Notes

1 Douglas Johnson, ed., Cross-Channel Currents: 100 Years of the Entente Cordiale, Routledge 2004; Robert and Isabelle Tombs, That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present, Heinemann 2006; P.M.H.

2 L’Ame des Peuples, Paris: Hachette 1950, 46

3 Herve Alphand, L’Etonnement d’etre: Journal 1939–1973, Paris: Fayard 1977, 184 Preface

1 Perry Anderson, ‘Degringolade’, London Review of Books, 2 September 2004.

2 Stefan Collini, ‘The Unexpected Professor review – The Puzzle of John Carey,’ Guardian, Thursday 27 February 2014.

3 Douglas Jay, Change and Fortune: A Political Record, London 1980, 137.

4 Jean-Luc Barre, Devenir De Gaulle, 1939–1943, Paris 2003; Charles de Gaulle, Memoires: introduction par Jean-Louis Cremieux-Brilhac, Paris 2000.

5 Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, Diaries 1951–1956, 1986, 12.

6 Georges Mallaby, From My Level: Unwritten Minutes, London 1965, 152, 158.

7 Maurice Vaisse, La Grandeur: Politique etrangère du General de Gaulle, 1958–1969, Paris 1998, 9–10.

8 Journal de l’Elysee, 1, Tous les soirs avec de Gaulle (1965–1967), Paris 1997, 769.

9 Roger Broad, ed., Britain and Europe, ICBH witness seminar, London 2002, 75, 78.

10 David Hannay, Britain’s quest for a role: A diplomatic memoir from Europe to the UN, London 2012, 68.

11 OH, I, ix.

12 Stephen Clayman, John Heritage, The News Interview: Journalists and Public Figures on the Air, Cambridge 2002, 31.

13 Margaret Gowing, Independence and Deterrence: Britain and Atomic Energy, 1945–1952, 1, Policy Making, 1974, 415.

14 The Journey not the Arrival Matters: An Autobiography of the Years 1939–1969, 1969, 32–3.

15 BLO, Reilly, MS.Eng c.6924.

16 Michael Foot, Aneurin Bevan, A Biography, II, 1973, 656.

17 Matthew Cobb, The Resistance: The French against the Nazis, 2009, 324, n. 42.

18 Julian Barnes, Nothing to be Frightened Of, 2009, 5.

19 Force of Circumstance, Penguin 1978, 284.

20 La Nausee, Gallimard Paris 1962, 11.

21 TNA CAB 129/52, Questions of procedure for ministers.

22 Ferdinand Mount, Cold Cream: My early life and other mistakes, 2008, 311.

23 Edward Heath, The Course of My Life, Coronet 1998, 177.

24 John Campbell, Roy Jenkins, 2014, 506.

25 Spycatcher, Stoddart, London 1987, 136–40.

26 Downhill All The Way, 1967, 9–10.

27 The Captive Mind, Penguin, 1985, epigraph. Introduction

1 James Owen (ed.), The Times, Great Letters, London 2017, 262; Martin Gilbert, Winston S Churchill, Road to Victory 1941–1945, London, Heinemann 1986, 1060; Journal du Septennat 1947–1954, II 1948, Paris, Armand Colin 1974, 187; Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries, II, London, Pan Books, 2012, 475.

2 TNA FO371/177874, Tickell to Palliser, 20 February 1964.

3 Frank Giles, ‘De Gaulle: Yes or No?’, The Sunday Times, 13 November 1966.

4 Britain Ascendant: Comparative Studies in Franco-British economic history, Cambridge 1990, 3, 5.

5 John R. Gillingham, Coal, Steel, and the Rebirth of Europe, 1945–1955, Cambridge 1991, 121.

6 TNA PREM 15/372, Record of conversation between the prime minister and the president of the French Republic, Thursday 20 May 1971.

7 The Robert Hall Diaries, 1947–53, ed. Alec Cairncross, 1989, 5.

8 Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes, 3, Fighting for Britain, 1937–1946, Papermac 2000, 386.

9 Geoffrey Warner, In the Midst of Events: Foreign Office Diaries and Papers of Kenneth G. Younger, 7 July 1949, 2005.

10 Peter Catterall, ed., The Macmillan Diaries I: The Cabinet Years 1950–1957, Macmillan 2003, 456.

11 Britain and World Power since 1945: Constructing a nation’s role in international politics, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, 2014.

12 James Cable, The Geneva Conference of 1954 on Indochina, 1986, 3.

13 TNA CAB 129/84, 5 January 1957.

14 Kristan Stoddart, The Sword and the Shield, 2014, 14.

15 Ernst B. Haas, The Uniting of Europe, Stanford, 1958, 4.

16 TJT and EPT, There is a spirit in europe: A Memoir of Frank Thompson, Gollancz, 1947, 86.

17 John Bew, Citizen Clem, A biography of Attlee, 2016, 368–9.

18 CAC, KNAT/1/15 Diary, 16 May 1946.

19 TNA PREM 13/1484, Palliser to Wilson, July 1967.

20 Sir William Hayter, The Diplomacy of the Great Powers, London 1960, 33.

21 Reilly to London, 9 February 1967, Michael Boehm Lasse, ‘Our Man in Paris: The British Embassy in Paris and the second UK application to join the EEC, 1966–7’, Journal of European Integration History, 10, 2, 2004, 52.

22 Jean Guehenno, Journal des annees noires (1940–1944), Paris 1947, 9.

23 ‘Reflections on the foreign policy of France’, IA, October 1945, 443.

24 BLO, Reilly, MS. Eng. c 6925.

25 Niall Ferguson, Kissinger, 1923–1968: The Idealist, Allen Lane, 2015, 719

26 http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1995/nov/01/channel-tunnel-rail-link-bill

27 A Life at the Centre, Papermac, 1994, 194–5.

28 Richard Overy, The Morbid Age: Britain between the wars, 2009.

29 The Making of the English Working Class, 1963, 12.

30 Grand Inquisitor, Pan Books 1990, 118.

31 The Remains of the Day, 1989, 187.

32 Michael Blackwell, Clinging to Grandeur, 1993, 13.

33 David Marquand, Britain since1918: The strange career of British democracy, 2008, 400.

34 Alistair Horne, Macmillan, II, 1989, 319.

35 FRUS 1961–1963,XIII, Washington DC 1994, no 39.

36 TNA PREM 13/324, De Gaulle–Wilson, 2 April 1965.

37 TNA FCO 30/414, Lipkowsky to Chalfont, 6 February 1969.

38 Strange Defeat, New York 1968, 176.

39 A.J.P. Taylor, A Personal History, Coronet, 1983, 246.

40 Robert Rhodes James, Anthony Eden, 1986, 353.

41 David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy, 1968, 110–11.

42 Perry Anderson, The New Old World, New York 2009, 77.

43 James J. Sheehan, Where have all the soldiers gone, Boston 2008, xvi.

44 Soames to Stewart, 21 March 1969, TNA FCO 30/418.

45 Richard Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, 3, 379.

46 TNA FCO 30/418, Soames to Wilson, 11 March 1969. 1 Anglo-Saxon Attitudes

1 Maurice Vaïsse, ed., 8 Mai 1945: La Victoire en Europe, Lyon 1985, 275.

2 David Dilks, ed., The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 1938–1945, 1971, 775.

3 Daily Express, 31 May 1940.

4 Robert Dillon, History on British Television, Manchester 2010, 1.

5 Mark Pottle, ed., Champion Redoubable, The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, Weidenfeld, 1998, 369.

6 Mount, Cold Cream, 254.

7 John Carey, The Unexpected Professor, 2014, 150–1.

8 Ben Pimlott, ed., The Political Diaries of Hugh Dalton, 1986, 361.

9 Christopher Mayhew, Time to Explain, 1987, 99.

10 Peter Calvocoressi, Threading My Way, 1994, 76.

11 Out of the Wilderness, Diaries 1963–67, Arrow 1987, 512.

12 No Discouragement: An Autobiography, 1996, 153.

13 Alec Guinness, My Name Escapes Me, 1996, 49.

14 John Saville, The Politics of Continuity, 1993, 229, n. 9.

15 Bryan Magee, Growing up in a War, 2007, 233.

16 Simon Leys, ‘The Intimate Orwell’, The New York Review of Books, 26 May 2011, 42.

17 Arthur Miller, Timebends: A Life, 1987, 432.

18 Robin Day, Grand Inquisitor, Pan 1989, 72.

19 Linda Colley, Forging the Nation 1707–1837, 1996, 30.

20 Michael Blackwell, Clinging to Grandeur, 1993, 61.

21 Pat Kirkham, David Thoms, eds, War Culture, 1995, 50.

22 George Garnet, ‘Riotous’, TLS, 8 June 2007; The History of the University of Oxford, VIII, ed., Brian Harrison, Oxford 1994, 221.

23 Peter Clarke, Hope and Glory: Britain 1900–1990, 1996, 401.

24 John Julius Norwich, Christmas Crackers, 1980, 265.

25 Blackwell, Clinging to Grandeur, 52.

26 Vaïsse, 8 Mai 1945, 280.

27 David Marquand, The Political Quarterly, 64,2, 1993, 211.

28 Perry Anderson, English Questions, 1992, 49.

29 George Mikes, How to be an alien, 1946, 11.

30 Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot, Papermac 1999, 8.

