INDEX

Note: Page numbers in “italics” and “bold” represents figures and tables in text.

2011 Census Operations, events against tribal religions 420-421

2011 Indian Census 430

Aana kudma 342

Abbelah 383 abhujmadia 340 aboriginal worship 117

Abrahamic religions 368

Achebe, Chinua 275, 299

Achrael 103

Adi Dharam 435

Adi Dharam:Bhartiya Adivasion ke Dharmika Astha 419

Adi ecoethics 299; black moments 304; chants 302; chieftain 302; evil spirits 303-304; journey to snow mountains 303; justice 303; shaman/miri dances 302; tribe’s existence/ habitation 302

Adivasis 406-409, 420, 430; detribalisation 410-411; identity 410-411; Mahasabha 414; voice and resistance 409-410

Adiyan 357

agamas 403n8

Agarathiappan 393-394

Agnihotram Ramanujam Tathachariaar 400

Agrawal, Seema 11

agricultural tribes 3 agriculture-based seasonal festivals, Ahom

31-33

Ahom, Assam: agriculture-based seasonal festivals 31-33; ancestor worship 33-36; Bihu see Bihu; birth rituals 36; culture and rituals 31; death ritual 38-39; fights and wars 31; hinduisation 8, 14n3; marriage

37; migration 30, 31; Neo-Vaishnavism movement 31; traditions 31

Aiyappan, A.

Akhil Adivasi Dharma Parishad (Tribal Religion

Council) 409

Akhil Bhartiya Adivasi Mahasaba 421 Akhil Bhartiya Adivasi Vikas Parishad

(Jharkhand) 409 Amapandum 346-347 Amba Devi 339

Ameoyan 194

Amus (Hariyali) 345 Anangabhimadeva III 129, 130 ancestor worship, Ahom: chang-phi ren 33,

34; chao-phi-dam 33; chi-ren-dam (ancient spirits) 33; community level worshiping 34; ghai-dam (principal spirits) 33; griha-dam 33; Holita Joluwa 34; jakarura dam 33; Kin-on- Meu or Na-Khuwa 35; Me-Dam-Me-Phi 35; na dam (new spirits) 33; Umpha Puja 35-36 Anchilla Kurichiyan 358 Angadev 348 Angami ecoethics: agricultural rituals 306;

animal ethics 306-307; geida ritual 306; geisu ruotho ritual 306; heart stone 307-308; marriage 305; moral ways of living 305; obligations and mannerisms 305; rhoutho ritual 306; spirits 307, 308; widow-women spirit 308

Angarmotimata 349 Anglo-Burmese War 1824 210 animism 95, 141-143, 145, 148, 241, 252n10,

297, 322, 348, 395, 396 annual harbora (bone immersion) ceremony 102 anthropocentrism 297 anti-conversion laws 412

Apouna/Ragwang (good spirit) 54 Arrow of God (Achebe) 299 Arthington Aborigines Mission 180, 202n16 Article 19 (2) 419

Article 25(1) of the Indian constitution 414 Arunachal Pradesh: Abbelah 383; christianity

379; conversion processes 379; death anniversary ritual 382; Hindu religion 379; Idu Mishmis 382-385; Institution of Igu 380-383; Nani Initaya religious movement 383-385; [P]atient-[S]haman-[S] pirit relationship 382, 384; Shamanism 378, 379; Shamans 377-378, 380-383; tribal religions 379 aryanisation 117-118, 130 Ashmani Mata 317

Ashwin month 323n3 Assam: Ahom see Ahom, Assam; geographical composition of 30; history of 30

Asur tribe 429, 436-438 autochthonous deities 128 ayu tula/pani tula ceremony 37 Ayyanar 403n10

backward hindus 271 bagh badhon mantra 70 Bainbridge, William Sims 369 Baines, J.A.

Bakarwals 8; Baisakhi 42; birth rituals

44; cultural traits 42; death rituals 46; marriage rituals 44-45; migrations 43; Niaz 43; population 42; religiosity, changing dimensions 48-49; religious festivals 42; shrine in Mathar region 44; taboos related to animals 48; taboos related to birth 47; taboos related to daily life 48; taboos related to death 47-48; taboos related to marriage 47 Bakshi, C.B. 420 Bal, Bijoy 290 Balanipata 116 Bampton, William 132 Bamuniya Niyam (Brhamanical precept) 39 Banbuddhi 48 bangari (marriage ceremony of paddy

seedlings) 101 Baptist Church of Mizoram (BCM) 181 Barada 125n8

Barada Devi 116 Barua, T.K. 70, 123 Bates, Crispin 430 Bateson, Gregory 298 Bawi system 180 Beglar, J.D. 119

Behera, M.C. 8

Belief (Goldstick) 81

Beliefs: A Theoretically Unnecessary Construct? (Osterholm) 82

Bentick, Lord William 132

Berger, Peter L. 222 Beteille, Andre 321, 378, 431 Bhabha, Homi K. 321 Bhadrapada 323n2 Bhagatisation 267 ‘Bhagat’ movement 2, 262, 408 Bhagavatas 137n3

Bhairuji/Bhairav Ji Maharaj 319 Bhaksar, Rajeev 356

Bhakti Hinduism 128

Bhakti movement 268 Bhanguriya Fair 261, 262 Bhanja, Pratapa Dhananjaya 122 Bhasin, V. 314, 339 Bhattacharyya,nN. 118

Bhelwa Phadi ritual see Dandakatta rituals Bhil tribe 3, 259, 407

Bhonsle, Raghuji 129 Bhowmick, K. 413 Bhowmik, P.K. 338 Bible 199, 209, 211, 246 biching 227

