Index

A

adaptation 28, 258-60, 268

adaptive behaviour 8, 30, 55-6, 92-4, 260, 269, 286-7

adaptive dynamics 265-7

adaptive evolution 258, 265-70

age or stage structure 139, 207, 256, 279, 282 Allee Effect 59-60, 206-7

alternative outcomes 5, 35, 48, 58, 72, 86, 88, 92-3,

96, 109, 112, 116-17, 136, 139, 155, 166, 173, 182-91, 194-97, 200-5, 207, 209, 212, 214, 216-21, 223-30, 237, 241, 244-5, 272, 280, 284

apparent competition; see competition, apparent Armstrong-McGehee model 6, 27, 38,

53, 59, 125-6, 131, 175, 210-13,

219, 231, 255

attack rate 43, 54, 94, 96, 97, 118-20, 122, 126-7, 177, 195, 199, 244

B

behavioural effects 30, 35-6, 41, 50, 54-5, 85, 89,

93, 96, 103, 150, 246, 253, 260, 286, 288

C

character displacement (general) 161, 261-70 apparent competitive 270-1

convergent 146-7, 161, 261, 263, 269-70 divergent 261-70

models of 262-4

parallel 270, 272

chemostat model 26, 52-4, 77, 89, 124, 174, 178, 201-2, 287

citation analysis 8, 9, 66-7, 289

coexistence 5-7, 9-10, 27-8, 47-9, 51, 53, 57-61,

66-7, 69-72, 76-7, 97, 102, 112-20, 122, 125-6, 128, 130-4, 144-9, 152, 157, 160-2, 165, 172-80, 184-7, 188-220, 209-32, 234-40, 241-4, 251-6, 267-8

bandwidth 70-1, 241

definition of 13-28, 47

neutral 6, 160-2 competition (interspecific)

apparent 16, 23-4, 41-2, 49, 51, 53, 60, 63, 65, 67, 71, 75, 79-81, 96, 101-8, 110-17, 119-21, 125-6, 130-32, 136, 149-50, 164, 260, 262, 267-8, 270-2, 291

asymmetric 37-8, 51, 136, 161-2, 189, 198, 263, 264, 273

contest 260, 273

defined 13-28

exploitative 3, 6, 19-20, 29, 41, 48-50, 97, 137-8, 205, 241, 243, 248, 259, 272-3, 275

interference 15, 19-20, 41, 48, 55, 81, 84, 89, 137-8, 151-2, 163-6, 169, 177, 188, 205, 241-4, 259-60, 264, 269, 272-3, 279, 282, 285-6

intransitive 28, 60, 137

multi-species 5, 17, 28, 35, 58, 60, 64, 67-70, 72-3, 76-7, 111-2, 121, 125, 128, 137-8, 144, 145-6, 149-50, 155, 197-9, 206, 230, 231-2, 244

nonlinear 17, 25, 27, 36, 51-53, 55-61, 68, 72-4, 76, 77, 85, 89, 109, 122-5, 126-8, 133, 139, 148, 151, 153, 155, 204, 209-32, 241, 251, 290

plant 3, 18, 23, 51, 57, 74-5, 78, 84, 154, 156-7, 237

competition coefficient 5, 6, 8, 37, 43, 46, 48,

53, 111, 121-9, 133-6, 138, 140, 145-9, 151, 153-4, 164, 194-5, 231, 244-5, 262,

274, 284

definition 5

general formula 36-9

MacArthur formula 42-4

competitive exclusion; see exclusion conversion rate or efficiency 42, 56, 76,

114-5, 133, 151, 175, 177-8, 270,

275, 286

seasonal variation in 195-7, 205, 213, 255

D

density dependence 14, 28, 52-3, 68, 72-4, 80-3, 85-90, 92-3, 99, 101-2, 110, 116, 121-3, 147, 161, 163-5, 205, 258, 280, 286, 291; see also intraspecific competition

diamond food web 97,99-100,254

differential equation model 12,48, 58-9, 139, 175, 256, 262

dispersal; see movement

discrete time models 87, 262

E

ecology textbooks 13, 15, 20-2, 29, 41, 80, 82, 101, 278

exclusion 47-9, 71-2, 102

of competitors 5-7, 9, 43, 60, 65, 66-7, 107, 109, 111-21, 137, 144, 147, 149, 154-5, 160, 170, 173, 175, 177, 182, 184-5, 187-191, 194, 196-204, 207, 209, 212, 214-21, 223-7, 229, 235, 237, 242-5, 272, 280

of resources 42, 71, 85, 94, 96, 107, 110, 111-21, 124-6, 130-3, 136, 138, 150, 263, 285, 291