31 Kenneth Dover, Marginal Comment, 1994, 29.

32 BLO, Attlee MS. Eng.c.4794, 15 September 1955; As It Happened, 1956, 251.

33 E.P. Thompson, Beyond the Frontier: The politics of a failed mission, Stanford, California 1997, 63.

34 Jonathan Haslam, Vices of Integrity: E.H. Carr, 1892–1992, 1999, 17.

35 David Cannadine, ‘James Bond and the Decline of England’, Encounter, September 1979, 47, 52.

36 John Dickie, Inside the Foreign Office, 1992, 1.

37 James R. Vaughan, ‘A certain idea of Britain’, Contemporary British History, 19, 2, 2005, 154.

38 Uwe Kitzinger, The European Common Market and Community, New York 1967, 180–2.

39 Richard Hoggart, An Imagined Life, v 3, 1992, 149.

40 D.C. Watt, IA, 38, 1, January 1962, 71.

41 Margaret Gowing, ‘Reflections on Atomic Energy History’, The Rede Lecture, University of Cambridge, 1978, 14.

42 Alastair Hetherington, Guardian Years, 1981, 24.

43 M.R.D. Foot, Memories of an SOE Historian, 2008, 76.

44 Edward Harrison, The Young Kim Philby, Exeter 2012, 5.

45 Contemporary History in Europe, ed., Donald Cameron Watt, 1969, 11.

46 Anderson, op. cit., 1.

47 Harrison, History of the University of Oxford, 8, 221–3, 623–5.

48 Brunello Vigezzi, The British Committee on the Theory of International Politics (1954–1985) The Rediscovery of History, Milan 2005, 113–5, 146–7.

49 Mary Warnock, A Memoir: People and Places, 2000, 115.

50 Julia Stapleton, Sir Arthur Bryant and National History in Twentieth Century Britain, New York 2005, 7.

51 Nicola Lacey, A Life of H.A.L. Hart: Oxford 2004, 141.

52 Alexander Werth, France 1940–1955, Readers Union 1957, xii.

53 The Years, Harvest/ Harcourt Brace, New York 1965, 221–2.

54 ‘The Intellectuals’, Encounter, 19, April 1955.

55 ‘Simone Weil’, New York Review of Books, February 1963, 22.

56 ‘Outward Looking’, TLS 1 July 2016.

57 Blackwell, op. cit., 65.

58 Anthony Hartley, A State of England, 1963, 56, n. 2.

59 Vigezzi, op. cit., 38.

60 HIA, Vaizey Papers, Box 9, Vaizey to Gaitskell 28 August 1962.

61 In My Way, 1971, 209–10.

62 The Spirit of British Administration and Some European Comparisons, 1959, 148.

63 Michael Charlton, The Price of Victory, BBC Publications, London 1983, 194–5.

64 Ibid. 182. 2 Vive la France

1 Michael Kelly, The Cultural and Intellectual Rebuilding of France after the Second World War, 2004, 185.

2 Robert Gildea, ‘Historians in harness’, TLS 30 July 2004, 10.

3 Werth, France 1940–1955, xix.

4 Ian Buruma, Voltaire’s Coconuts, 1999, 4–5.

5 Capitalism and the State in Modern France, Cambridge 1981, 280.

6 Joseph Becker, Franz Knipping, eds, Power in Europe?: Great Britain, France, Italy and Germany in a postwar world, 1945–1950, Berlin/New York 1986, 266.

7 The Need for Roots, London 1952, 189.

8 Andrew Shennan, Rethinking France, Oxford 1997, 289.

9 David Chuter, Humanity’s Soldier, Providence RI 1996, 192.

10 Becker, Power in Europe? 47, 171–2.

11 Matthew Cobb, Eleven Days in August, 2013, 362.

12 Discours et Messages, 1, Paris 1970, 440.

13 La France a sauve l’Europe, 1, Paris 1947, 30–1.

14 Joseph Kessel, Army of Shadows, New York 1944, vi.

15 Notebooks 1942–1951, trans and annotated Justin O’Brien, New York 1966, 4–5.

16 Andre François Poncet, Souvenirs d’une ambassade à Berlin, Paris 1946, 314.

17 Memoires politiques, Paris 1967, 292.

18 Lettres, Notes et Carnets (hereafter LNC), 10, Janvier 1964–Juin 1966, Paris 1988, 156–7.

19 Alain Peyrefitte, C’Etait de Gaulle, Paris 1994, 347; War Memoirs: The Call to Honour, Collins London 1955, 168.

20 The Mandarins: A Novel, World Publishing Cleveland, New York 1956, 552.

21 La Decadence, 1932–1939, Paris 1979, 368.

22 A Personal History, Coronet 1984, 306.

23 Gabrielle Hecht, The Radiance of France Cambridge MA 1998, 2, 21, 39.

24 Hecht, op. cit., 39.

25 Robert Gilpin, France in the age of the scientific state, Princeton NJ 1968, 3.

26 Andrew Knapp, The Uncertain Foundation: France at the Liberation, 2007, 11; Bernard Barbiche, Christian Sorrel (eds), La France et le Concile Vatican II, Lang Brussels, 2013; Sylvie Bernay, L’Eglise de France face à la persecution des Juifs 1940–1944, Paris CNRS 2012.

27 Jacques and Raissa Maritain, Oeuvres complètes, VIII, Fribourg 1989, 1100.

28 Alfred Grosser, La IV Republique et sa politique exterieure, Paris 1961, 27.

29 Memoires, Paris 1983, 361.

30 Fast Cars, Clean Bodies, Cambridge MA 1995, 7.

31 Herman Lebovics, Bringing the Empire Back Home, Durham Duke University Press 2004, 180.

32 Carole Seymour Jones, A Dangerous Liaison: Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre, 2008, 409.

33 Charles Drazin, The Faber Book of French Cinema, 2011, 244–7.

34 Pascal Ory, La Culture comme Aventure, Paris 2008.

35 ‘Union Sucree’, London Review of Books, 26, 18, 23 September 2004.

36 For alleged provincialism of the French academy, see H.Stuart Hughes, The Obstructed Path: French social thought in the years of desperation 1930–1960, New York 1969, 7

37 Margaret Gowing, Independence and Deterrence, Britain and Atomic Energy, 1, 1974, 9.

38 Antony Beevor, Artemis Cooper, Paris after the Liberation, London 1994, 318–19.

39 Adamthwaite, Grandeur and Misery, London 1995, 4.

40 Bourgeois Politics in France 1945–1951, Cambridge 1995, 275, 267.

41 Pascal Griset, Georges Pompidou et la modernite, Brussels 2006, 16. 3 Strangers

1 Barchester Towers, Penguin 2003, xxi.

2 Robert Toulemon, La Construction europeenne, Paris 1994, 32.

3 CAC, DUFC 4/5, Duff Cooper to Harvey, 7 February 1947.

4 Knopf NY 1944, 76.

5 La Simple Verite, 1940–1945, Paris 1960, 130.

6 P.M.H. Bell, France and Britain 1940–1994, Longman 1997, 61–2.

7 Aurelie Luneau, Je Vous Ecris de France, Points 2016.

8 Duff Cooper Diaries, ed., John Julius Norwich, 320.

9 Jean Chauvel, Commentaire, 2, Paris 1972, 161.

10 Jacques Dumaine, Quai d’Orsay, Juillard Paris 1955, 185.

11 Ibid., 289.

12 Journal du Septennat 1947–1954, ed. Pierre Nora, 4, 1950, Colin Paris 1970, 475.

13 Bryan Guinness, Personal Patchwork, Cygnet London 1987, 128–9.

14 BLO, Macmillan MS. dep.c.11/2, Macmillan to Lady Dorothy, 22 August 1949; dep.c.8, 1951.

15 L’Ame des Peuples, 46.

16 Richard Ollard, A Man of Contradictions: A life of A.L. Rowse, 1999, 108.

17 Clark, The Other Half, 1977, 119.

18 Magee, Growing up in a war, 352.

19 Carey, The Unexpected Professor, 68.

20 BLO, Instructions, op. cit., 25.

21 The Times, Friday 30 December 2016.

22 Thomas K. Robb and Michael Seibold, ‘Spying on Friends: British assessments of French security, 1945–1950’, International History Review, 36, 1, 117–18.