Bihu 40n1; Bohagi Bidai/Phato Bihu 32; Chera Bihu 32; Chip-song-ka/Kati Bihu 32; Chot Bihu 32; Goru Bihu 32; Mai Ko Chung Phai/ Meji Joluwa Utsav/Magh Bihu 32; Manuh Bihu 32; Mela Bihu 32; Poi-Chankien/Bohag Bihu 31-32; Senehi Bihu 32

Bird-David, Nurit 377

Birsa Munda movement 372 Bisnu/Bonchanu/Manchanu (good spirit) 54 Bisu-Sikar (summer hunting) 100

Biswal, Shiva 290 Blackburn, S.H. 379

The Black Hill (Dai) 299-302 Bodo traditional religion 371 Bohagi Bidai/Phato Bihu 32 Bolanipat 119

Bonda tribe: animal sacrifice 288; birth and settlement of 276-277; Chaitra festival 281; Christian missionaries 283; communal feasting 288; communal living 285-286; customs 279, 280; Dombs 288, 290; education 291-292; foreigners 290; gods and spirits 286; Griha Prabesha 281; harvest festival 282; house warming 281; infusion of hinduism 282-283; intrusion of outsiders 275; lower Bonda 276, 289, 290; Magh festival 281; marriage 279-281; mortgage 287; murdering dhangras 289; mythology of 277; naming ceremony 279; natural law 289; new gods 292-293; oath taking ceremony 286; offerings 278; position of women 284; project leaders 288-290; Pusa festival 281; relationship with environment 287-288; relationship with god and supernatural 277­279; selani dingo 279; swearing ceremonies 286; upper Bondas 290; violence and killing 284-285; wild dhangras 289; women’s attire 283-284; women’s attitude 289; women’s dress code 288

Boodoo, Gerald M.

Bose, N.K. 321, 410, 411 Bowrey, Thomas 131 Boyd, Robin 202n19 Bradley, Ian 297 Brahma, Kalicharan 371 Brahma movement 371 Brahmanical Hinduism 395 Brahmanical ideology 424 brahminisation 117-118 Brahmotsavam 400 Brown, Nathan 208, 210 Brownlow, H. 136 Bruton, William 131 Buchanan, Claudius 131 Buddhist Jatakas 116 Buddhist literatures 2 Buddhist tribe 4 Buller, Charles 132 Burman, J.J. Roy 339

Cain, T. 28 Canticle of the Sun (Francis) 298 Car festival of Jagannath 130-132; self­immolation of pilgrims 131, 132

Cauveri, B. 11 Census Act 140 Census Schedule 140, 143 Chakan-Gaan-Ngai/Gaan-Ngai: Nap-Chan (the

fifth day of the festival) 59-60; Ngai-ba (the fourth day of the festival) 59; Ngai-Dai (the second day of the festival) 58; Ngai-Gangmei (the first day of the festival) 57; Tuna-gan- ngai (the third day of the festival) 58-59 Chakraborty, R.A. 321 Chakraborty, Utpal Kumar 9 chalk-long 37 Champei (goddess of birds and animals) 55-56 Chandi spirit 104 Chandramouli, C. 421 Chandravamsi 118 Changdon Ngai festival 63 chang kut festival 224

chang lhakou (invoking souls of the paddy) ritual 222, 224-225, 232-233

chang-phi ren 33, 34 chao-phi-dam 33 chaos sorcerer 68

Characheng 10, 251n2; charuidih 241-242; demigods 241; gennas 242; Heraka 239, 240, 242-243, 248-251, 252n3; religious life 242; Supreme Being 241; taniya 241; Ting-kadi­maina (God-world-humans) 242; Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (TRC) 239, 242-243, 248-251, 251n5; worship place 242

Charter Act of 1813 410

Charu/Choru 346 charuidih 241-242 Chatterjee, Soumita 9 Chauhan, Fatehsinh 259 Chera Bihu 32 Chetia, Umesh 31 Chhatrapati, Sahu (king of Kolhapur) 339 chhim (barrenness in woman) ritual 226, 236n12, 236n15

Chhota Udepur Adivasis 263 chipee 195

Chip-song-ka/Kati Bihu 32 chi-ren-dam (ancient spirits) 33 Cholanaickan 360

Chopans 41 Chophy, Kanato 12 Chot Bihu 32

Choudhury, Sutapa 9

Christianity in Khasi Hills: acceptance of 210, 211; Age of Discovery 206; counter reactions 216-217; disposal of the dead 214-215; ethics and principles 207; growth and development of 210; historiography 209, 210; history of 208-210; Imperial Powers 208; indigenous music 216; language 211; marriage and kinship, changes in 213-214; matrilineal system 212-213; other cultural traits 215-216; political scenario 208; reactions and responses 211; Roman Catholic Church 219n4; Serampore Baptist Mission 210; Seventh-day Adventist mission 219n4; Sunday 217; Welsh Presbyterian Foreign Mission 210; on women and their role in Church 208

Christian Peace Committee 186n4 chum phun ban phi (ancestor worship) 38 Chung Pathen (Supreme Being) 227, 229, 234 church-state relationship, Mizoram: advent of christianity 180-181; denominational groups 185, 186n6; Mizo National Front (MNF) Government 181-183; Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitu Committee (MKHC) 183, 184, 186n7; Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control Act (MLPC) Act, 2014 182, 183; Mizoram Liquor Total Prohibition (MLTP) Act, 1995 182; pastors and church leaders in active politics 184; peace and tranquillity 179; Presbyterian Church of Mizoram (PCM) 182; role of church 181-182; secularism 179, 180, 185n1; spiritual counselling and guidance 184; Zoram People Movement (ZPM) 182

Civilising Mission 5 clan exogamy 37 Codding, Brian F.

