Abstradioa 16

Ackley, D. H., 341

Actuality, 9-10

Albrittoa R∙, 45∏4

Algorithm, level of, 64,245,269

Analytidty, 79-80,143

Anaxagoras, 107

Andersoa J∙, 223,281-282

Anomaly, 137-149.

Aquinas, T., 169,173-174

Arbib, M., 289

Aristotle

and assodationism, 245

and Connectionist computatioα 329

De Anima, 412a6-b9:99n4 and functionalism, 3 Metaphysics, book 7; De Anima, book 2:7-10 and model of Ontiperistasis, 383 and notion of form, 5,99

and relation between thinking and imagination 193

Armstrong, D., 70, 72, 79,88nl

Association. See also Assodationism, Ideas elementary law of, 261 of ideas, 251—254,255-256 laws of, 257 ordinary, or mixed, 265

vs. "scheme", 377

Assodationism, 245-351,322n29,411. See also Connectionism

Athertoa M., 385

Attneave, F., 229

Automatioa See also Computer, Turing machine, Von Neumann machine

abstrad, 71,93,109,120 finite state, 307 probabilistic, 54

Awareness, 213

Bacon, F., 64,196

Baia A., 187,259nl Ball, T. M., 225,232,237 Ballard, D. H., 290-291,330,337 Bannoa L J∙, 237

Behavior, 56. See also Behaviorism behavior dispositioα 57-58 in relation to processing elements, 276-277

Behavioral property, 159

Behaviorism. See also Behavior

and Connectionism, 330,347-348 definitional, 142,143 and holism, 349 logical 4,69,83

qua Sdentific psychology, 170,199-201 vindication of, 347

Behaviorist empiridsts, 378

Belief, 258—259

Berger, T. W., 65

Berkeley, G., 3,15-17,185,186

Berko, J., 287

Block, N., 5,69-90,229

Bobrow, D. G., 225,271

Body, 9

existence of, 180 external (in Hobbes), 11 qua figure (in Descartes), 13 in relation to inteUed, 173 qua machine (in Descartes), 110,112 Sdentific revisions of concept of (in Chomsky), 47-49

Bower, G..

Boyd, R., 88n9

Brain

and descriptional explanatioα 216n7 and symbolic Computatioa 328,407-408 and pineal gland, 112

sensations in relation to, 109,134 traces, 115

Brentano, F., 139

Broadbent, D., 292

Carfantaa M., 242

Camap, R., 52

Causalresponsibility, 151-157,159-161, 164

Causal connectedness, 293

Causality

of a cause, 123

in nature and freedom, 123-132 unconditioned, 124

CausaHon, 103-166. dired, 103 physical 104 mental 160,163 qua relaHoα 256

Cause

and effect, 255

efficient 128

qua faculty, 130

natural, 116,117 occasional 116,117,119 secondary, 117,119 spontaneity of causes, 124-125

Chemistry, psychological 259

Chisolm, R., 69

Choate, P. A., 242

Chomsky, N.

vs. behaviorism, 347

and computational approach to learning, 281

and debate surrounding Fodofs view of private language, 385

discussed by Fodor, 423,425

and hypothesis of "innate fixed nucleus," 382 and materialism, 4

and notion of ideal competence, 326

Putnam's critique of, 397-408

vs. Putnam's hypothesis of "general intelligence," 355-356, 411-422

in reply to Piaget, 393-396

on Sdentffic revisions of concept of body, 47-49 Church, A., 58n

Churchland, P. A., 5,59-67,289,291

Churchland, P. M., 62,63,289

Cognition, 223,269 paradox of, 325-329 microtheory of, 339

Cognitive

architecture, 289-324

equilibration, 383 sdence, 61,272,281,289, 290 structures, 393-396

Cohen, M. A., 341

Cohen, N. J., 65

Compound, 9

Computation

classical theory of, 246,303

Connectionist, 329

symbolic, 328,337

Computer, 75—76. See also Automaton, Computation, Turing machine, Von Neumann machine

classical, 290,385

or computing machine, 91-92 digital, 81—82 languages, 269 and memory, 277

Comte, A., 20

Concept, 51,52

CondiUac, E. B. de, 133

Connectionism, 245-351. Seealso Assodationism Consdousness. See also Introspedion

qua brain-process, 33-39 contents of, 193 disposition of, 195

qua epiphenomenon of brain-state, 104 imagistic view of, 211 origin of, 133 in relation to self-consdousness and introspection, 23-25

state of, 257 stream of, 24

Constituency, 299,334,336 Constructive generalization, 380 Construdivism, 377,379,405 Contradiction, prindple of, 367 Cortex, 199-201 Cosmological ideas, 126 Cummins, R., 63,81 Cybernetics, 345-346

