First aid for injuries

Injury is an open lesion with violation of the integrity of the skin or mucous membranes, and sometimes deeper tissues as a result of mechanical action.

Depending on the hurt object, injuries are divided into cut, stab, chopped, bruised, ripped, etc.

Symptoms of injury: pain, diverging wound edges and bleeding.

First aid:

> bleeding stop

> protection of the injury from secondary infection

> easing of pain.

Bleeding:

Arterial bleeding occurs when the arteries are damaged. The blood flows out in a pulsating stream of crimson color. Wounds of large arteries (femoral, humeral) are always dangerous for life.

Venous bleeding is formed when a large vein is injured and is characterized by a slow calm stream of dark cherry color. When injuring the cervical veins, air is often sucked in, which, causing the blockage of blood vessels, can lead to death.

Capillary bleeding accompanies the wounding of the smallest blood vessels. The blood oozes on the entire damaged surface. Bleeding from capillaries and small vessels stops spontaneously.

Methods of temporary stop bleeding:

1. giving the affected organ (limb) an elevated position (relative to the level of the heart)

2. clamping of vessels - in the wound with the help of pressure bandage; flexion of the limb; finger pressing; application of hemostatic tourniquet.

Errors when applying tourniquet or twist:

> applying tourniquet without sufficient indications;

> applying tourniquet to the exposed skin;

> wrong choice of the location of the tourniquet;

> wrong degree of its tightening;

> absence of the note on the time of its application;

> delay with the evacuation of the victim.

Injury infection control is conducted by aseptic and antiseptic methods.

Aseptics is a set of measures aimed at eliminating germs before they enter the wound.

Antiseptics is a set of methods and ways aimed at weakening or complete elimination of microbes in the wound:

> mechanical - removal of fragments of object, scraps of clothing, soil, etc. on the wound surface with the help of gauze;

> physical - the difficulty of penetration of microbes into the depths of tissues in the case of application of the aseptic hygroscopic cotton-gauze dressing;

> chemical - filling the wound surface with penicillin or sulfonamide powder;

> biological - the use of tetanus antiserum, etc.

Most bleeding occurs from the front of the nose and does not pose a serious threat. Bleeding from the back of the nose is dangerous because the blood can get into the throat and cause nausea and choking. Therefore, the advice to tilt your head back and lie on your back - are questionable.

First aid:

1. It is better for the victim to sit, slightly bending forward, slightly tilting his head and opening his mouth - so that he can breathe freely.

2. It is better to breathe through the nose - the incoming air will dry the blood and speed up its clotting.

3. Strongly, but gently squeeze the nose from both sides under the cartilage with the thumb and forefinger. Put cold compress on the top of the nose. Use pressure and compress continuously for 6-8 minutes.

4. Natural remedies: put the tampon steeped with the solution of vinegar, yarrow solution or juice, shepherd's purse with little water.

Internal bleeding occurs in the case of rupturing an artery, vein, capillaries or the combination of these causes. They appear in the form of bruises and hematomas.

Symptoms of internal bleeding:

> coffee-ground vomit;

> dark or red urine;

> blood-red or black feces;

> vacillating, too slow or too fast pulse;

> feeling of anxiety, fear;

> paleness, cold and damp skin, dizziness, weakness;

> distended, swollen or hard abdomen, pain in the abdomen.

First aid for internal bleeding:

1. Control the victim's breathing and pulse.

2. Unbutton the clothes, look for other possible injuries.

3. Complete rest to the victim.