Colney, Zosangliana 186n9 colonisation 241, 298-299 conservation-cum-development (CCD) plan 432 conversion of tribes to christianity 13n2 Cosmic Christ 298

cosmic sorcerer 68 Covid-19 294 criminal tribes 134 Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1871 14n4, 71, 133-134

Criminal Tribes Act (CTA) of 1911 14n4 cultural assimilation 2 cultural integration 2 cultural interactions 1-2 Cunningham, Alexander 42 Cutters, Oliver 208

Dai, Mamang 299 Daitapatis 125n23 Dakshin Bastar Dantewada (DBD) 340, 341 Dalton, Edward Tuite 95, 118 Dampapu-Dampapui (god and goddess of creation) 55

danda-katta ceremony 97, 102, 108 Dandakatta rituals: Arwa tikhil/unboiled

rice 332; Bhelwa branches 333; chants 331-332; Chullha khajja/soil form hearth 332; community performance of 335; cow dung/gobari 333, 334; egg of fowl 332; Hadiya 333; Hindu gods 334; Koila/charcoal powder 333; materials 327, 328; method of performance 329, 334; ritual objects 334; steps followed 329-330; sup/winnowing basket 333; symbols 332-335; Tokna 330­331; worship of Dharmesh 327, 328, 334 Darogahs 135, 136 Das, A.K. 339 Das, Jamini Mohan 116, 117 Das, Nigamananda 11 Dash, Jagannath 116 Dasha Mata 269

Davidson, R.M. 70

Deb, D. 339 Debauchery 24 decolonial thinking 10 decolonisation 10

Dehon, P. 95 demonstration effect 2 denotified/nomadic tribes see Waddars;

Yerukulas

denotified tribe (DNT) 71

Deo, Biswanath (Raja of Jeypore) 134 Deogaonkar, S.G. 321

Deogaonkar, S.S. 321 Descartes, Rene 81 Deshmukh, S. 339 Deswali Majhi community 413 Dev, Karna (Somavansi king) 121 Devgudi: Aana kudma 342; Amapandum

346- 347; Amus (Hariyali) 345; Angadev 348; Angarmotimata 349; annual/monthly festivals 344; change 348-350; Charu/ Choru 346; chief priests of 342; development of 341; Devi jatra 345; Diyari 345-346; festivals 345-347; Gaon Dei (village deity) 349; Hesang jatra 345; importance of

347- 348; invited deities during dussehara 343, 343, 344; Kakasad jatra 345; magico- religious rituals 342; Mahashivratri 346; malevolent and benevolent spirits 348; mandai 344; Nava Khai (Naya Khana) 345; Panch Pandav Dharamraj 349; physical and social dimensions of 344; pucca gudis 342; pujari/gayata 340; puja/ritual 343, 344; rules 347; semi Pandum 346; shifting of deities 349; socio-religious rituals 342; structure of 341-345; village-wise distribution of deities 342, 343, 343; worship system 344

Devi, Binodini 9

Devi jatra 345 Devi Mai 339

Devi movement 262 dhanbuni puja 101 Dharam Code 433-436 dharani mantra 70 ‘Dheva-Kotta-Kallu’ spirit stones 426 Dhruva, Mahendra 423 Diyari 345-346 Dongjao Ngai festival 63 Donyi-Polo movement 2 Donyi-Polo Yelam Kebang 387n8 Dorson, Richard M.

Doungel, Jangkhongam 10, 229, 235n8 Downey, Dara 322

Downs, Frederick S. 197, 201n3, 208

dragon sorcerer 68

dumal community 125n26

Dutta, P.N. 208 duty-oriented stewardship 298 Dwitibhana puja 110n7

Egan, Owen 81 Elwin, Verrier 277, 338, 408, 409, 424 Endowments Act of 1959 13

Ethnographic Atlas of Indian Tribes (Singh) 283 Evans-Pritchard, E.E. 67, 69, 76

Eves, R. 69

Fatiha Khwani 50n13 fetishism 117 folk beliefs of Nagas: archaic patterns of life 85; belief systems 82; benevolent spirits 88; bible 93; birth rituals 88-89; creation of truth 93; death rituals 89; everyday life 91; folk performing art 86; foundation of 81, 82; fratricide 87; genna days 88, 91, 93n5; ghost villages 86; human-belief interrelationship 92; hunting rituals 87; indigenous faith to Christianity 91; knowledge systems 82; malevolent spirits 87; marriage rituals 90; material culture 86; moment of inheritance 83; oral literature 86; orally transmitted folk knowledge 83; Rhuotho 88; rich oral tradition 83; social folk custom 86; socio-political connotations 82; status of women 84; tekhukete ritual 87; tekhumiavi (weretiger) 87, 88; thehou, age-group houses 86; thekra earning 86; time-tested customs and beliefs 83; violence 87; written literature 83

Forsyth, M. 69, 76, 77 Fortune, R. 74

Forty-Second Amendment Act, 1976 180 Foucault, Michel 81, 93

Fox, Matthew T. 297, 298, 300 Francis of Assisi 298

Fraser, Peter 180 Frazer, James 76 Freitag, Sandria 133 Fuchs, Stephen 369 Fuller, C.J. 364n6 Furer-Haimendorf, Christoph von 85

Gaekwad dynasty 262

Gait, E. 147 Gajapati dynasty 137n8 gam 222, 236n15 Gandhi, Malli 8

Geertz, Clifford 326, 327 Gennep, Arnold Van 314, 322 ghai-dam (principal spirits) 33 Gharwapsi 2, 109 ghost villages 86 Ghurye, G.S. 408, 410, 430 Ginki-Mei festival 61-62 Giri, Digbijoy 12 giyatoli bhuj 39

Godhra Hindu-Muslim riots 263 God is Green (Bradley) 297 Goga ji 319-320 Gogate, M.G. 339 Gogoi, Lila 31 Gogoi, Puspa 31 Gogoi, Rupam 9 gokpai 63