23 Keith Kyle, Suez, 1991, 176; DDF 1956, 3, no 321.

24 Charles Mott-Radclyffe, Foreign Body in the Eye, Leo Cooper 1975, 90.

25 Duff Cooper Diaries, 377.

26 Ibid., 384–6.

27 Mark Pottle, ed., Daring to Hope: The Diaries and Letters of Violet Bonham Carter, 2000, 134.

28 Lloyd A. Free, ed., French Motivations in the Suez Crisis, Princeton NJ 1956, 98.

29 Paul Claudel, Theatre, II, Pleiade Paris 1956, 427.

30 Tony Judt, Postwar, Penguin NY 2005, 100.

31 Journal du Septennat, VI, 1952, Paris 1978, 289.

32 Dumaine, Quai d’Orsay, 78–9.

33 George Mallaby, From My Level, Hutchinson 1965, 57.

34 Strange Defeat, W. W. Norton NY 1968, 70.

35 The Diaries of Cynthia Gladwyn, ed. Miles Jebb, 1995, 167.

36 TNA PREM 11/1849, 25 November 1957; 30 October 1955.

37 Alistair Horne, Macmillan, I, 1988, 348–9.

38 Haslam, Vices of Integrity, 92.

39 The War Diary of Oliver Harvey, ed. John Harvey, 1978, 244.

40 Lord Gladwyn, The Memoirs of Lord Gladwyn, 1972, 130–1.

41 David Dilks, ed. Retreat From Power, 2, 1981, 9.

42 Anthony Eden, The Eden Memoirs: The Reckoning, Cassell 1965, 444.

43 Harvey, Diary, 365.

44 John Charmley, ‘Duff Cooper and Western European Union, 1944–47’, Review of International Studies, 85, 11, 53–64.

45 Ibid.

46 DBPO, Series I, I, no 102; DBPO, I, 3, no 3.

47 Raymond Aron, Chroniques de guerre, ed. Christian Bachelier, Gallimard Paris 1990, 1000.

48 Alphand, L’Etonnement d’être, 171.

49 HIA, Kojève Papers, ‘Esquisse d’une doctrine de la politique française 1945’, Hoover.

50 La France libre, 15 January 1944, cited Rene Massigli, Une Comedie des erreurs, 1943–1956, Plon Paris 1978, 45.

51 Gerard Bossuat, Faire l’Europe sans Defaire la France, Lang Brussels 2005, 244.

52 Philip M Kaiser, Journeying Far and Wide, Scribner NY 1992, 224.

53 A Different Kind of Weather, 2015, 67.

54 TNA GEN 551/2, FO memorandum 21 September 1956; William Clark, From Three Worlds, 1986, 192.

55 DDF 1956, 3, no 123.

56 Donald Cameron Watt, ‘Contemporary History’, Journal of the Society of Archivists, October 1969, 512.

57 Donald Cameron Watt, letter in author’s possession.

58 Obituary, Times, 27 May 2017.

59 Penguin, 1958, 11–13.

60 Werth, France, xviii.

61 Politics in Post-war France, 1954, 1.

62 The State of France, 1955, 451, 456.

63 In My Way, 131–3.

64 The Paris Embassy, Rogelia Pastor-Castro, John W. Young, eds, 2013, 48–50; DBPO, II, 1, no 136.

65 FNSP, CM7, Jebb to Couve, 15 June 1960.

66 Sean Greenwood, ‘Not the “General Will” but the Will of the General’, Contemporary British History, 18, 3, 177–88.

67 TNA PREM 11/4807, 11 September 1964.

68 Times obituary 15 December 1992.

69 Henderson, Mandarin, The diaries of Nicholas Henderson, Weidenfeld 1994, 163; OH, II, 489.

70 RIIA, Study Groups 9/50a, WEU, 28 March 1955; 9/55 Anglo–French, Woodhouse to Vernant, 13 May 1958.

71 Dorothy Pickles, The Uneasy Entente, RIIA, 1966.

72 Gladwyn Memoirs, 269.

73 Sean Greenwood, Titan at the Foreign Office, Martinus Nijhoff, 2008, xv.

74 The Paris Embassy, 75.

75 OH, II, 364.

76 BLO, MSS. Eng.c 4794, Clem to Tom, 8 August 1955.

77 Agnès Tachin, Amie et rivale : La Grande-Bretagne dans l’imaginaire français a l’epoque gaullienne, Lang 2009; OH II, 127; unpublished Reilly memoir.

78 CAC, SOAM 49/3: OH II, 96. 4 New Look

1 Jean Doise, Maurice Vaïsse, Diplomatie et Outil militaire, 1871–1969, 1987, 341.

2 Edgar S. Furniss, France, Troubled Ally, Harper 1960, vii.

3 Matthew Cobb, The Resistance, Pocket Books 2009, 104.

4 Gerard Bossuat, L’Europe des français, publications de la Sorbonne Paris 1996, 16.

5 William I. Hitchcock, France Restored, 1998, 204; Michael Creswell, A Question of Balance, 2006. For a critique of Creswell, see Jeffrey G. Giauque, ‘France’s Fourth Republic and the Rearmament of Germany’, Diplomatic History, 32, 1, 139–42.

6 Claude Mauriac, The Other De Gaulle, 1973, 277.

7 Jacques Fauvet, La IV Republique, 1959, 191–2.

8 Chauvel, Commentaire, 2, 154; Dumaine, 193.

9 Rene Massigli, Sur Quelques Maladies de l’Etat, 1958, 9, 11.

10 Alphand, L’Etonnement d’être, 184.

11 Armand Berard, Un Ambassadeur se souvient, 2, 1978, 35.

12 Marie-Claude Smouts, La France à l’ONU, 1979, 180.

13 Jacques Dalloz, Georges Bidault, 1992, 102.

14 Italian Journey, Penguin 1970, 102.

15 War Memoirs, 1, Collins 1955, 109.

16 Tony Judt, ‘The French Difference’, New York Review of Books, 12 April 2001, 18.

17 Tristes tropiques, trans John and Doreen Weightman, 1973, 405.

18 Eugen Weber, ‘Of Stereotypes and of the French’, Journal of Contemporary History, 25, 2. 1990, 173.

19 John Morley, The Life of William Ewart Gladstone, 1, 1903, 402.

20 Dumaine, 77.

21 Raymond Poidevin, Robert Schuman, 1986, 201.

22 Charles Ritchie, Diplomatic Passport, 1982, 6.

23 Ben Rogers, A.J. Ayer: A Life, 1999, 195.

24 Consultative Assembly, Algiers, New York Herald Tribune, 27 January 1944.

25 Duff Cooper Diaries, 374.

26 Harold Nicolson diaries and letters 1945–1962, 1968, 76.

27 Daring to Hope: 2000, 6.

28 La France à sauve l’Europe, I, 1947, epigraph.

29 Arthur Marwick, ed, Total War and Social Change, 1988, 87.

30 Memoires politiques, 1967, 252.

31 Magee, Growing up in a war, 352–3.

32 Josef Becker, ed, Power in Europe?, 403.

33 Ennio Di Nolfo, ed, Power in Europe? II, de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 1992, 465.

34 Monnet, Memoires, 1976, 306.

35 David Marquand, The Unprincipled Society, 1988, 106.

36 Stanley Hoffmann, France: Change and Tradition, 1963, 161–4.

37 Edgar Morin, Commune en France, La Metamorphose de Plozevet, 1968.

38 Colette Barbier, ‘The French decision to develop a military nuclear programme in the 1950s,’ Diplomacy and Statecraft, 4, 1, 1993, 107.

39 Alec Cairncross, The Wilson Years: A Treasury Diary, Historians Press 1997, 100.

40 Henri Mendras, Alistair Cole, Social change in Modern France, Cambridge 1991, 197.

41 BDOHP, Sir Michael Palliser interview 28 April 1999.

42 Gerard Bossuat, ‘The French administrative elite and the unification of western Europe’, Anne Deighton (ed.), Building Postwar Europe, St Martin’s 1995, 30.

43 Tony Benn, Against The Tide, 1989, 613.

44 Alphand, L’Etonnement, 183.

45 Auriol, Journal du Septennat, 1, 116.

46 Journaux de voyage, Gallimard 1978.

47 Raphaele Ulrich-Pier, Rene Massigli, II, 2006, 1437–9.

48 Poidevin, Schuman, 271.

49 Massigli, Une Comedie des erreurs, Plon 1978, 340.

50 Alphand, L’Etonnement, 273–4.

51 J-B Duroselle, ‘L’Elaboration de la politique etrangère française’, Revue française de science politique, Juillet–Septembre 1956, 516–18.

52 DBPO, 2, I, no 393.

53 John Young, William Hayter, ‘The Foreign Office, the Quai d’Orsay and the case of the Russian bomb, June, 1953’, Intelligence and National Security, 1, 1986, 3, 451–3.

54 Dumaine, 436.

55 William Hayter, The Diplomacy of the Great Powers, 1960, 40.

56 Cairncross, The Wilson Years, 16.

57 AN, Fonds Christian Pineau, dossier Europe 580AP/1–32, Massigli to Pineau, 7 February 1977.

58 Dumaine, 197.

59 Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 169.

60 In the Midst of Events: The Foreign Office diaries and papers of Kenneth Younger, Geoffrey Warner, ed., 2005, 13.

61 Massigli, Comedie, 187.

62 Becker, Power in Europe?, 405.

63 The French and the Republic, trans Jean Jacques Demorest, Cornell University Press, 1958, 204.

64 Becker, Power in Europe? 400, 406.

65 Memoires politiques, 321–3.

66 Lieutenant in Algeria, Hutchinson 1958, 57.

67 Hitchcock, 204–5.

68 Jean-Remy Bezias, Georges Bidault et la politique etrangère de la France, 2006, 481. 5 De Gaulle Redux

1 Marcia Williams, Inside Number 10, 1972, 192.

2 Maurice Larkin, France since the Popular Front, Oxford 1988, 120.

3 David Chuter, Humanity’s Soldier, 1996, 202.

4 Ibid., 212.

5 Pierre-Henri Teitgen, Faites Entrer Le Temoin Suivant, Rennes, Ouest-France 1988, 175.

6 Andre Malraux, Felled Oaks, Rinehart and Winston 1971, 56.

7 Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, The Ruler, Harvill 1991, 359.

8 Lacouture, op. cit., 513.

9 Jean Mauriac, Le General et le Journaliste, Fayard 2008, 124.

10 BLO, Reilly unpublished memoir.

11 Hoffmann, France: Change and Tradition, 352.

12 N. Piers Ludlow, The European Community and the crises of the 1960s, Routledge 2006, 201.

13 Antony Beevor and Artemis Cooper, Paris after the liberation, 1994, 470; Julian Jackson and Matthew Cobb, ‘Magical Incantation’, TLS 12 December 2014, 14–15.

