79-80, 82, 220 Lenin, V.I., 11,71,90,92 Leningrad, 185

Ler, O., 141, 151

Levcik, F., 151 Lewandowski, J., 225 Lipowski, A., 42

Lipton, D., 12 Liska, T., 223 Ludwig, E., 218

Malenkov, Y., 218 Manager (s)

selection, 67-8

their interest in earnings, 61 their resentment of CP’s meddling, 119

Marer, P., 77, 87

Market (market mechanism)

and planning, 120, 134

its supplementary role, 105, 122 regulated by plan, 122, 189 systemically neutral, 105 transition to, 189

Market equilibrium, 28, 132, 144-5 disequilibrium, 111, 160, 174

Market socialism, 129 (d), 131, 133-6, 211

and multinational corporations, 137

and one-party state, 136 its start, 129

no time given for test, 130, 135 Marrese, M., 74

Martial law, 112, 146, 156

Marx, K., 3, 6, 8-9, 11, 14-16, 89-91, 161

Marxism, 101, 109, 193 Mcrenyi, M., 154

Meyer, A., 94 Mieszczankowski, M., 106, 145 Miliband, R., 17

Mises von, L., 3-5, 15-16 Mizsei, K.

Mlynar, Z., 222 Monetary policy, 106, 133 Mongolia, 77, 220

Monopolies (monopolisation), 35-6 Montias, M., 77, 87

Moscow, 185

Mosδczy, R., 145 Mujzel, J., 214 Munich, 107, 214

Murrell, P., 11-12, 217

Nagy, T., 51, 223 Nationalisation, 161-5 two-stage, 163

Nelson, R., 217

Nemeth, M., 198, 221 Neo-libcrals, 221-2 NEP, 162-3

Nomenclature, 50, 100

Noren, J., 181

Normatives, economic, 186-8 Nove, A., 29,31,86, 162,217 Novotny, A., 222 Nuti, D. M., 223

Nyers, R., 124, 126-7, 156, 183, 222

Oakeshott, M., 217

Occupation ofCz, 110, 121, 128 consequences for reforms, 111, 128 Olςdzki, M., 63

Osers, J., 70

Ownership

and economic efficiency, 137 private, 4, 6, 12, 44, 68, 161, 163, 188, 224 (see also Private sector)

pluralisation, 174 private vs. state, 137, 166-7, 170 state (collective), 132, 134, 156, 161, 165, 167, 171, 224

Pension (s), old age, 53, 158-9 elite’s, 53 in Cz, 53

Petδ, I., 166, 224 Petrakov, N., 11 Petz, B., 166

Piece work, 50

Plan (s), economic annual, their role, 22, 186 five-year, 22, 145, 155, 157, 186 long-term, 133 targets: compulsory, 23, 122, 128; fulfilment, 22; overfulfilment, 23, 45; soft, 45

taut, 45

Planning, economic balancing methods, 24-5 and computers, 24, 29 financial, 134 improvement, 133 long-term, 29, 78, 106, 134 macro-, 22, 29 micro-, 22 physical, 25, 134 short-term, 29

Planning in traditional system, reasons for its shortcomings, 28-9, 31

Plato, 12 Political developments, 108-12 Political reforms, 121, 127-8 and economic reform 121 in SU, 191-3, 200, 212;

elections, 191; emboldened opposition in EE, 198-9; lack of coordination with economic reform, 190, 192, 202; rise of multi-party system, 191 Political relaxation, 104-5, 135 Political system

antidemocratic elections, 92;

changes in H, 96 formal pressure groups outlawed, 94 lack of legitimacy, 92, 95-6, 112 mass organisations, 94 one-party system, 91, 95 role of non-communist parties, 92 Popper, K., 217 Portugal, 224 Pozsgay, I., 96, 198 Preobrazhenskii, E.A., 12, 162 Price (s), pricing

agricultural procurement, 25, 51 circuits (subsystems): their separation, 26; restoration of their linkage, 187

dual system, 187 consumer, 25, 50-2 increase in oil, 74-5, 139, 141; their effect on EE, 74-5

increases in P, 144, 146-8 in trade within CMEA, see CMEA their social role, 50, 210 wholesale, 25 world-market, 74, 83, 124

Private sector

and economic reforms up to

1987, 156, 166-70; its stabilising role, 175, 179 and 1987 economic reforms, 173-5 before economic reforms, 165-6 illegal, 169-70

monopoly position, 167 no challenge to state ownership, 117, 167, 170, 173-4

Private sector and collapse in 1980s agriculture was not a factor in H, 176-8 non-agricultural sector contributed to collapse, 178, 208

Privatisation, 174

Producer goods allocation, 187-8 market for, 22, 123, 128

Products

electronic, 142-3, 153 material intensity of, 139, 182 quality, 35, 38, 62, 65, 70, 186 rationing, 149

Propaganda, 102-3 about SU, 103 after Stalin’s death, 104 anti-socialist, 106-8, 113, 160, 175 Radio Free Europe, 107

Property rights, 171-2

Quail, D., 196

Rakowski, M., 112, 146, 199, 201 Ratchet principle, 23

Reagan, R., 43, 200

Rejtδ, G., 223

Revesz, G., 157, 169, 218 Riots in P., 108-10 Roemer, J.