Goldstick, Daniel 81 Gond tribes 421 Gondwana Gantantra Party 421 Goru Bihu 32 governmental classifications 431-432 Govindgiri, Guru 261

Grama Devati/village tutelary deities 116 Greetz, Clifford 274 griha-dam 33

Grome, Charles 131, 138n16 Guidui-Ngai festival 62 Gujjars 41, 42 Gupta, A.K.

halita jaluwa ritual 38

Hamai 251n1; and christianity 243-251;

Christian proselytisation 241; creation myths of 245, 252n22; currency 240; dispersion of Hamais from Makuiluangdi village 240; diversity and unity 240; ethical values 245; Hamai-kindred communities 239, 240; history of 240; Inpui 240; institutions of morungs 240; Liangmai language 240; myth of early civilisation 252n22; origin 239; primal religion see Characheng; Rongmei 240; socio-political discourse 240; Zeme 240 Hamai Christians: advantages 244;

anthropocentrism 245; Bible 245; Biblical teachings 247; British colonial power 243; charuidih 245-247, 250; church administration and functioning 247; community-based Hamai religious system 247; cultures and traditions 243; ethical principles 245; humanity 248; manitbo 247; name of Christian God 246; nitnai 247; Old Testament Judaism 245; phaimiu 247; scripture and practices 245; spirituality 247 The Hammer of Witches 69 harbora ceremony 99 hariari ritual 101 Hembram, C. 339 Heraka 10, 52, 239, 240, 242-243, 248-251, 252n3

Hesang jatra 345 hinduisation and integration process 128 Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments

Department (HR&CE) 402-403 Hindus 5

Hiraman Baba 318-319

Hnuni, R.L. 199 Holita Joluwa 34 Homo sapiens 261 HongkhoKhao4 Hooper, J.S.M. 196 Horam, M. 199 human sacrifice 103, 106, 133, 134, 138n17,

138n22, 346, 347, 393, 436, 437 Hun Ahkang Tha (Sacrifice of a White Cock)

ritual 227-231, 236n24 Hunphun/Ukhrul dialect 194 hun ritual 223, 230 hushari 40n3

Hussain, Allauddin 129 Huthi 42

Hutton, J.H. 147

identification, preservation and documentation of Igu (IPD-Igu) 385

idolatry 132

Idu Mishmi Cultural and Literary Society

(IMCLS) 385

Idu Mishmis 382-385

Igu 12

Indhu Madham Engay Pogirathu

(Tathachariaar) 400 indigenous community of Manipur see Tangkhul

Nagas indoctrination process 128 indoi (Bundle of Charms) ritual 227-229, 233,

233-234, 236n18 institutionalisation 12 Institution of Igu 380-383 interaction between communities 1-6 intermixed tribal space 313 International Labour Organizations (ILO) 420 inter-tribal marital relationships 300 Ipu-wu 386n4 Islam 5

Jaathi Kurichiyan 358 Jadonang Malangmei 242, 243, 245, 248-250, 373, 374

Jagannath cult, Puri 129-132 Jahira Era 116

Jain, Jyotindra 264 jakarura dam 33 James 81

Jana, S.K. 413 Jasrotia, Amithy 11 jatra khunta 104 Jena, Sarat Kumar 279 Jenkins, Francis 208 Jenkins, Nigel 216 Jeth-Sikar (rainy-season hunting) 101 jhanki 107

Jharkhand Movement 435 jitia festival 101

Jitia ritual 2 jodakamna ceremony 97 Jones, Thomas 208, 210, 211 Joy, Rimai 202n18 Jyrwa, J.F. 209, 216

Kabeer Panth 268, 269 Kabui tribe of Manipur 8; Christianity 52; dance

59; Heraka faith 52; Omen prediction process

51; Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (TRC) group see Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (TRC) group, Kabui Kaiba Bhamboo (village deities) 55 Kaipi Bhamboo (village deities) 55 Kairao (household deities/ancestors) 54-55 Kakasad jatra 345 Kakati, B.K. 30 Kalapat 119 Kalapat 116, 119 Kalastambha (Sulki King) 120 Kallet, M. 67

Kallu/Rathi Waddars (stone workers) 20 Kamei, Budha 250

Kamei, Gangmumei 243 kameo 195

Kanak Durga 121 Kandhas tribe 125n21; sacred thread wearing

2; tilak 2

Kangli, Motiravan 417n2 Kaniu-kari (gennas) 244 Kanta Kuanri 118

Kapilendradeva 129 Karam festival 101

Karampou-Karampui (presiding deities of the places) 56

karatimantra 70

Karma 336n4

karsa bhanda 110n8 karsa-dance 102

Kartik month 323n5 Kasä Akhavä 194 Kattunaickan 357 kaval deivam 393 Kazeiram 194

Keda Vettu Virundu ritual 393

Kennedy, Sir Michael 20

Kent, Michael 283

Kerala: Adiyan 357; Kattunaickan 357; Kurichiyan see Kurichiyan; Malakkari 364n8; Malayarayan 357; map of Wayanad District 356, 357, 365n10; Muthuvan 357; Namboothiri Brahmans 364n9; Paniyan 357, 364n5; Scheduled Tribes 356; thaenkuruman 357; Thiyyan 364n4

Kerala Institute for Research Training and Development Studies of Scheduled and Scheduled Castes (KIRTADS) 363

kerutsu 90

Keshavan, M. 77

Khamba muni 123

Khambeswari (goddess) 121, 122, 133;

see also Stambheswari (goddess); in the form of wooden pillars 125n13; goddess of agriculture 123; goddess of Dumal community 125n26; Khamba muni 123; transformation into Stambheswari 119; Vali Jatra 123; village tutelary deity 123