14 Horne, Macmillan, II, 1986, 264.

15 Alain Peyrefitte, C’etait de Gaulle, I, 283–4.

16 De Gaulle, trans Richard Howard, Doubleday 1966, 229.

17 BLO, Reilly unpublished memoir.

18 As I saw it, W.W. Norton, 1990, 271.

19 TNA PREM 13/909, Peart–Faure meeting 28 October 1966.

20 Maurice Vaïsse, Grandeur, 293; Peyrefitte, C’etait de Gaulle, I, 351.

21 Witness to History, Norton 1973, 502.

22 Jerome Perrier, Michel Debre, Ellipses 2010, 250.

23 Tricot, Memoires, Promeneur 1994, 215–16.

24 LNC, 10, 67.

25 Martin Harrison, Jack Hayward, eds, De Gaulle to Mitterrand, Hurst 1993, 208.

26 Ibid., 208.

27 Philip Nord, France’s New Deal, Princeton 2010, 354.

28 Raymond Kuhn, The Media in France, Routledge 1995, 255, n. 27.

29 Henri Mendras, Alistair Cole, Social Change, 344.

30 French national assembly 26 May 1964, https://en.wikipedia.org #cf wiki #cf Radiodiffusion-Television_Française

31 C’etait de Gaulle, I, 101.

32 HIA, Jacques Leprette Papers, Boxes 119/121, Note pour le Ministre, 20 janvier 1966.

33 Jean-Claude Michaud, Alain Peyrefitte, Fallois 2002, 148.

34 FNSP, 2DE29, Debre to de Gaulle, September 1959.

35 Pottle, ed., Daring to Hope, 328–30.

36 Michaud, op. cit., 144.

37 Jean K. Chalaby, The De Gaulle Presidency and the Media, Palgrave 2002, 8.

38 Alastair Hetherington, Guardian Years, Chatto and Windus, 1981, 186.

39 Britain’s Entry into the European Communities, David Hannay (ed.), Cass, 2000, 357; Hugo Young, This Blessed Plot, Papermac 1999, 312.

40 Journaux de voyage, Gallimard 1978, 92.

41 Herman Lebovics, Mona Lisa’s Escort, Cornell, 1999, 24.

42 Bernard Wasserstein, Barbarism and Civilization: A History of Europe in our Time, Oxford OUP, 2007, 778.

43 Brian Angus McKenzie, Remaking France: Americanization, Public Diplomacy, and the Marshal Plan, Berghahn, 2005, 231–2.

44 Jean Guehenno, Voyages: Tournee Americaine, Tournee Africaine, Gallimard 1952, 45.

45 TNA FO/371/158170, Lee to Barclay, 27 February 1961; Henri Froment-Meurice, Vu du Quai, Fayard 1998, 303; Paul Gore Booth, With Great Truth and Respect, Constable 1974, 239; Gore-Booth Obituary, The Times, 18 April 1985.

46 BLO, MS Eng c 6924, Reilly unpublished memoir, Wormser-Harpham conversation, 10 October 1963.

47 Une politique etrangère, Plon 1971, 9.

48 Ritchie, Diplomatic Passport, 121–2.

49 Balliol College, Oxford, Harold Nicholson Diaries.

50 Jacques Baeyens, Au Bout du Quai, Fayard 1975, 143–4; Albert Chambon, Que font donc ces diplomates, Pedone 1983, 118–19; Froment-Meurice, Vu du Quai, 196–9.

51 TNA PREM 13/1484, Brown–Couve talk, UN 23 September 1967.

52 Vaïsse, Grandeur, 331.

53 L’Etonnement, 479.

54 Catbird Press 1993, 1.

55 Hayter, Diplomacy of the Great Powers, 35.

56 BLO, Reilly unpublished memoir.

57 Vaïsse, Grandeur, 356.

58 Sudhir Hazareesingh, Political Traditions in Modern France, Oxford 1994, 278.

59 George H. Gallup, ed., The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls, France, I, Random House, 1977; Vaïsse, Grandeur, 353–4.

60 Gallup France, 446.

61 Chalaby, op. cit., 101.

62 Gerard Noiriel, Workers in French Society in the 19th and 20th Centuries, Berg 1990, 200.

63 Edward A. Kolodziej, Making and Marketing Arms, Princeton 1987, 400.

64 Smouts, La France à l’ONU, 180.

65 Philippe de Gaulle, De Gaulle, Mon Père: Entretiens avec Michel Tauriac, Plon 2004, 393.

66 FNSP, Fonds Michel Debre, 5DE 1–4.

67 Hoffmann, France: Change and Tradition, 352.

68 Tony Benn, Out of the Wilderness, Arrow 1987, 502. 6 Unmerrie England

1 The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell 1945–1956, Philip M. Williams (ed.), Cape 1983, 16; Harold Nicolson, Diaries and Letters 1945–1962, Nigel Nicolson (ed.), Collins 1968, 75.

2 BLO, Macmillan, MS.Eng. c.4778, Letter to Ava, Lady Waverle, 31 July 1947.

3 HIA, Muggeridge Papers, diaries Box 1, 28 March 1950; 14 September 1950.

4 Pottle, ed., Daring to Hope, 68; Judt, Postwar, 162; Paul Addison, Literary Review, May 2007, 40; Gowing, Independence and Deterrence, 1, 221.

5 Distilling the Frenzy, Biteback 2012; The Times, Wednesday 3 June 1953, ‘And After?’.

6 Doubleday, 1954, 19, 231.

7 Ritchie, Diplomatic Passport, 6.

8 HIA, Victor Hoo Papers, box 1, International Meetings, Hoo to UN Secretary General, 2 October 1946.

9 Gaitskell Diary, 176, 224; Geoffrey Warner, ed., In the Midst of Events: The Foreign Office Diaries and Papers of Kenneth Younger, Routledge 2005, 38; Parliament and Politics in the Age of Churchill and Attlee: The Headlam Diaries 1935–1951, ed. Stuart Ball, Camden Fifth series,14, OUP, 1999, 601, 613.

10 John Colville, Fringes of Power, Downing Street Diaries, 2, Sceptre 1987, 306–7.

11 Pimlott, The Political Diary of Hugh Dalton,360; Corridors of Power, Macmillan 1964, 281.

12 Diaries of A.L. Rowse, ed. Richard Ollard, I, Penguin 2003, 279; Wm. Roger Louis, ‘American anti-colonialism’, IA, 61, 3, 1985, 412; Freya Stark Letters, VII, Michael Russell 1952–59, ed. Caroline Moorehead, 1982, 158; D.J. Enright, Academic Year, Secker and Warburg 1955, 136.

13 Wm. Roger Louis, op. cit., 396; TNA PREM 11/636, Hankey to Churchill, 4 June 1954; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 63.

14 Kenneth O. Morgan, The People’s Peace, Oxford 1990, 144; A State of England, Hutchinson 1963, 15, 233; Lawrence Goldman, The Life of R.H.Tawney, Bloomsbury 2013, 296–7; Doris Lessing, A Small Personal Voice, ed. Paul Schlueter, Vintage 1975, 48.

15 The Time of My Life, Michael Joseph 1989, 121; J.F.C. Harrison, Scholarship Boy, Rivers Oram 1995, 155.

16 Francis Spufford, ‘Operation Backfire’, London Review of Books, 28 October 1999, 24.

17 Peter Mandler, The English National Character, Yale 2006, 224, 227.

18 The Challenge of Affluence, OUP 2006, 1.

19 David Reynolds, Britannia Overruled, 2nd edn, Routledge 2000, 309; Imperial War Museum, Tizard Papers, HIT465, undated note.

20 Christopher Mayhew, ‘British foreign policy since 1945’, IA, 26, 4 (1950), 478; The Listener, 11 November 1954, 788.

21 J.H. Huizinga, Confessions of a European in England, Heinemann 1958, 282–8; Horne, Macmillan, II, 16.

22 Anthony Sampson, Anatomy of Britain, Hodder and Stoughton 1962, 37; ‘The Pulse of Britain’, The Times, 28 July 1962.

23 Sampson, Anatomy, 572; Hugh Purcell, A Very Private Celebrity: The nine lives of John Freeman, Biteback 2015, 59.

24 Shuckburgh, Descent, 163.

25 David Vital, The Making of British Foreign Policy, Praeger 1968, 73; Memoirs, 1950–1963, II, Little, Brown 1972, 235; George H. Gallop, ed., The Gallup International Public Opinion Polls: Great Britain 1,1937–1964, Random House New York, 1977, 258, 269, 279; ‘British attitudes to the EEC’, Journal of Common Market Studies, 1966, 5, 1, 49–61; Richard L. Merritt and Donald J. Puchala, eds, Western European Perspectives on International Affairs: Public Opinion Studies and Evaluations; Praeger 1968, 283; Roger Jowell and Gerald Hoinville, eds, Britain into Europe: Public opinion and the EEC 1961–75, Croom Helm 1976, 18–36.

26 Nicolson, Diaries, 102; Kenneth Younger, ‘Public Opinion and British Foreign Policy’, IA, January 1964, 32.

27 ‘History, Morals and Politics’, IA, January 1958, 2; John Dickie, Inside the Foreign Office, Chapmans 1992, 241; Anthony Adamthwaite, ‘Nation shall speak peace unto nation’, Contemporary Record, 7, 3, 569.

28 Asa Briggs, The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, IV, OUP 1995, 562.

29 Briggs, op. cit., 564; The Listener, 18 May 1978, 626; Briggs, 563.

30 Briggs, op. cit., 647.

31 Grand Inquisitor, Weidenfeld 1989, 82; Christopher Driver, The Disarmers, Hodder and Stoughton 1964, 37; Adam Sisman, A.J.P. Taylor: A Biography, Sinclair Stevenson 1994, 171.

32 John Jenks, British Propaganda and News Media in the Cold War, Edinburgh, University Press 2006, 49.

33 Geoffrey Cox, See It Happen, Bodley Head 1983, 50–1; Office without Power, Hutchinson 1988, 43.

34 British Foreign Policy, 1945–1956, Michael Dockrill and John W. Young, eds, Palgrave 1989, 16; Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy, Transaction 1957, 227, 230.