Darwia C., 426 Davidsoa D.

and Fodofs review of his physicalism, 160,162, 164

and mental causatioα 137-149 and relation to Kant, 104

Denis, M. 242 Dennett, D.

and Connedionism, 289

and critique of introspection, 211-216 and functionalism, 92

and "information-flow relations," 81 and "machine language", 408 and mental imagery, 171 and multiple instantiability, 61

Descartes

and automatism, 133-134

Cartesian category-mistake, 27-30 Cartesian concept of second substance, 47-49 "Comments on a Certain Broadsheet," 365-366 and concept of body, 4 and difference between imagination and inteUection, 179-180 and dualism, 3,23,45n and history of philosophy of mind, xi vs. identity theory, 45n4 on innateness qua "power of thinking," 355 Meditations ∏ and VI, Reply to Objections, ∏, 13­14

and mental imagery, 169 and physicalism, 93-94 and soul/body interaction or communication of substances via pineal gland, 103,109-114,119 Desire, 259 Dialedical, 127 Diderot, D., 93-94

Dreams, 176 Dreyfus, H., 289,326 Dreyfus, S., 289,326 Dualism, 3,33

Ego, 195-197 Emotions, 19-20

Enc, B., 62-63 Energy, kinetic, 5

Environment, 200

Epiphenomenalism, 104,151-166,223

"Esse is pertipi," 15-16

Essence, 4,8,9

Euclid, 384

Evolutioa 403,405,418

Existence, 30

Experience, 176

ExplanaHoa 94-95,148nl2

Extensioa 111, 258

Fahlmaa S. E., 289

FarahMJ., 238

Fechner, G., 188 Feldmaa J. A., 291,337 Field, H, 88n5

Finke, R. A., 237,242 FliegeL L, 236,238 Fodor, J.

in relation to Chomsky's view of innateness, 411, 419-420

critique of PDP paradigms in Connectionism, 246, 289-324

and distributed representations, 325-344 in fundamental relation to functionalism, xi, 59-60

and functionalist rejection of physicalism, 70-72 in relation to T. H. Huxley and Kant, 104 and "information-flow relations," 81-82 and language of thought, 355,385-391 and mental causatioα 151-166

and notion of functional organizatioα 92-93 Putnam on Fodofs "tautology," 406-408 in reply to Putnam, 423-426

Form, 99

Formula, 7-9 Freedom, 123-132 autonomy and, 137 definition of, 126 possibility and/or reality of, 132 practical 126-127 transcendental 124,126,132

Freemaa W., 65

Free will 136

vs.

Frege, G., 58n

Freud, S., 24

Functional

correhte, 72-74 isomorphism, 91-93 Organizatioa 54-55,59,92-93,97,99 state vs. brain-state, 55-56 state vs. behavior-dispositioα 57-58 See also Functionalism

Functionalism, 3,4,5,59-89,236

Galileo, 27-28, ÇÎ

Galtoa F., 199

Garda, R., 383 Garfinkel, A., 98 Gasking, D. A. T., 39 Gazzaniga, M. S., 65 Geadi, P., 69 Gemaa D., 341 Gemaa S., 341 Gendroa B., 70 "Ghost in the Machine," dogma of, 26,29 Goldstoa D. B., 242

Goodmaa N., 143,407,415,423 Gould, J. L, 65

Grammar, 393-396 declarative, 409n4 general and philosophical, 47 intrinsic, 400 learning of, 402,416,418,421n9 nature of, 398-399 possible, 412 qua property of languages, 413 Greenough W. T., 65 Grice, H. P., 88nl Grossberg, S., 341 Gupta, M., 326

HaUudnaHoa 190,211,213,214,216n6 Harmaa G., 72,88nl, 385

Harris, Z., 398

Hatfield, G., 289

Hawkins, R. D., 65

Hayes, P.J., 330

Helmholtz, H., 64

Herscovitch P., 65

Hewett, C, 294

Hinrichs, J. V., 242 Hintoa G.

and algorithmic properties of ConnecHonist ComputaHoa 341

in debate with Pylyshya 331 and RincHonalist methodology, 62 and "microfeatures" Ofdistributed

representaHons, 332

and PDP, 245,269-288

and role-specific descriptors, 299

Hirst, W., 65

Hobbes, T.