F

fisheries 2, 45, 52, 82, 101, 283, 292

fitness 27, 54, 71, 76, 139, 143, 146, 149,

151, 153-4, 180-2, 192, 205, 219, 236, 244-8, 251-3, 261, 263, 265, 268-9, 274, 284

food web 8-9, 23, 29-33, 46, 50-1, 55, 72-4, 77, 81-2, 84, 86, 88, 97, 99-100, 101, 102-3, 116, 138, 150, 162-70, 246, 254, 256, 258, 268, 274-5, 281-2, 284-8

frequency dependence 253, 265

functional response 11, 25, 26-7, 35, 50, 61, 73-4, 75, 76, 77, 89, 110, 139, 147-8, 150, 209-10, 214-18, 253, 282, 284, 285, 286, 287, 289 consumer dependent 55, 64, 104 decreasing 91, 270 linear (type I) 42, 58, 81, 89, 93, 97, 99-100, 114, 138, 146, 151, 178, 202, 222, 258, 262, 264, 278, 290

non-traditional 93, 151, 292 predator-dependent 152; see also competition, interference

saturating (type II) 38, 46, 59, 85-6, 90, 91, 92, 96, 98, 102, 104, 106-7, 110, 124, 125-37, 177, 201, 203-4, 211-13, 214-8, 226-30, 231, 253-5, 256, 264, 271, 278, 279

sigmoid (type III) 90, 175, 283

switching 55, 94, 97

G

Gause, G.

H

hermit crabs 63, 157-60

competition for shells 157-60 shell fighting 158-9

higher-order interaction 67, 73-4, 76, 149, 281 hydra effect 37-8, 83, 86, 88, 90-1, 93, 99, 105, 107, 126, 136, 212, 258

I

immigration 34, 36, 37, 48-9, 59-60, 90, 92,

94-5, 97, 111-20, 133, 135, 178, 186-7, 203, 213-14, 233, 235, 279, 285, 291

intraspecific competition 5, 8, 14, 27-9, 33, 39, 53,

56-7, 65, 73-5, 79-101, 109, 125, 128, 152, 154, 157-9, 161, 163, 170, 177, 188, 205, 212, 216, 235, 237-41, 246, 254, 260, 262, 264, 269-70, 272-3, 279-80, 286, 291; see also density dependence

intraspecific variation 256, 259, 261, 266, 273, 282 invasion analysis 5, 47-8, 59-61, 69-70, 76, 114,

118, 176, 180-4, 187, 189-91, 199, 202, 204, 206, 230, 234-5, 245, 263

isocline 5, 58-9, 61, 69, 290-1

L

limiting similarity 70, 138, 145, 147-9 logistic model 4-7, 9, 11, 15, 28, 37, 42, 45, 52-4,

68, 73, 75, 81, 83, 85-6, 88, 89-91, 94-5,

97, 98, 99, 101, 103, 122, 125, 126, 129, 132, 138, 146, 147, 153, 174, 177-8, 201, 203, 211, 213-14, 220-1, 231, 255, 264

theta logistic model 85-7,90,92, 116, 122,241, 286

Lotka-Volterra model 3, 21, 25-6, 28,35,37-9,40,

42-3, 48-9,52-3, 58, 63, 68, 109-10, 111-12, 120, 137, 172-3, 194, 204-5, 206, 245, 254, 258, 262, 277-8, 280-1, 284-5, 289, 290

M

MacArthur, Robert 7-8, 16-17, 26,49, 58, 91, 99, 144, 146, 147-9, 150, 153-4, 156, 160, 231, 258, 262, 263, 279, 280

MacArthur consumer-resource model 8, 10,

16-17, 21, 26, 33, 37, 42-5, 47, 49, 52-3,

56, 58, 61, 68, 72, 76, 81, 109, 110, 111-13, 120-1, 122-4, 126, 130, 133, 136, 138, 139, 140-1, 146, 151, 162-4, 171, 173-5, 176-8, 178-82, 184-5, 188, 192, 194-5, 200, 203,