35 Soft Power: The means to success in world politics, Public Affairs 2004, x; TNA PREM 11/691.

36 D.J. Enright, Memoirs of a Mendicant Professor, Chatto and Windus 1969, 96.

37 F. Donaldson, The British Council, The First 50 Years, Jonathan Cape 1984, 191.

38 Donaldson, 170; TNA PREM 11/627, Tewson to Monckton, 28 November 1952.

39 BLO, MS. Selborne, Selborne to Lord Salisbury and Eden, 4 July 1956; Peter Hennessy and Mark Laity, ‘Suez: what the papers say’, Contemporary Record, April 1987, 8.

40 Blackwell, Clinging to Grandeur, 99; Huizinga, Confessions, 86; TNA CAB 128/53.

41 Brotherton Library, University of Leeds, Faye and Geoffrey Elliott collection, 4,79, John Cairncross to Collie Barclay, 22 December 1945.

42 BLO, prime ministerial papers, letter to Macmillan, 17 August 1957; BLO, Gore-Booth Mss Eng c 4516, letter to Paul Gore-Booth, 24 August 1959.

43 BLO, CRD2/34/1, Conservative Party Foreign Affairs Committee, 30 November 1955; Clarissa Eden, A Memoir, ed. Cate Haste, Weidenfeld 2007, 240.

44 OUP, 1965, 600.

45 Crisis in the Civil Service, ed. Hugh Thomas, Anthony Blond 1968, 7.

46 E.D.R. Harrison, ‘J.C.Masterman and the Security Service, 1940–1972’, Intelligence and National Security, 24, 6, 804. 7 Running on Empty

1 The Complete War Memoirs of Charles de Gaulle, Carroll and Graph 1998, 163; Dickie, Inside the Foreign Office, 222.

2 The Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, David Dilks, ed., Cassell 1971, 782; Oliver Lyttelton, The Memoirs of Lord Chandos, Bodley Head 1962, 343.

3 Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 67, 180; Paul Johnson, Oxford Book of Political Anecdotes OUP 1986; Marcia Williams, Inside Number 10, 181.

4 Adamthwaite, ‘Overstretched and Overstrung: Eden, the Foreign Office and the Making of Policy, 1951–1955’, IA, 64, 2, 245; DBPO, Series II, I, x; The Diary of Hugh Gaitskell, 1945–1956, Philip M. Williams, ed., 1983, 176; Geoffrey Moorhouse, The Diplomats, Cape 1977, 369.

5 Freya Stark Letters, 254.

6 Experiences, OUP 1969, 51.

7 Diaries of Sir Alexander Cadogan, 790; Benn, Office without Power, 43–4.

8 Gaitskell Diary, 117; Hetherington, Guardian Years, 25.

9 Harold Macmillan, Tides of Fortune, 1945–1955, Macmillan 1969, 567.

10 The Pebbled Shore: The Memoirs of Elizabeth Longford, Weidenfeld 1986, 257–8.

11 Nicholas Henderson, The Private Office, Littlehampton book services 1984, 116; Christopher Mayhew, Time to Explain, Hutchinson 1987, 102–3; Mallaby, From My Level, 58.

12 Gaitskell Diary, ed. Philip M. Williams, 117.

13 Sir Roderick Barclay, Ernest Bevin and the Foreign Office, 1932–1969, 1975, 38–9.

14 Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 36.

15 Selwyn Lloyd, Suez, 1956, Cape 1978, 4; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 317, 327, 337; CAC, SELO 3, personal diary, February 1960.

16 Dalton Diary, ed., Ben Pimlott, 480; Double Diploma: The Life of Sir Pierson Dixon, ed. Piers Dixon, Hutchinson 1968, 234; Time to Explain, 107.

17 Harvey Diaries, 385.

18 Dalton Diary, 482.

19 For this paragraph see Anthony Adamthwaite, ‘Introduction: The Foreign Office and Policy-Making’, John W. Young, ed., The Foreign Policy of Churchill’s Peacetime Administration, 1951–1955, Continuum 1988, 13–14; Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, I, 325.

20 Dixon, Double Diploma, 240–1; Lord Strang, Home and Abroad, Andre Deutsch 1956, 280; Warner, Younger Diary, 13.

21 C.M. Woodhouse, Something Ventured, Harper Collins 1982, 161; Sampson, Anatomy of Britain, 632.

22 Younger Diary, 89; Edward Boyle and Anthony Crosland, The Politics of Education, Penguin 1971, 108; Dalton Memoirs, 155; Mallaby, From My Level, 57.

23 Hennessy, The Prime Minister: The Office and its holders since 1945, 2000, 123; The Castle Diaries 1964–1970, Weidenfeld 1984, 241–2; Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring, Phoenix 1996, 169.

24 Healey, The Time of My Life, 327.

25 Hennessy, Prime Minister 164–5; BLPES, Meade diary,1/4, 21 February 1949; TNA CAB 128/15; BLO, MS Woolton 3, the machinery of government, 25 January 1954; Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring, 169; Evans Diary, 129.

26 The Spirit of British Administration, 132.

27 George Mallaby, Each in his Office, Leo Cooper 1972, 59; Jasper Rootham, Demi-Paradise, Chatto and Windus 1960, 157.

28 R.V. Jones, Letter to The Times, Wednesday 17 December 1980; Isaiah Berlin, Letters 1928–1946, ed., Henry Hardy, CUP 2004, 459; Cadogan Diaries, 301.

29 Rodney Lowe, The Official History of the British Civil Service, I, Routledge 2011, 78, 127, 381, 383.

30 Richard Davenport Hines, An English Affair, Harper 2013, 224.

31 Douglas Hurd, Memoirs, Little Brown 2003, 151–2; Brian Harrison, Seeking a Role: The United Kingdom 1951–1970, OUP 2009, 103.

32 TNA FO366/1462, Gore-Booth minute, July 1945; TNA FO800/492, Attlee to Bevin 25 May 1947; TNA FO/800463, Office circular June 1948; The Inner Circle: The Memoirs of Ivone Kirkpatrick, Macmillan 1959, 267; Cecil Parrott, The Serpent and the Nightingale, Faber 1977, 214; Jennifer Tratt, The Macmillan Government and Europe, Palgrave 1996, 145.

33 DNB, 2004; Warner, Younger Diary, 93, Geoffrey McDermott, The Eden legacy and the decline of British diplomacy, Frewin, 1969, 105; DNB, 1981; Hurd, Memoirs, 151–2; Times obituary, 3 July 1984.

34 Douglas Jay, Change and Fortune, Ebury 1980, 315.

35 Gore-Booth, With Great Truth, 348.

36 TNA FO/800,492, Parliamentary Labour Party, 27 March 1946; Christopher Mayhew, ‘British foreign policy since 1945’, IA October 1950, 477.

37 BLO, Gore-Booth MS.Eng.c.4564, PUS final monthly letter January 1969; BDOHP, interview with Michael Palliser 28 April 1999; interview with Sir Crispin Tickell, 23 July 1998.

38 TNA CAB 128/42; ‘The Diary of Michael Stewart as British Foreign Secretary, April-May 1968’, ed. John W. Young, Contemporary British History, 19, 4, 503.

39 Time of My Life, 122; RIIA Archives 2/1/11, 3/6/FORb, Observer, 31 October 1954, Manchester Guardian, 8 March 1954.

40 Peter J. Beck, Using History, Making British Policy, Palgrave 2006, 3, 13–14.

41 Ibid., 241.

42 Huizinga, Confessions of a European, 84; CAC, KNAT/1/15, Knatchbull-Hugessen diary, 16 May 1946; John Kent, British Imperial Strategy and the Origins of the Cold War, LUP 1993, 217.

43 29 March 1947, Hennessy, Distilling the Frenzy, 8–9; DBPO, Series 1, 3, xxv.

44 John W. Young, The Labour Governments 1964–1970, 2 International Policy, MUP 2003, 56. 8 Unshakable, Constant, Effective

1 Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill, VII, Heinemann 1989, 1060; Valentine Lawford, Bound for Diplomacy, 324, John Murray 1963; Knapp, ed., The Uncertain Foundation: France at the Liberation 1944–47, Palgrave 2007, 207.

2 ‘Reflections on the foreign policy of France,’ IA, 21, 4, 443; Hollis and Carter 1960, 3; Diane Kunz, ‘British Post-War Sterling Crises’, Wm Roger Louis, ed., Adventures with Britannia, Tauris 1995, 125; Official History, I, 3; John W. Young, Britain and European Unity, 1945–1999, 2nd edn, Macmillan 2000, 49.

3 Edwin Muir, An Autobiography, Hogarth 1954, 256; Nicolson Diary, 1945–1962, 98.

4 DBPO, I, I, 102.

5 TNA FO371/66546; V.H. Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, Cape 1982, 435.

6 The English Way, OUP 1946, 304; A. Nutting, Europe will not wait, Hollis & Carter, 1960, 3.

7 Raphaele Ulrich-Pier, Rene Massigli, II, 1208–9.

8 Andrew Roberts, The Storm of War, Penguin 2010, 488; L. Woodward, British Foreign Policy in the Second World War, III, HMSO 1971, 102; R. Pastor-Castro and J.W. Young, eds, The Paris Embassy, 26–7; Duff Cooper Diaries, 345, 359.

9 Hayter, A Double Life, 87; Dumaine, 469–70; Steel to Lloyd, 27 July 1957,TNA PREM 11/184.

10 Claude Mauriac diary, 21–2.

11 War Memoirs, 163, 222; Jean-Remy Bezias, Georges Bidault et la politique etrangère de la France, L’Harmattan 2006, 220.