and assodaHonist "train of thoughts," 245, 247-250,265

and "idenHty theory" of percepHoα 3,11 and mechanisHc view of the mental 27-28 and mental imagery or imaginaHoα 169, 175-177

in objecHon to Descartes, 180

Holism, 143,349

HolisHc mechanisms, 289

HolisHc thinking, 350-351

Holtoa G., 383

Hooker, C., 62 Hopfield, J. J., 341 HomsteiaN., 156-157

Hume, D.

on association of ideas. 255—257

and "atomistic theory" of imagination, 183-185 as founder of association psychology, 195 on relation between perception, memory, and imagination, 169,181,204

Huxley, T.

Idealism, 3,30

Ideas. See also Images

complex, 256,258 connectioα combinatioα or association of,

251-254,255-256

doctrine of abstract, 16

vs. images, 169

vs. impressions, 204

particular, 371 simple, 258

Identity

contingent, 41 theory, 4,138,148n8

Images, 183-191,211. Seealso Ideas

Imaginatioa 15,125,169-242. See also Mental imagery

qua cerebral process, 188

defined by Hobbes, 175-177 dependence on sense, 247 distinction of from sensation, 189 Clistinctionoffromintellect, 174,179-180 qua faculty, 209

vs. imaginations, 187 in relation to memory, 181

Imagining, 203-209, 211-216 InducHon 21,257,259

Inferential coherence, 246

Inhelder, B., 328

Innateness, 355-427

Input-output relations, 69, 76,85-89,340,385, 390nI

Intellect, qua faculty, 173

Intelligence

artificial, 61,318n2,345-351

functioning of, 377

general, 403-404,411-421,426 native, 355

in relaHon to perception and logical inference, 327

IntenHonal

behavior, 147

content, 296

laws, 156-164,164-165n9

psychology, 154

states, 151 system, 302

IntenHonality, as character of the mental, 139 InteracHonism, 103

Intons-Peterson, M. J., 241

Intrapersonal spectrum inversion, 81 IntrospecHon. See also Consciousness

in relaHon to consciousness, 211-216,267

and introspective data, 217,223

qua method, 199-201

qua self-observation or inner life, 23-25

IntuiHoa sensible, 103,125

Isenberg, D., 270

James, W., 169,183-191,245,261-268

Jemigaa T. L., 65

Jolicoeur, P., 236,241

Judgments, 195

Juraska, J. M., 65

Kalke, W., 70

KandeL E. R., 65

Kant, I.

CriHcal philosophy summarized, 103-104

Critique of Pure Reason, 302-303

and historical development of concept of mind, 47 and innateness, 381

and psychology of thinking, 193

"The Third Antinomy," Critique of Pure Reason, 123—132

view of freedom as entailing anomaly, 137,148 Kepler, J., 97-98,99nn,3,4 Kim, J., 20, 71,140

Kirsh, D., 328

Kosslyn, S.

and indiscreteness of mind, 289

and mental scanning, 170-171,223-227,230,

232-238,238nl, 241-242

as "pictorialist," 229

Kripke, S., 4,41-45, 74

Êé³ðå, O., 169,193-197

Lakoff, G., 289

Lange, F. A., 195

Language. See also Grammar, Learning

acquisiHoα 287,309

and grammar, 399

internal 388

learning, 386,4∞-402,404, 412

natural, 300,306,312-313,315,320nll, 387, 399, 400, 414

PDP applicaHons to, 273

physical or mental 104

private, 385-391

Lathaa R∙ L, 65

Lea, G., 225

Learning, 269-288. See also Language computational approaches to, 281 and language acquisitioα 287 laws of, 423 as recollecHoα 357-364

Le Pore, E., 157-162

Lee, K. S, 65

Leibniz, G. W. 103,119-121

Lenneberg, E. H., 382

Lewis, D., 70, 72, 79,80,88nl

Locke, D., 88nl

Locke, J., 186,245,251-254

Lorenz, K., 381-382

Lower, B., 157-1⅛2

Lycan, W. G., 59,64

Lynch G., 65

McClelland, J., 62,245,269-288,291-292,299, 308,328,332

Machine, 97,289. Seealso Automata, Computer, Turing machine, Von Neumann machine

Machine table, 54, 70, 75, 76,92

Malebranche, N., 103,115-118

Maratsos, M., 308

Martia C B., 39

Materialism, 3,4,30,33,44,92,93,136. See also Physicalism, Recluctionism

Matter, 17,116

Meaning, 74,143,194,289

Mechanics

Cartesian and Galileaa 28

contact, 48-49 statistical 5

Melzack, R., 82-83

Memory, 113

content addressability of, 275,277 definition of, 175,176 in relation to imaginatioα 181 long-term, 281