Khamti tribe 3

khanong 197, 198 khaopi 236n20 Kharakor, P. 209 kharapuja/kharihani 102 Kharapuja/Kharihani 4

Kharshohnoh, E.W. 216

Kharvela’s rule 128

Khasi: chieftainship 206; Christianity see Christianity in Khasi Hills; Jaintia 205; Khynriam 205; language 205; literary activities 209; matrilineal system 205; social life of 217; War-Jaintia 205

Khasi-Jaintia culture 209

Khasis of Meghalaya 379 Khatana, R. 42, 43, 48 khed-norhna (feet washing ceremony) 99 Khejri 323n4

khopi changlha kou rite 235n7

Kho vangboh (blessing ceremony of the village) 222 Khupte, Archana Rahul 13

kilha lah lhakou (invoking the soul by reclaiming) 226, 232

Kinane, Ian 322

King-Brahmin alliance 129 Kin-on-Meu or Na-Khuwa 35

Kire, Easterine 81, 83-88, 91, 93n1, 299, 309n2 kirhupfumia 90

Kokto 194

Koravas 24

Korchas/Korachas see Yerukulas

Kosambi, D.D. 118, 321

Kota tribes 426

kovil kadugal (sacred groves) 396, 397 kovil kammai (sacred tanks) 397 Koya Punem religion 409 kshatraiyisation 118-119, 128 Kuki-Chin tribes/Chin-Kuki Mizo group 186n2 Kuki traditional religion: baptism 236n23;

chang kut festival 224; chang lhakou (invoking souls of the paddy) ritual 224-225, 232-233, 233; chhim (barrenness in woman) ritual 226, 236n12, 236n15; Chung Pathen (Supreme Being) 227, 229, 234; fertility ritual 226; Hun Ahkang Tha (Sacrifice of a White Cock) ritual 227-231, 236n24; hun ritual 223, 230; indoi (Bundle of Charms) ritual 227-229, 233, 233-234, 236n18; instinct 231; khaopi 236n20; khopi changlha kou rite 235n7; kilha lah lhakou (invoking the soul by reclaiming) 226, 232, 232; lhakou (invoking souls of the departed) ritual 224, 227; mi lhakou (invoking souls of the humans) ritual 226-227, 232-233, 233, 236n15; Noimangpa (Lord of the underworld) 229; post-harvest rituals 235n5; sa lhakou (invoking souls of the animals) ritual 225-226, 232-233, 233; Sherh 236n14; thanks giving rituals 223; thempu (priest) 221-223; Thinghe 236n19; trend of changes 231; tucha-sunggao-becha 237n15; village rituals 223; Vomgui 236n21 Kul Devi 318

Kulke, Hermann 118, 133 Kumar, A. 12, 415 Kumari, Nisha 12 kumbhabhishekam 399-400 Kunnam Kurichiyan 358 Kurichiyan: agricultural community 358;

agricultural economy of 361; agricultural practices 359; Anchilla Kurichiyan 358; animal sacrifice 362; belief system 361­362; Brahmins 358-361; Cholanaickan 360; cultural profile of 357-359; institutionalisation of archery 363; Jaathi Kurichiyan 358; Jain philosophy 360; joint property system 358; Kunnam Kurichiyan 358; land management system 359; mittom 362; moonnaman 362; Nayars 358, 364n3; nizhal worship 360; non-tribal religions 359-361; ostracism/excommunication 360; Pathiri Kurichiyan 358; pittan 362; punyaha 359; religious functionaries 362-363; ritual practices 361; sport 363; traditional hunting practice 359; untouchability 358, 359; warfare 363