12 Chauvel, Commentaire, II, 63.

13 Ibid., 66–7.

14 Smouts, La France à l’ONU, 51; Dalloz, Bidault, 446, n. 37.

15 Harvey Diary, 365.

16 S. Greenwood, The Alternative Alliance, Anglo-French Relations before the coming of NATO, 1944–48, Minerva 1996, 50.

17 Hugh Dalton, High Tide and After, Frederick Muller 1962, 157; Roger Woodhouse, British Policy Towards France 1945–51, Macmillan 1995, 19.

18 Dumaine, 57–8; Ritchie Diplomatic Passport, 12; Barclay, Ernest Bevin, 28.

19 Greenwood, 307: TNA FO 371/71768, Kirkpatrick to Bevin, 5 October 1948.

20 Rothwell, Britain and the Cold War, 435.

21 David Dilks, Rights, Wrongs and Rivalries, University of Hull, 1996, 35.

22 Greenwood, 286; Jean Monnet, Memoires, Fayard 1976, 463.

23 M. Gowing, Independence and Deterrent, Macmillan 1974, I, 9; Christopher Andrew, The Sword and The Shield, Ingram 2000, 152.

24 France: Change and Tradition, ed. Stanley Hoffmann, Gollancz 1963, 338.

25 For quotations and discussion in this paragraph, see British Documents on the end of Empire, Series A, II, The Labour Government and the end of Empire 1945–1951, Part II, ed. Ronald Hyman, HMSO 1992; John Kent, ‘Bevin’s Imperialism and the idea of Euro-Africa, 1945–1949’, Michael Dockrill and John Young (eds), British Foreign Policy 1945–56, Palgrave 1989, 47–76.

26 Old Men Forget, Rupert Hart Davis, 1953, 381.

27 Rene Massigli, Une Comedie des Erreurs, 1943–1956, Plon 1978, 107–8.

28 Geoffrey Warner, ‘Ernest Bevin and British foreign policy, 1945–1951’, Gordon A. Craig, Francis L. Loewenheim, eds, The Diplomats, 1939–1979, Princeton UP 1994, 115; Richard Clarke, ‘Anglo-American economic collaboration in war and peace, 1942–1949’, ed. Alec Cairncross, Oxford: Clarendon, 1982 208, n. 27.

29 Alan Bullock, Ernest Bevin Foreign Secretary, OUP 1985, 659; Dalloz, 295; ‘The Choice at Paris’, 13 March 1948, Economist.

30 Edmund Dell, The Schuman Plan and the British abdication of leadership in Europe, OUP 1995, 111; TNA FO371/71768; Alec Cairncross, ed., The Robert Hall Diaries 1947–53, Unwin 1989, 121; Warner, 105.

31 FRUS 1947, III, 271; OH, I, 21; DBPO, 2, I, xi.

32 Woodhouse, 131; OH, I, 17; Hall Diary, 57; Edwin Plowden, An Industrialist in the Treasury, Andre Deutsch 1989, 74–5.

33 Dell, 132; DBPO, 2, I, 33, n.4; DBPO, 2, I, 31, n.3.

34 Roy Denman, Missed Chances, Cassell 1996, 198–9; Postwar, Penguin 2005, 162; DBPO, 2, I, 75.

35 Younger Diary, 20; Christopher Lord, Absent at the Creation, Dartmouth 1996, 33.

36 Emile Noël obituary, 9 September 1996, Independent.

37 François Lafon’s biography based on the Mollet papers does not mention the proposal: Guy Mollet, Itineraire d’un socialiste controverse (1905–1975), Fayard 2006.

38 Eden, The Eden Memoirs: Full Circle, Cassell 1960, 476; Gilbert, Churchill, VIII, Never Despair, 1214; William Clark, From Three Worlds, Sidgwick 1986, 185–6; Christophe Le Dreau, ‘Le project Guy Mollet d’adhesion de la France au Commonwealth. Le rêve d’une paneurope franco-britannique (Septembre 1956)’, in Jean-Michel Guieu, Claire Sanderson et al., L’Historien et les relations internationales: Autour de Robert Frank, Publications Sorbonne, 2012.

39 Pineau speech, TNA FO 371/124424.

40 Keith Kyle, Suez, Weidenfeld 1991, 237.

41 TNA CAB 130/120; Official History, I, 251–9.

42 Horne, Macmillan, I, 432.

43 DDF 1956, 3, 158.

44 DBPO, 2, I, 92; Nick Holt, The Mammoth Book of the World Cup, Running Press 2014, 84.

45 Warner, Bevin, 128–9; Clark Kerr to Bevin, 20 January 1949, Oxford, Bodleian, Archibald Clark Kerr Papers, box 70.

46 OH, I, 71; Milward response to review of Alan S. Milward, George Brennan, Britain’s Place in the World: A historical enquiry into import controls 1945–60, Routledge 1996, Reviews in History, posted 10.08.2009; The Last Chronicle of Barset, Penguin 2002, 664. 9 Supermac

1 The General Says No, Penguin Special 1963 147; Macmillan, Haus 2006, 122; Supermac: The Life of Harold Macmillan, Chatto 2010, 618.

2 Macmillan, VI, 367.

3 Life, 7 May 1951, 109.

4 The General Says No, 19, 102; OH, II, Wall 4.

5 Macmillan, V, 112; Horne, Macmillan, I, 153, 188–9.

6 BLO, Eccles to Macmillan 9 August 1959; Elizabeth C. Gaskell, Cranford, OUP 1963, 59; Macmillan, VI, 368.

7 TNA PREM 11/2315, minute to foreign secretary, 24 June 1958.

8 Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, II, 14–15; Horne, Macmillan, II, 22.

9 TNA PREM 11/1850, 15 June 1957; TNA PREM 11/1946, 11 July 1957.

10 TNA PREM 11/2315, minute to foreign secretary, 24 June 1958.

11 Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, 129; TNA PREM 11/2326. Record of visit to Paris 29–30 June 1958; DDF 1958, I, 459.

12 Macmillan, IV, 449; Catterall, Macmillan Diaries,131; Times 18 November 1958.

13 Horne, Macmillan, II, 152, 214; Debre to Macmillan 9 October 1959, 2 DE71, AHC; Macmillan, V, 110.

14 Macmillan, V., 110, 112–13.

15 Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, 276–80.

16 Ibid.

17 Ben Pimlott, The Queen, Harper Collins 1996, 302.

18 DDF 1960, I, 153.

19 Barclay note, 17 May 1963, TNA FO371/171441.

20 Eric Roll, Crowded Hours, 100.

21 The History of The Times, V, struggles in war and peace, Times books 1984, 343; Hetherington, Guardian Years, 175–6; Michael McManus, Edward Heath A Singular Life, Elliott & Thompson 2016, 32–3.

22 Crowded Hours, 129.

23 Vaïsse, Grandeur, 209.

24 Horne, Macmillan, II, 431.

25 For the gaffe see Jean-François Deniau, Memoires de 7 Vies, II, Plon 1997, 186–7.

26 Dumaine, Quai d’Orsay, 188.

27 CAC, Haley 15/2, Diary,14 June 1961; MAE, Europe, Grande-Bretagne, box 1741, 26 March 1963.

28 Horne, I, 342; Catterall, Macmillan Diaries, I, 486, 493; Oxford, Bodleian Libraries, Macmillan to Ava, 30 October 1959, MS.Eng. c. 4778, fols. 1–2.

29 BLO, Macmillan to Ava, 4 December 1958, MS.Eng. c. 4778, fols. 1–2; Harold Evans, Downing Street Diary, Hodder 1981, 151; CAC, Haley 15/2, diary, 12 October 1960, 14 September 1961.

30 BLO, MS. Woolton 3. 24 October 1955; David Childs, Britain since 1945, 6 edn Routledge 2006, 46; Ziegler, Edward Heath: The Authorized Biography, Harper 2010, 105.

31 Tessa Blackstone, William Plowden, Inside the Think Tank: Advising the Cabinet 1971–1983, Heinemann 1988, 7; Evans, Downing Street Diary, 197; Peter Hennessy, The Hidden Wiring: Unearthing the British Constitution, W&N 1995, 169.

32 BLO, letters to Ava, 7 May 1961, 23 September 1962, MS. Eng c.4779; Harrod to Macmillan, 18 October 1961, CUC HP920; Macmillan VI, 26; Evans, Downing Street Diary, 161; VBC 240; Miles Jebb, ed., The Diaries of Cynthia Gladwyn, Constable 1995, 200.

33 Michael Charlton, The Price of Victory, BBC 1983, 195; Philip M. Williams, Hugh Gaitskell: A Political biography, Cape 1979, 702.

34 Hall Diaries, 279; University of Leeds, Special Collections, Boyle Papers, MS 660/4, Gunnar Hagglof to Edward Boyle following his resignation from Eden government; CAC, Duncan Sandys Papers, DSND 9/6/1, Lady Rhys Williams to Sandys, 9 February 1958.

35 OH, I, 419; CAC, Haley 15/2, 15 January 1963.

36 Ziegler, Heath, 127–8.

37 Tim Traverse-Healy notes, 22 June 1962,TNA INF 12/852; BLO, MS. Macmillan dep. c. 311, 30 April 1962.

38 Nuffield College, Oxford, archive, transcript Sir Kenneth Younger interview, December 1961, p. 31; Horne, Macmillan, II, 243; Roll, Crowded Hours, 115.