PDP applications to, 273

PDP models of, 245

unit, 279 working, 281

Mental-conduct concepts logic of, 26,29,30 and mental-conduct words, 28

Mental copy, 183. See also Imagination

Mental events, 33,137-149

Mental imagery, 169-242 confusion regarding, 215nl doctrine of, 211,213 in reasoning, 216nl0,229

Mentality, 78,91

Mental life, 91-99

Mental phenomena, qua thoughts, emotions, volitions, sensations, 19-20

Mental rotatioα 217-221,229

Mental scanning, 229-239,241-242

Mental states

and causality, 103-166

and Connectionism, 325-344 within information-processing system, 59 "narrow," 74,80

observation of, 199 qualitative and nonqualitative, 81

MetzlerJ., 170,217-221

Microphysics, 78

MiR J. S., 4,19-21,257-259

Minsky, M., 82,271,345-346,348-350

Mucdolo, L. F., 70

MulHple instantiaHoα 3,5,61,63,66

NageL T., 77,81

Nature, laws of, 123-132 Nelsoa RJ., 71,88nl Nervous system disease, 80 Neural impulses, 74,80,85 Neural mechanisms and assodaHonist psychology

245,261-267 Neurodynamics, 66 Neurons, 74-75,85,98 Neurophysiology, laws of, 53,78 Neuroscience, 61,272,289,331,351 Newell, A., 231,289,294 Newtoa L, 47-49,97,384 Nomological

net, 137-149 sufficiency, 160-161 Normaa D. A., 65,271 Nottebohm, F., 65 Noumenoa 104,129

Occasionalism, 103,116,117,119,134 Oliver, M., 65

Ontological quesHoα 3 Ontology, 140,326,339,390n4

Paia 43,56,57,58nl Papert, S., 246,345-351 Pandlel distributed processing (PDP), 245-246, 269-288

mathematical properties of, 246 models, 272-273,289 and representaHoα 291,345,349 Passions, 15,109-114,115-118 Pasteur, L, 160-161,165nl2 Pea, R., 62 PercepHoa 8,110,211-213,273

vs. logical inference, 327,366 and perceptual compleHoα 275 word, 276,286

Perceptrons, 345,347; definiHon of, 348 Phenomena, 104,128

Phenomenology of mental states, 5 and "phenomenological fallacy," 37 Physical mechanism, 165nl6 Physical theory, 147

Physicalism, 33, 70,87,88n4,151,160,162-164, 165—166nl7. See also Materialism, ReducHonism Physiology, 19-20,37

Piaget, J., 347,355,377-384,393-394,404-406 Picturing, 203-209 Pillsbury, W. B., 273 Pinealgland, 103,111-114

Pinker, S., 237,242 Pitcher, G., 88nl Place, U. T., 4,33-39 Plato, 103,107-108,193,355,357-364 Posner, M. L, 62 "Pre-established harmony," 103,120-121,134 Priestley, J., 48

Property, 51

Psychofunctionalism, 72, 78-81,83 Psychogenesis of knowledge, 377-384,396 Psychology

a priori, 72 associationist, 195,197 cognitive, 61,82,289 computational, 151,156,289 cross-world, 85 empirical 71-72 experimental 193,195 folk, 289

Gestalt, 47,320nl5 laws of, 163-164 subject of, 257 universal, 84

Purposiveness, 103

Putnam, H.

and antireductionism in functionalism, 59-61 as ⅛itic of behaviorism, 69-70 definition of soul as Turing machine, 51-58 discussed by Chomsky, 411-421 discussed by Fodor, 423-426 as empirical functionalist, 72 and hypothesis of "general intelligence," 356, 397-409

and multiple instantiation argument, 5 and "narrow" mental states, 74 and psychofunctionalism, 85 in relation to Aristotle, 4

Pylyshyn, Z.