R6zsa, J., 64

Rumania, 77, 81, 136, 220, 225 Rush, M., 182

Rusmich, L., 76, 80 Russia, 162, 195, 203

Russian nationalism, 195

Rustin, M., 217 Rutskoi, A., 196

Sachs, J., 12

Safarikova, V., 88, 220 Sarkδzi, T., 225

Schonwald, P., 65

Schδpflin, G., 94

Schroeder, G.E., 185, 225 Schumpeter, J. A., 217 Scowcroft, B., 196 Self-management, 70, 131-2, 165, 170-4, 179, 185, 187, 225 its attractiveness, 173 its decision-making role, 171 its impact on workers’ behaviour, 172

Services, 40, 47, 56, 139, 141-2 Shakhnazarov, G., 201

Shastitko, V., 216

Shatalin, S., 189 Shevarnadze, E., 218, 225 Shock therapy, 11-12

Shortage of

consumer goods, 65, 149, 152, 160, 165, 184-5

fuels, 79, 139; conservation, 149-50 labour, 44-5, 64, 138-9; and economic mechanism, 70; possible cure, 47; reasons for, 45-6

raw materials, 79, 139, 149-50, 165 Show trials, 102

Sik, O., 119, 124, 222

Sobcll, N., 82

Social engineering, 10-12, 118

Social security, 52-4

Social welfare policy, 16, 56 Socialism

different from capitalism, 118 Mises’ model, 4

Therborn’s understanding, 14 with human face, 111

Socialist economic system and economic mechanism, xiii(d) its irreformability, 119-20 its reformability, 121, 131

Sojak, Z., 152

Solidarity, 13, 111, 131, 146-8, 174, 199

its initial objectives, 111

its political ambitions, 112, 145 Spulber, N., 24, 182, 217 Stabilisation programme, 145, 157

Stalin, J., 11-12, 21, 41, 48, 65, 71-2, 77, 92-3, 102, 104, 165, 218-19 Standard of living, 96, 131, 141-2, 148-49, 158, 165, 18Φ-6 consumption, 48, 51,148,152, 158, 160, 166

Staniszkis, J., 13, 100

Stark, D., 175

State

its role, 90

of all the people, 91 one-party, 91-3, 128 (see also Political system)

orders (contracts), 186

Strikes, 64-5, 145, 147, 174 Stuart, R., 31, 217

Success indicators, 24, 30 their logic, 31

Svejnar, J. 224

Szakacs, S., 166, 224

Szalay, A..

Szelenyi, I. 12-13, 69, 176-7, 225 Sziracki, G., 169

Szomburg, J., 225

Talbot, S., 199-201, 225 Tardos, M., 156

Tax (ation) reform, 134 turnover, 50-1 value-added, 134

Technical coefficient, 27 Technology (ical)

and productivity, 71 dependency on the West, 13, 83 gap and reasons, 33-4, 71; in civilian production, 34, 71, 82, 149, 151

level, 71, 78 progress, 34, 80, 83, 200

Soviet approach to, 82

Thatcher, M., 226

Therborn, G., 14

Trade, foreign balance, 85, 145, 150, 157 corporations, 35, 73 import substitution, 27 its planning and organisation, 27 state monopoly, 73, 187 terms of, 83, 139, 144-5, 150, 153-4

with SU, 84-5, 87-8, 183

with West, 84-5

Trade unions, 60-1, 63-4, 69 dominated by CPs, 64

Transformation of SU, 193-5, 202 Travel abroad, 143, 153, 224

Ukraine, 194, 201 Unemployment, 44, 47, 57, 68, 160 benefits, 68-9

Urban, L., 141, 151

USA, 59, 62-3, 107, 131, 200

Vanous, J., 74 Vietnam, 77, 220

Vintrova, R., 150-1

Waedekin, K.E., 177

Wage

bill, 23, 123

differentiation, 48-9, 185; for skill, 30, 48-9, 57

policy of low wages, 47 real, 141, 144, 147-8, 152, 157, 159-60

regulation, 123, 168 Ward, B., 173 West Germany, 52, 221 White, S., 94, 191-2, 195 Winter, S., 217 Wolf,T.A., 84 Working-age population, 139, 150 World Bank, 147

World markets, disintegration, 71 Work teams, 168-9

Yakovlev, A. 198 Yavlinskii-Allison programme, 189 Yeltsin, B., 189, 193, 195-7, 202-3, 226

Yugoslavia, 136, 165, 220

Zwass, A., 75, 79, 81-2