205, 207, 237, 239-40, 242, 248, 250-2, 278, 284, 286, 287, 289-90 metapopulation/metacommunity 48,61, 111,116, 178, 186, 224, 234-56

microbe 157, 275

‘Modern Competition Theory' 67, 70-2, 120, 187 mortality rate 28, 34, 36-9, 41, 43-7, 81, 83-100, 104-5, 109, 112-14, 119, 122-4, 126-8, 130-6, 148, 155, 161, 163, 164-6, 169, 175, 177, 180, 188-9, 191, 192-5, 201-4, 210-4, 216, 218-9, 224, 225-30, 235, 239-45, 249-52, 255, 264-6, 272-5, 285-6 movement 48, 75, 112, 157, 159, 234, 237-56

N

neutral parameter 30, 34-40, 47, 83-5, 102-5, 110-11, 117, 119, 121, 124, 130-1, 133, 138, 146, 150, 164-5, 169, 210-12, 231, 235, 237, 238, 248-9, 264, 267, 271, 285, 291

non-neutral parameter 139-40, 283 numerical response 50, 53, 56-7, 61, 64, 75, 81, 222-6, 285

nutritional interaction 55, 56, 57, 74, 77, 81, 94, 99, 137, 139, 146, 151, 268-9, 273, 275

O

overexploitation 140, 238, 251

P

phytoplankton 27, 157, 231, 275, 280, 282 plant competition; see competition, plant population structure 40-1, 139, 207, 256, 274, 281 posteriority effect 115,120

predation 13, 16, 22, 29-30, 35, 41, 51, 54, 75, 80, 85, 99, 105, 108, 254, 268, 270-1, 288

effect on competition 99 instability of 26, 34, 38, 46, 47, 53-4, 59, 83, 91, 94, 96, 97, 103, 104-7, 126, 132, 134-5, 136, 165-6, 168-9, 253-6, 260, 264, 267-8

R

r and K selection 85, 264 relative nonlinearity 10, 67, 175, 205, 209-32 resource

abiotic 25-6, 52, 68, 74, 76, 77, 79, 81, 85-6, 89-90, 91, 114, 117, 124, 125, 147, 158, 174, 178, 201-2, 204, 210, 213, 230, 241, 251, 258, 259, 284, 286, 287

biotic 25, 27, 48, 50, 52-3, 77, 86, 89, 93, 99, 107, 111-12, 117, 122, 132, 140, 150, 163, 178, 203, 210, 213-4, 222, 230, 252, 258, 260, 284, 286, 287, 289

complementary 268

definition 3,49

essential 57, 74, 77, 94, 137, 151, 268-9, 274 exclusive 46, 65, 71, 114, 116, 117-19, 131, 133-6, 230, 285

interaction between 10, 30, 50-1, 71, 94, 97, 103, 105, 108, 110, 124, 126, 164, 165, 256, 258, 265, 287; see also competition, apparent substitutable (or not) 54, 56, 81, 94, 110, 138-9, 146, 151, 264, 268-70, 273, 274, 286

S

storage effect 10, 67, 175, 205, 207, 209-10, 231 switching 55, 92, 94, 96-8, 103, 105, 107, 139, 246, 268, 270

T

theory in ecology

criticism of 1, 2, 3-4, 7, 9, 10, 17, 28, 39, 51, 63-78, 80, 102-3, 110-11, 120, 125, 139-40, 148, 152, 153-4, 160, 162, 175, 257-9, 275, 277-93

prediction and 1, 2, 109, 277-83, 290-3 purpose of 1, 10, 11, 24, 278

‘testing' of 7, 9-10, 143, 155, 277-8, 281-2, 292 time lag 41, 83, 173, 288 tradeoff 260, 262

transient dynamics 85, 92, 185, 190, 248, 284 trophic levels 4, 18-9, 29-30, 50-1, 55, 72, 75, 77, 79, 81, 84, 86, 101-2, 108, 116, 160, 162-9, 246, 253-4, 256, 268, 273, 280, 282, 283-4, 286, 287-8, 291-2