and critique of mental scanning and mental imagery, 170—171,223,229-239,241

and critique of PDP paradigm in Connectionism, 246,289-324,325-344

and rejection of reductionism, 60-61

Qualia, xi, 79,81-83

and Absent Qualia Argument, 78,83,88n6 inverted, 81,88nl0

qua nonpsychological phenomena, 82-83 Qualities

primary, 17 secondary, 17 sensible, 11 transmission of, 120

Quine, W. V. O., 79,149nl5

Ragade, R., 326

Raichle, M. E., 65

Ramsey

functional correlate, 72-73, 74

method, 70 sentence, 72-73

Reason, Kant's definition of, 131-132 Redintegration, 262-266

Reductioa 5,58

empirical, 52 intertheoretic, 62,64

ReducHonisra 59-67, 96.141.142

ReducHve analysis, 51

Reiser, B. J., 225,232,237,238

RehHons, 255-256

Remembrance, 248

RepresentaHoa 11,281

active, 280

atomic, 301

complex mental 295-296 distributed, 325,330,337,342n7 internal structure of mental 311,317 and TepresentaHonalism, 291-292 structured, 341

theory of mental 306

Richardson, R., 63

Richmaa C. L, 242

Rigid designators, 42-43

Rosenberg, C. R., 341

Rosenbhtt, F., 348

Rosenthal R., 232

Rosnow, R. L, 232

Rousseaa J∙-J∙. 47

Rumelhart, D.

CriHtized by Fodor and Pylyshya 291-293,299, 308

in debate with Pylyshya 331-332

and HrncHonalist methodology, 62 and PDP, 245,269-288,328

Russell, B., 88n4

Ryder, J. M., 270

Ryle, G., 4,23-31,33,170,203-210

Schank, R. C, 271

Schneider, W., 289

Schopenhauer, A., 193 Schottler, F., 65 Schwartz, R., 385 SchweikertJ., 270 Sejnowski, T. J., 289,341 Self-ObservaHoa 193-197

Sellars, W., 88nl

SemanHcs

combinatorial, 294

in Connectionism, 296-297 learning of, 402,421n9 of proposiHonal calculus, 399

SensaHoa 13,19-20

Sense, Hobbesian definiHon of, 11

Shepard, R., 170,217-222,229

Shorter,!. M., 212

Sherringtoa C, 37

Shoemaker, S., 70, 72, 79,88nl

Shortclifie, E. H., 326

Siga 249

Simoa H. A., 231

SimuhHon model 277

Slote, M., 45n

Smart, J. J. C, 39,55, 72,88nl

Smolensky, P., 246,291,298,315,318na3,4, 320nl4,325—344

Socrates, 107,355,357-364

Soul 3,4,8-10,92-94,98,104,109-114,135, 196 attributes of, 13^ definition of, 9 distinction of from body, 14 functions of, 110 immortality of, 30 qua indivisible, 111, 113 and innate knowledge, 364,367 qua perceiving being, 15 rejection of, 201 qua solitary, 25,109,126,357 union of soul and body, 115-118

Spirit, 15-16 animal HO, 112

Squire, L R., 65

Stimuhtioa 212-213 Stich,S., 156,291 Structural

implementation of mind-braiα 64 structure-function distinctioa 65

Substance

Aristoteliaa 7-9 material 4 mental or thinking, 14 qua spiritual or perceiving, 16,99,119-120 Substratum, 16 Synapse, 78 Syntax

combinatorial 294,319n9 in Connectionism, 296-297

Taine, H. A, 184-185 Tarskl A, 142 Taylor, C, 140 Thermodynamics, theory of, 5 Thinking

innate power of, 365 psychology of, 193-197 "train of thoughts," 247,261

Thomsoa R- F., 65

Time, qua condition of phenomena, 128 Tolmaa E. C, 33

Tulving, E, 65

Turing machine, 5,54, 70, 71, 74-77,91-92, 95-96,289-290,293,303-304,307,319n5. See also Automata, Computer, Von Neumann machine

Turkle, S., 349

Understanding, 177

Van Leha K., 331 Volitioa 19-20,135 Volkmar, F. R., 65 Volpe, B., 62,65 Von Foerster, H., 383 Von Neumann machine, 64,95,289-290,293, 303,304. See also Automata, Computer, Turing machine

Walker, ECT., 270

Wanner, E., 308

WarreaR. M., 273

Watsoa l, 170,199-201,291,347

Weiskrantz, L, 65

Whitehead, A N., 88n4

Wiggins, D., 45α 88nl

Will in relation to desire, 110-111,131

Winstoa P. H., 281

Wittgensteia L, 33,213,215n8,406,424

Zadeh, L A, 326 Zoh-Morgaa S., 65