kurru/kuru 24

LaBarre, Weston 369 lagan bandhi (fixation of date for the marriage) ceremony 99

Lakshmi Puja 39

Laldenga 181

Lalduhawma, Pu 184

Lambadis 23

law-manshi 73

The Legends of Pensam (Dai) 299, 302-304

Lekha them 235n1

Lewin, Lieutenant 208

lhakou (invoking souls of the departed) ritual 224, 227

life cycle rituals, Ahom 36-39 liminality 314, 320-322

Longchar, A.W. 246, 248

Longkumer, A. 250

Lord Jagannath 129, 130

Lorraine, J.H. 180

Luikham, T. 196

Luiz, A.A.D. 356

luki mantra 70

Mackay, C.S. 68

Macpherson, John 134

Madras Hindu Religious Endowments Act, 1923 402

Mael Seeme 428n13

‘magico-religious’ beliefs and practices 368

Mahabharat, tribes’ interaction with non-tribes 3

Mahadei, Prithvi 122

Mahapru 276

Maharaj, Vishvanath 268

Mahashivratri 346

Maheswaran, C. 13

Mahr 50n9

Mahuwa 272n8

maidam dia/gor kora 38

Mai Ko Chung Phai/Meji Joluwa Utsav/Magh Bihu 32

Maisuangdibou, Marianmai 10

Majhighariani (goddess) 133

Malakkari 364n8

Malar 110n4

Malayarayan 357

Malhotra, K.C. 339

Malinowski, Bronislaw 93n2, 95

Malinowski’s functionalism 93n2

Mallick, Pravat K. 9

Mannu Waddars (earth workers) 20

Manrique, Sebastain 131

Manuh Bihu 32

Marak, Caroline 83

Maratha rule 259

Marawi, Chandresh 424

Marawi, Hari Singh 420

Mathur, R.G. 358

Maxwell 196

Mazumdar, B.C. 125n13

McKnight, D. 67

Me-Dam-Me-Phi 35

Meena, Madan 11

Mehttar Baba 317

meirapmei 57

Mela Bihu 32

Mene, Tarun 12

Merani Mata 317

mi lhakou (invoking souls of the humans) ritual 226-227, 232-233, 236n15

Mills, A.J.M. 136

Mishmis ecoethics 299-302

Mishra, Binayak 120

Mishra, Kanhu Charan 122

Miso, Rajiv 12

Mitchell, S.A. 69

Mizo movement 370

Mizo National Front (MNF) Government 181-183

Mizoram Kohhran Hruaitu Committee

(MKHC) 183, 184, 186n7

Mizoram Liquor Prohibition and Control Act in 2014 182

Mizoram Liquor Total Prohibition (MLTP) Act, 1995 182

Mizoram People Forum (MPF) 181-182

Mizoram Societies Registration Act, 2005 182

Mohanty, B.B. 279, 280

Mohapatra, Kedaranatha 119

Momaday, N. Scott 299

Mongolian communities 31

monogamy rule 98

monotheism 249 monotheistic religions 368 Montagu-Chelmsford reform, 1919 402 Moore, Wilbert E. 355

Mother Goddess of tribes 116

Moti Maharaj 317

Muduli, Soma 275

Munda, Jaipal Singh 109

Munda, Ram Dayal 419

Munshi, K.M. 42

Muria tribe 340

Murmu, Raghunath 370

Muslims 413

Muthuvan 357

mysticism 298

Myths and Ornamentation of the Bonda

Women: A Continuity and Change 284

Naam Tamizhar Katchi (NTK) 400, 401 na dam (new spirits) 33

Nadugal worship 400

Naga movement 370

Nagarkot Mata 317-318

Nagas 146

A Naga Village Remembered (Kire) 84, 91, 299,

300,305-306

Namboothiri Brahmans 364n9 name-pinjna 97-98

Nani Initaya religious movement 383-385

Nani Innitaya 388n10

Nanu-Ngai festival 61 Nap-Chan (the fifth day of the festival) 59-60

Napkao-Mei festival 61

Natarajan, Nalini 208

National Adivasi-indigenous Religion

Coordination Committee (NAIRCC) 409 Nature-Man-Spirit Complex (Vidyarthi) 314, 325, 349

Navakalevara 125n22

Nava Khai (Naya Khana) 345

Nawa Khani 101

Nayars 358, 364n3 necromancy 70

Nehru, Madhavi 422

Neimei 63-64

Nemha Bible incident 438-439

Neo-Buddhism 412 neo-shamanic movement 385

Neo-Vaishnavism movement 31

Newmai, Hunibou 244, 246

Newmai, Saphulang 244

Ngai-ba (the fourth day of the festival) 59 Ngai-Dai (the second day of the festival) 58 Ngai-Gangmei (the first day of the festival) 57 Nicobarese and Andamanese tribal

communities 1

Nigerian animist practices 299

‘Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve’ (NBR) 425 Nilgiris tribal 13

Nishadas 116

Niumai, Ajailiu 249

Noimangpa (Lord of the underworld) 229 non-Zo ethnic groups 180

Nouna Mungkhao Kalummei 64

Nuakhai 4

Nuh, V.K. 240

Odoric, Frias 130

officially recognised tribal religion 432-436 ojhaa 70

Old Testament Judaism 245

Omen prediction process 51

Oppert, Gustav Salomon 24

Oraon: Achrael spirit 103, 109; agricultural

festival 101-102; ancestral spirits 110n10; annual harbora (bone immersion) ceremony 102; Bhakti movements 96; Bhulas (tramp spirits) 105; birth and childhood ceremonies 97-98; Chandi spirit 104; christianity 109; Christian movement 96; comparative dynamics 107-109; dain kuri 105; danda- katta ceremony 97, 108; death ceremonies 99-100; educational development 106; hariari ritual 101; hunting festivals 100-101; impersonal powers and forces 95; institution of Pahan 96-97, 106; jatra khunta 104; jhanki 107; jitia festival 101; Karam festival 101; karsa bhanda 110n8; marriage ceremony 98-99; migration 95; nature spirits 95; occasion of propitiation 96; Pach-Balar (the group of ancestral spirits) 102; phagu festival 100, 110n5; pugri bhuts 105; religious beliefs 95; religious feasts and festivals 100-102; religious rites 95, 96; sarhul/khaddi festival 100, 107; Sat Bahini (seven sisters) 105; sohorai festival 101, 108; sowing festival 101; spirits of dead human beings 95; standard of morality 105; supreme deity 105; taboos 108; traditional religion 96; village spirits 103

Oraon, Kartik 109, 434

Oraon Religion and Customs (Roy) 95

Oraon tribe 2, 433, 435; Dandakatta rituals see Dandakatta rituals; Nagpuri language 335 ordeal system 387n4

Osley 118

Osterholm, Magnus 82 ‘other religions and persuasions’ (ORP) category 145, 146, 148

Padma Purana 116

Pahan 336n2

Pakenham, Thomas 136 Pamei, Ramkhun 244 Panchambari Bhadrambika 122 Paniyan tribes 357, 364n5, 426 Paraiyars 402

Pargiter, F.E. 117 Parker, Elizabeth 322 Participation of Women in the Church:

With Reference to North East India (Vanlaltlani) 209

Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) 71, 314, 356, 425, 426, 431-432, 436, 439 pastoralism 41

Pathiri Kurichiyan 358 [P]atient-[S]haman-[S]pirit relationship 382, 384 Patra, D. 277, 281

patronisation of tribal deities 118 peace initiatives 181

Peasant Society and Culture (Redfield) 321 persuasion 2

Pettigrew, William 194, 197, 198 phagu festival 100, 110n5

Phagu Sendra (spring hunting) 100

Phizo, A.Z. 370

Phouoibikhuramba 61

Phukan, J.N. 31

Phuralung 40n5 pilgrim centres 3 Pilgrim Tax, Puri 132

Piramalai Kallars 402

Pitr 318

podu (shifting cultivation) 287 Poi-Chankien/Bohag Bihu 31-32 political expediency 9 political legitimisation 129 politics of tribal religious identity 12-13,