39 TNA FO 371/171441, FO comments on Treasury draft of Whitehall History of the Brussels negotiations.

40 Michael McManus, Edward Heath: A Singular Life, Elliott & Thompson 2016, 34–5.

41 TNA FO 371/171442, draft of Brussels delegation report on negotiations.

42 Singular Life, 34–5.

43 OH, I, 466; Heath, The Course of My Life, 239.

44 Ibid., 481–2.

45 Shuckburgh to Dixon, TNA FO371/166978.

46 DDF 1962, II, 191.

47 Course of My Life, 237.

48 Catterall, Diaries, 577.

49 Ibid., 324–5; BLPES, Crosland 4/9, Herbert Andrew note, 20 October 1966.

50 H.C.G. Matthew article, DNB, OUP 2004.

51 ‘At Kenneth Burke’s Place’, 1946, epigraph, Philip Roth, American Pastoral, Houghton Mifflin 1997; Record of a conversation, Chateau de Champs, 5.50pm, 2 June 1962 TNA PREM 11/4019. 10 Another Harold

1 Diplomacy and Persuasion, Thames and Hudson 1973, 276; Andrew S. Crines, Kevin Hickson, eds, Harold Wilson, Biteback 2016, 283.

2 Bristol speech 18 March 1966, Wall, 116.

3 Haines, Politics of Power, 74; O’Neill to Stewart 3 May (valedictory) 1966 TNA PREM13/1306.

4 Campbell, Jenkins, 246.

5 David Hannay, Britain’s Quest for a Role, I.B. Tauris 2012, 39.

6 OH, II, 86–7.

7 LNC, 64–66, 122; Vaïsse, 592–3; Peyrefitte, II, 310–11.

8 OH, II, 110, 88.

9 Stewart to Wilson, 3 March 1965, TNA PREM 13/306; Wall, 93–4.

10 Association eventuelle de la Grande Bretagne au Marche Commun, 19 March 1965; La Grande-Bretagne et L’Europe, 24 March 1965, MAE, Serie Europe, Grande Bretagne, 214, 263.

11 TNA PREM 13/324; DDF 1965, I, nos 152–5; Bernard Ledwidge, De Gaulle, Littlehampton 1982, 297.

12 Lacouture, 360; Robert Gilpin, France in the age of the scientific state, Princeton NJ 1968, 388.

13 Wilson, Labour Government, 1964–1970, 1971, 93.

14 OH, II, 104; Vaïsse 596.

15 Vaïsse, 597.

16 Vaïsse, 597; Wall, 108.

17 Palliser to Stewart, 16 November 1965, Vaïsse, ed., La France et L’Otan, 1949–1996, Paris, Complexe, 1996, 512–3; Wall, 109–10; Memorandum by the secretary of state for foreign affairs, ‘France: General de Gaulle’s foreign policy over the next two years’, 28 January 1966, TNA CAB 129/124.

18 OH, II, 115.

19 ‘The international consequences of the policy of General de Gaulle’, 5 April 1966, TNA CAB 148/25 OPD.

20 Paris to London embassy, 3 May 1966, 214 Grande Bretagne MAE.

21 Note, 23 May 1966, MAE, cabinet du ministre, 1958–1966, 39.

22 Le Royaume Uni et la CEE, 22 June 1966, MAE cabinet du ministre, 39; Les Etats-Unis et une eventuelle adhesion du Royaume Uni au Marche Commun, 24 June 1966, MAE, cabinet du ministre, 39.

23 OH, II, 118–19, 124; BLO, George Brown, MS. Eng.c.5012, Brown to Wilson, 23 June 1966.

24 Benn, Out of the Wilderness, 449; notices biographiques, 20 June 1966, MAE cabinet du ministre 39.

25 Philip Ziegler, Wilson, Weidenfeld 1993, 241; Eric Roll, Crowded Hours, Faber 1985, 173; Wilson, Labour Government, 244, 249.

26 Cecil Harmsworth King, The Cecil King Diary 1965–1970, Cape 1972, 82; For the talks, TNA PREM 13/907; DDF 1966, II, 101, 107, 108.

27 Reilly to Hood, 14 July 1966, TNA PREM 13/1506; Wall, 128.

28 Reilly to London, 3 June 1966, TNA PREM 13/892; Williams to Wilson, 13 September 1966, TNA PREM 13/908; Ziegler, Wilson, 236.

29 Agnès Tachin, Amie et Rivale: La Grande Bretagne dans l’imaginaire français à l epoque gaullienne, Lang 2010, 336, n. 34; Helen Parr, Britain’s Policy towards the European Community, Routledge 2006, 103; Paul Routledge, Wilson, Haus 2006, 2; Ambassador to Sixties London: Diaries of David Bruce, Republic of Letters 2009, 353.

30 Obituary, The Times, 25 May 1995; Campbell, Jenkins, 291–2; Campbell, 327, 330; Wilson, Labour Government, 406.

31 Richard Crossman, The Diaries of a Cabinet Minister, I, Cape 1975, 295; Patrick Gordon Walker, Political Diaries, ed. Robert Pearce, Historians’ Press 1991, 298–301.

32 Bruce Diaries, 378; Benn, Office Without Power, 166; John W. Young, Britain and European Unity, Macmillan 2000, 82; Dickie, Inside the Foreign Office, 93; Bruce, 192; Lord Greenhill of Harrow 14 February 1996, BDOHP, DOHP 3.

33 Life and Labour, Sidgwick 1980, 163, 162.

34 TNA/PREM 13/306, O’Neill, 3 May 1965; Donald Maitland, Diverse Times, Sundry Places, Brighton, Alpha Press 1996, 117; TNA FCO/33/538, ‘Allegations of Francophobia in the Foreign Office,’ 28 April 1969.

35 OH II,123; TNA/PREM 13/907, Reilly to O’Neill, 29 June 1966; BLO, George Brown MS. Eng. c. 5012, “Anglo-French Relations” August 1966; Douglas Hurd, An End to Promises, London, Collins 1979, 59

36 Robinson obituary, Independent, 5 February 1998; Vaïsse, 593; Butler interview, 1 October 1997, BDOHP.

37 Richard Davenport-Hines, An English Affair, Harper 2013, 224; George Paterson, Tired and Emotional, Chatto 1993, 159; obituary Claude Pompidou, Daily Telegraph, 5 July 2007; unpublished Reilly memoir; Paterson, 215. Robert Harris, Good and Faithful Servant, London, Faber, 1991, 77; Donald Maitland, Diverse Times, Sundry Places, Brighton, Alpha, 1996, 146–152.

38 John W. Young, Twentieth Century Diplomacy, CUP 2008, 25–6; Alun Chalfont, The Shadow of My Hand, W&N 2000, 118; Sir John Killick interview 2002, BDOHP.

39 Crossman, Diaries, II, 195; Wall, 3–4.

40 BLO, Harold Wilson, Ms. Eng.c 1595, Wilson to Sir Lawrence Helsby, 21 October 1964; Alec Cairncross, The Wilson Years, a Treasury Diary, Historians’ Press 1997, 28.

41 Deighton, 396, n. 25; Campbell, Roy Jenkins, 309.

42 Cairncross, Wilson Years, 173; Robert Lieber’s phrase, Young, Britain and European Unity, 1993, 96; Roy Jenkins, Harold Wilson, DNB, 2004; Jim Tomlinson, The Labour Governments 1964–1970, 3, Economic Policy, MUP 2004, 75; Undated ‘Top Secret’ note Economic Policy mss George Brown 5012, Bodleian.

43 King Diary, 82–3.

44 Britain and World Power since 1945, Ann Arbor 2014, 114–15.

45 TNA/CAB 128/42. 11 Bash on Regardless

1 Brown to Wilson, 18 May 1967, TNA PREM 13/1482.

2 Oliver J. Daddow, ed., Harold Wilson and European Integration, Cass 2003, xi.

3 Reilly to Brown, 14 November 1966, TNA PREM 13/910.

4 Soames to Wilson, 14 December 1966; Wilson to Soames, 21 December 1966 TNA PREM 13/922; Palliser to Wright, 21 October 1966, TNA PREM 13/897.

5 Alphand, L’Etonnement, 482.

6 DDF 1966, II, 407.

7 In My Way, 220; Castle Diaries, 100; cabinet meeting 20 December 1966, TNA CAB 128/41.

8 My Life in Politics, Penguin 1993, 420.

9 Young, The Labour Governments 1964–1970, 2, International Policy, MUP 2003, 149.

10 Sir Crispin Tickell interview 23 July 1998, DOHP 36, BDOHP.

11 TNA CAB 128/42.

12 Castle Diaries, 605.

13 Palliser to Wilson, TNA PREM 13/1484.

14 O’Neill to Brown for prime minister, 18 May 1967, TNA PREM 13/1482.

15 14 April 1967, CM842, AHC.

16 Brown to Wilson, 18 May 1967, TNA PREM 13/1482.

17 TNA PREM 13/1478; DDF 1967, I, 42.

18 Ramsbotham to Campbell, 14 April 1967, TNA PREM 13/1482.

19 Reilly to Mulley, 20 April 1967, TNA PREM 13/1479; Lasse Michael Boehm, ‘Our Man in Paris’, Journal of European Integration History, 10, 2, 54–6.

20 Kristan Stoddart, ‘Nuclear Weapons in Britain’s Policy towards France, 1960–1974’, Diplomacy and Statecraft, 18, 4, 725.

21 Records of talks: DDF 1967, I, 319, 320, 322; TNA PREM 13/1731.

22 OH, II, 215.

23 22 June 1967, TNA CAB 128/42.

24 Ziegler, 335.

25 Stoddart, 727; Vincent Nouzille, Des Secrets Si Bien Gardes, Fayard 2009, 196.

26 Stoddart, 726.

27 OH, II, 243–4.

28 Wilson, Labour Government, 443.

29 OH, II, 266.

30 Parr, Britain’s Policy towards the European Community, Routledge 2005, 103; ‘Duties of Civil Servants’, Sir Warren Fisher to the Royal Commission on the Civil Service 1929, cited Sir Llewellyn Woodward, letter to The Times, 12 November 1952.

