Conclusions
The main concern here has been to outline the development of Islam in Western Europe during the last quarter of a century. Some of the implications of this development both for the wider society as a whole and for second generation Muslims in particular who form a majority of the estimated six million Muslims in Western Europe, have also been considered.
And while there is much that is uncertain about the future shape and orientation of this community what is clear from the very fact alone that so many of its members are European by birth, education and in other ways, is that Islam has moved during the past twenty-five years from the position of an exotic appendage to an established component of Western European society, thereby adding to its already considerable ethnic, cultural and religious resources and complexity.Further Reading
Three of the most valuable sources of information on contemporary Islam in Europe are:
Abedin, S.Z. (ed.) Journal (Institute of Muslim Minority Affairs, Umram Pubheations, London)
Nielsen, J.S. (ed.) News of Muslims in Europe (Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham)
----- (ed.) Muslims in Europe, Research Papers (Centre for the Study of Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Selly Oak Colleges, Birmingham)
Other useful references include:
Antes, P. and Kreiser, K. ‘Muslims in Germany—German Muslims?’ inJ.S. Nielsen (ed.) Muslims in Europe, Research Papers, no. 28 (Dec. 1985)
Anwar, Μ. The Myth of Return. Pakistanis in Britain (Heinemann, London, 1979) and Garaudy, R. ‘Social and Cultural Perspectives on Islam in Western Europe’ inJ.S. Nielsen (ed.) Muslims in Europe, Research Papers, no. 24 (1984)
Bennigsen, A. and Lemercier-Quelquejay, C. LTslam en Union Sovietique (Payot, Paris, 1968)
----- Les Musulmans oublies.
LTslam en Union Sovietique (PCM/petite collection mas- pero, Paris, 1986)----- and Galiev, Sultan Le Pere de la revolution tiers-mondiste (Fayard, Paris, 1986) and Windbush, S. Muslim National Communism in the Soviet Union. A Revolution
ary Strategy for the Colonial World (University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 1979) Dassetto, F. and Bastinier, A. LTslam transplants (Editions EPO, Bruxelles, 1984) Krieger-Krynicki, A. Les Musulmans en France (Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris, 1985) Lamand, F. LTslam en France (Albin Michel, Paris, 1986)
Malewska-Peyre, H. Crise d’identite et deviance chez les jeunes immigres (Documentation Frangaise, Paris, 1981)
Mince, J. La Generation suivante (Flammarion, Paris, 1986)
Morsy, Μ. (ed.) Les Nords Africains en France (CHEAM, Paris, 1984)
Nielsen, J.S. ‘Muslim Immigration and Settlement in Britain’ inJ.S. Nielsen (ed.)
Muslims in Europe, Research Papers, no. 21 (March 1984)
Rocher L. and Cherqaoui, FatimaD’unefot à l’autre. Les conversions à l’IsIam en Occident (Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1986)
Wallraff, G. Tòte de Ture (La Decouverte, Paris, 1986)
The author would like to thank the Leverhulme Trust for the award of a fellowship which enabled him to carry out much of the research contained in this chapter.