411-414

polygyny 37 polytheism 248 Poongodi, A. 11 post-independence census: census 1951 144­

145, 154-155; census 1961-1971 145-146, 156-163; census 1981-1991 146-147, 164­175; census 2001-2011 146-147, 176-178 Poyam, Akash 424 Prakriti Dharam 435 pre-independence census: census 1872-1891

141-142, 150; census 1901-1911 142-143,

151;census 1921-1941 143, 152-153 Presbyterian Church of Mizoram (PCM)

181, 182

Pret Baba 318

The Primal Land (Ray) 11, 274-293; see also

Bonda tribe

principle of religious toleration 135 prostration 403n5

Pua Jiuntia 110n7

Pukhpat-Ngai festival 62 Purshottam 268-269

Purusottamdev 129 Puthenpurakal, J. 209 Puykunnel, S.J. 209

Raang-Pat 60

Ragui, Taimaya 10

Raha, M.K. 339

Rai Muni 269, 270, 271

Rajas of Khurda 130, 131

Rajasthan, tribal population 407 Rajguru, S.N. 122, 125n13 Rajmohini Devi movement 373 Ramachandran, Bindu 12

Ramanandi 268

Ramayan, tribes’ interaction with non-tribes 3 Ramdeoji 319

Rani Gaidinliu 240, 243, 245, 249, 250 Rashtra devatas 118

Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh 411, 424 Rastrdevatas 133

Rath, A.K. 118

Rathvi-Bhili 260

Rathwa Adivasi, Gujarat: badvo 265-266; ‘Bhagat’ movement 262, 263, 266; Bhanguriya Fair 261, 262; chhota Udepur Adivasis 263; Christianity 263; chronology of religious divisions 261-264, 262; cultural tradition 260; Dasha Mata 269; Devi movement 262; festivals 266; gender discrimination 263; Godhra Hindu-Muslim riots 263; Hinduism 259, 260; hindu temple at Devhat 266, 267; Kabeer Panth 268; literacy rate 260; livelihood 260; marriages 266; panths 266-268; Physical Boundaries 267; Pithora paintings 259, 260, 262, 264­266, 271; political parties 263; population 260; post-independence ashramshalas 262; pre-independence education policy 262; Purshottam 268-269; Rai Muni 269, 270, 271; Ramanandi 268; religious beliefs 265; religious changes 266-270, 267, 269-271; rituals 266; Sat Kaival 269; schedule tribe 264; Swaminarain 268; tilak marks 266; traditional attire 264, 265; traditional deities 266; untouchability and separation 267

Ravichandran, Lipika 12

Ray, Pratibha 11, 275-280, 283-287, 290-292, 294

Rebellious Prophets (Fuchs) 369

Redfield, R. 321, 325 reformed religion/religious revivalism 367-368 Regulation IV of 1809 131

Reisang Chonme 194

Relevance of Oral Literature (Marak) 83 Religion as a Cultural System (Greetz) 274 religious plurality of India 274 revelation 12; entrepreneur model 369; in

Hinduism 368; ‘magico-religious’ beliefs and practices 368; monotheistic religions 368; moral order 372-374; psychopathology model 369; reformed religion/religious revivalism 367-368; revitalisation movements 369-370, 372; salient feature in 368; sub-culture evolution model 369; supernatural being(s) 368; supreme god 372-374; tribal movements 370-372 revitalisation movements 369-370

Rev. Stanislau vs the State of Madhya Pradesh case 412

rights to freedom of religion 414

Rik-khwan 37

Ri-Ngai festival 60-61 Risley, Herbert Hope 147 ritual symbolism 12

Rongali Bihu/Haat Bihu see Bihu

Rongmei Naga 373 Roshan, Rajesh 10 Roy, B. 249 Roy, Jeebon 216 Roy, Nichols, J.J.M. 184 Roy, S.C. 95-105, 107-109 Rukbo, Talom 364n7

Sabars, sorcery: in birth ritual 73-74; criminal tribes 71; cultural homogeneity 71; death of child 74; in death ritual 74; denotified tribe (DNT) 71; destruction of agricultural fields 74; dynamism 76; educational status 71; hunting 75; learning sorcery 72-73; localised belief system 76; normal life of sorcerer 72; Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group’ (PVTG) 71; population 71; practices 73-75; reasons for visiting 75-76; relief from menstrual pain 75; Savari language 71; setting fire to house 75; stopping cow’s milk 74-75; supernatural powers 73; teleological function 76

Sacred Complex of Hindu Gaya (Vidyarthi) 339 Saduallah, Muhammad 184

Sahariya: Ashmani Mata 317; beliefs 318-320; Bhairuji/Bhairav Ji Maharaj 319; dependency of 315; Goga ji 319-320; Hiraman Baba 318-319; identity 321; Kul Devi 318; liminality 314, 320-322; Mehttar Baba 317; Merani Mata 317; migration 314; Moti Maharaj 317; Nagarkot Mata 317-318; Pitr 318; Pret Baba 318; protection and economic opportunities 314; Ramdeoji 319; religious practices 315-318; sacred shrines of 339; Sheetla Mata 320; shifting cultivation 315; social and cultural life 314; socioeconomic progression 321; stage of transition 320­322; Teja ji 319; Thakur baba 317; Totem 320-322; Valmiki Maharaj 316-317; worship places 316

Sahu, Sitanath 288 saktism 124n3

Salha kou (prayer for successful hunting) 222 sa lhakou (invoking souls of the animals) ritual 225-226, 232-233

Sangh Parivar 430 Sangma, M.S. 209 sanskritisation 118-119 Santal movement 371, 372 Santal tribal group of West Bengal 413 Santal tribe 145, 146 Saphahor movement 2 Sapha Hor movements 5 Saphahors 2