31 Benn Diary, 513–14.

32 Unpublished Reilly memoir.

33 Ibid.

34 Soames to Stewart, 13 November 1968, TNA FCO33/560.

35 Soames record of talks with Wilson and Brown, 28.3.68, SOAM 2/49 CAC; Gladwyn to Prince Jean de Caraman-Chimay, GLAD 1/3/25, CAC.

36 Palliser to Soames, 27 November 1968, SOAM 49/8 CAC.

37 ‘Euro-fanatics’ – John Dickie’s term – Inside the Foreign Office, 167; Young, This Blessed Plot, 203; Castle Diaries, 605; Ziegler, 336.

38 Call on M. Jacques Vendroux, 6 November 1968, TNA FCO 33/560; Soames to Stewart, 13 November 1968 TNA FCO 33/560; Vaisse, 607.

39 Alphand, L’Etonnement, 504–5; King Diaries, 199.

40 Debre Tricot correspondence, 5DE-1-4, Debre Papers, AIC.

41 Soames to Stewart, 13 November 1968, TNA FCO 33/560; Soames to Stewart, 8 February 1969, TNA FCO 30/414; Vaisse, 607, n. 219.

42 Jean-Marie Soutou, Un diplomate engage, Fallois 2011, 284–6; Debre, Gouverner Autrement,4, Albin Michel 1993, 266.

43 Soames to FCO 5 February 1969,TNA PREM 13/2628.

44 Stewart to Wilson, 11 February 1969, TNA 30/414.

45 Ziegler, 337; Barrington to Maitland, 6 February 1969, TNA PREM 30/414; premier to foreign secretary, 12 February 1969, TNA PREM 30/414; Dickie, 168–9.

46 Paris embassy memo to Soames, 26.2.72, SOAM 49/5; Note pour le ministre, 13 February 1969, 5DE12; Debre to de Gaulle, 13 February 1969, 5DE12; Sanderson, Perfide, 9; DDF 1969, I, 162; Journal de l’Elysee, 2, 615.

47 Tricot, 327–8; Chalfont-Lipkowski talk, 6 February 1969, TNA PREM 30/414; Soames to Stewart, 8 February 1969, TNA PREM 30/414; Debre–Soames meeting 8 February 1969, 5AG(1) 172; DDF 1969, 1, prints only a Quai guidance telegram of 22 February 1969 (no. 162). The presidential archive contains three records of the Soames conversation: a brief summary dictated by the general to Tricot dated 7 February; an undated four page note by Tricot. 5AG/1/ 172; the summary in English that Soames gave to Tricot on 6 February. None of these are published in the DDF volume. The Couve de Murville archive contains a copy of the general’s dictated summary, CDM9, AHC.

48 Soames to Stewart, 21 March 1969, TNA PREM30/418; FRUS 1969–1976, XLI, 443.

49 Ledwidge, De Gaulle, 364–5; Vaïsse, 612; Eric Roussel, Charles de Gaulle, Gallimard 2002, 903–4; Bernard Destremau, Quai d’Orsay, Plon 1994, 288, and n.i.

50 Soames to Wilson, 11 March 1969, TNA PREM 30/418.

51 Daniel Edwin Furby, ‘The revival and success of Britain’s second application for membership of the European Community, 1968–1971’, PhD thesis, University of London 2010.

52 Cabinet meeting 30 November 1967, TNA CAB129/134.

53 Soames to Wilson, 11 March 1969, TNA PREM 30/418; Wall, 329.

54 The Course of My Life, 358–9; Matthias Haeussler, ‘A Pyrrhic Victory: Harold Wilson, Helmut Schmidt, and the British Renegotiation of EC Membership, 1974–5’, International History Review, 37, 4, 768–89.

55 For Wahl see Lawrence Badel, Le role tenu par le poste d’expansion economique de Londres dans le processus d’adhesion du Royaume Uni au marche commun 1966–71, in Raymond Poidevin, Rene Girault, eds, Le rôle des ministères des Finances et des ministères de l’Economie dans la construction europeenne (1957–1978) I, Comite pour l’histoire economique et financiere 2002, 229–71; for Holland see Andrew Blick, People Who Live in the Dark, Politico’s 2003, 105–6; Helen Parr, Britain’s Policy Towards the European Community: Harold Wilson and Britain’s World Role, 1964–1967, Routledge 2005, 43.

56 Meeting with Wilson and Callaghan, 21 November 1966, TNA PREM 13/910; Soutou, dilomate engage, 286, n. I; Palliser to Wright, 21 October 1966, TNA PREM 13/897; Palliser interview 28 April 1999, BDOHP. Conclusion

1 Niall Ferguson ‘What might have happened?’, The Times Literary Supplement, 19 September 2007; Jorma Kalela, Making History: The historian and uses of the past, Palgrave 2012, 89.

2 Claude Levi-Strauss, Tristes tropiques, trans John and Doreen Weighton, NY 1973, 104–5.

3 Nigel Cawthorne, A Brief Guide to J.R.R. Tolkien, Constable and Robinson London 2012.

4 ‘The Future of Socialism’, Leo Pliatzky, Getting and Spending, London 1982, 44.

5 In Front of your Nose, Tribune, 22 March 1946, Collected Essays, Journalism and Letters of George Orwell, IV, 1945–1950, eds Sonia Orwell, Ian Angus, Penguin 1970, 154.

6 Anthony Sampson, Anatomy of Britain, London 1962, 227–8.

7 Henry Kissinger, The White House Years, London 1979, 421.

8 Alan Milward, The Rise and Fall of a National Strategy 1945–1963, London 2002, 24.

9 Denis Healey, The Time of my Life, Penguin London 1990, 405.

10 Broad, ed., Britain and Europe, 86.

11 Uwe Kitzinger, The Second Try: Labour and the EEC, London 1968, 18–19.

12 Soames to London, 6 November 1968, TNA FCO 33/560.

13 David Cannadine, ‘James Bond and the decline of England’, Encounter, September 1979, 54.

14 The Death of Tragedy, London 1961, 314.

15 D.C. Watt, ‘Persuasion in Politics’, Government and Opposition, 1968 3, 1, 13.

16 British Overseas Obligations, 18 June 1952, TNA CAB 129/53.

17 Seeking A Role: The United Kingdom, 1951–1970, Oxford 2009, 533.

18 Jean Lacouture, De Gaulle, 3, Le Souverain 1959–1970, Paris 1986, 285.

19 Jean-Marie Soutou, Un Diplomate Engage, Paris 2011, 308.

20 John Campbell, Roy Jenkins: A Well-Rounded Life, London 2014, 285.

21 The Cecil King Diary 1965–1970, London 1972, 153.

22 Greenhill–Courcel talk 13 October 1969 TNA PREM 13/2645.

23 David Hannay, Britain’s Quest for a Role, London 2013, 61.

24 Sir David Hannay, ed., Britain’s entry into the European Community, Report by Sir Con O’Neill on the Negotiations of 1970–1972, London 2000, 341.

25 Edward Heath, The Course of My Life, Coronet London 1998, 365.

26 Economist, 22 May 1971.

27 Raphaele Ulrich-pier, Rene Massigli (1888–1988) Une vie de diplomate, II, Paris 2006, 1448.

28 Brian Harrison, Finding a Role?, Oxford 2010, 1.

29 OH, II, 432–3.

30 Michel Jobert, Memoires d’avenir, Paris 1974, 203.

31 Kitzinger, Diplomacy and Persuasion, p. 125; Ewart-Biggs to Greenhill 9 November 1972, Soames Papers, 49/7, Churchill College, Cambridge.

32 Laurens van der Post, letter to The Times 31 March 1973, Great Letters, ed., James Owen, Harper Collins, Glasgow 2017, 278.

33 Sir Con O’Neill, Britain’s entry into the European Community, David Hannay, ed., 330–1.

34 Soutou, op. cit., 495.

35 BDOHP, Palliser interview, 28 April 1999.

36 Campbell, Jenkins, 484.

37 Peter Pooley, UK representative EEC, Broad, Britain and Europe, 25.

38 Hannay, Britain’s Quest, 61.

39 Interests and Obsessions, London 1993, 342–3.

40 Sir William Nicholl, deputy UK representative EEC 1977–82, Broad, Britain and Europe, 28.

41 Record of conversation between Heath and Pompidou, 20 May 1971, TNA PREM 15/372.

42 OH, II, 2, 364.

43 Spectator, 1 June 1973.

44 John Campbell, Roy Jenkins, Vintage 2014, 529.

45 London Letter 5 June 1945, Collected Essays, Journalism, 3,449.

46 25 January 1949, Muggeridge Papers, Box 1, Hoover Archive, Stanford, California.

47 Tony Shaw, Eden, Suez and the Mass Media, London 1996, xi.

48 Kenneth Younger, ‘Public opinion and British foreign policy’, IA, January 1964, 31–2.

49 The Unknown Citizen (1940), Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 4th edn, 1992, 36.

50 Robert Jowell, Gerard Hoinville, eds, Britain into Europe, London 1976, 25.

51 Roy Denman, The Mandarin’s Tale, London 2002, 115.

52 Violet Bonham Carter, Daring to Hope, London 2000, 210.

53 Jacques Ellul, Propaganda: The formation of men’s attitudes, New York 1969, 87.

54 ‘The Segregation of Dissent’, Writing by Candlelight, London 1980, 2.

55 The Future of British Foreign Policy, London 1968, 112, 137.

56 Jad Adams, ‘Tony Benn’, Irrepressible Adventures with Britannia, ed. Wm. Roger Louis, 2013, 329.

57 March 1979, paras 30–2: http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/110961

58 Oxford Dictionary of Quotations, 4th edn.