Saptami 323n1 sarana/sarna 417n1, 420 sarhul/khaddi festival 100, 107

Sari Dharam 417n7

Saridharm 145, 146

Sarna Adivasi Dharam 422, 434

Sarna Budhi 116

Sarna code 13

Sarna Dharma 339, 409

Sarna Movement 433, 434, 436, 439 Sathyanarayan, S. 423, 424

Sati/widow burning 134-136

Sat Kaival 269

Savarkar, V.D. 412

Savidge, F.W. 180

Scheduled Tribe category 14n4

Scheduled Tribes 1, 14n4, 23, 109, 144, 272n4, 313, 314, 356, 357, 364n5, 395, 406, 407, 409, 413-415, 427, 430, 431; see also Individual entries

schism 2

Scythian tribe 42, 49n1

semi Pandum 346

Senehi Bihu 32

Seng Khasi movement 209, 216, 217, 371

Seng Khasi tradition 10

Serampore Baptist Mission 210

Shah, Illias 129

Shamanic dances 386n3

Shamanism 378, 379

Shamans 377-378, 380-383

Shangpliang, Rusievan 10

Shankar, Adi 2

Sharma, R.B. 209

Sharma, R.S. 118, 125n5

Sharpe, J.A. 134

sharva/sharvawo 195, 197, 200

Shasini, Sasmita Rani 9

Shaw, William 227

Sheetla Mata 320

Sherh 236n14

Silko, Leslie Marmon 299

Singh, Jaipal 414

Singh, K.S. 356, 369, 384, 410, 431

Singh, Sujit 410

Singha, Swargadeo Rudra 32

Sinha, S. 321, 421

Smith, Eric Alden 362

Smith, V.A. 42

Snaitang, O.L. 209, 210, 212, 219n8

Sobania,n 42

social rank, promotion and demotion 37 sohorai festival 101, 108

Solar dynasty 138n19

Somavamsi rule 119

Somavansi rule 122

Son of the Thundercloud (Kire) 84, 90

Sorcery 9; baba 70; bagh badhon mantra 70; behavioural approach 66; dharani mantra 70; enigmatic rituals 68; in Indian scenario 69­70; karatimantra 70; luki mantra 70; magical spells 67; manipulative phenomenon 68; mantras 70; ojhaa 70; relationship approach 66; Sabars of Purulia, West Bengal see Sabars, sorcery; six basic beliefs 68-69; social control of four tribal people 67; sorcerers 67, 68; super-ordinate punishment 67; tantrik 70; zara mantra 70

Soren, Hemant 422 sowing festival 101 spiritism 241 spiritual domain 129 spiritual ecology 298 spiritual perspective of tribal identity 414-415 Spivak, Gayatri 430 Srivastava, V.K. 360

Stambheswari (goddess) 9; aboriginal goddess 117; animal sacrifice 117; Baadi Puja/worship of stick 124; Bada Jangha 124; Dasandhi 123; female priests 123; Ghanta Patua worship 124; history 115; King Tushtikara, devout worshipper 119; object of worship 115; under the patronage of the Bhanjas 121-122; popular in regions 115; priests of 117; and Subhadra 122; under the Sulki ruling family 120-121; tutelary deity 119, 120; worship 122-123

Stark, Rodney 368, 369 Steps to the Ecology of Mind (Bateson) 298 sthalapuranas 399, 404n13

Stirling, Andrew 131 storm sorcerer 68 Stracey, P.D. 240 Subba, T.B. 209 Sunni 49n5

Superintendent of the Tributary Mahals 136 supernaturalism 377

Suryavamsi/Chandravamsi 118 Swami, Sahajanand 268 Swaminarain 268

Syiemlieh, D.R. 209 symbolism 325-327; Indoi symbolism 227,

228, 234 syncretism 7 Synrem, Kelian H. 209, 214

Tai Ahom see Ahom

Tai Ahom Buranji Aru Sanskriti (Chetia) 31 Tai Ahom Culture and Sanskriti (Gogoi) 31 The Tai Ahom Language (Gogoi) 31 The Tai Ahom Language (Phukan) 31 Taleping, R. 240

Talking It Through (Forsyth and Eves) 69

Talukdar, S.D. 209

tamil folk religion: Agarathiappan 393-394; Agnihotram Ramanujam Tathachariaar 400; Ayyanar 403n10; Brahmanical Hinduism 395; Brahmotsavam 400; female deities 398; folk tales 395; Hinduisation 398-401; Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Department (HR&CE) 402-403; kaval deivam 393; Keda Vettu Virundu ritual 393; kovil kadugal (sacred groves) 396, 397; kovil kammai (sacred tanks) 397; kumbhabhishekam 399-400; Lady of Health shrine at Velankanni 394; Lord Murukan 398-401, 399, 401; male deities 398; Naam Tamizhar Katchi (NTK) 400, 401; Nadugal worship 400; Nagore Dargah 395; Paraiyars 402; peripheral folk deities/guardian deities 396, 397; Piramalai Kallars 402; pusari (priest) 396; religious environmentalism 395-398; religious festivals 398; religious tradition 395; revivalism 398-401; ritual practices 394; sthalapuranas 399, 404n13; Sufi dargah 394; traditional community rights 402-403; transactionality 394

Tamil Nadu Forest Act of 1882 396 Tana Bhagat movement 109, 373 Tangkhul Naga Grammar and Dictionary (Pettigrew) 194

Tangkhul Nagas 10; benevolent/malevolent spirits 195; Bible 199; Christian beliefs and practices 192; Christians 199-200; chumpha festival 195; colonial difference 191-193, 200; colonialism 199; coloniality of power 192; colonial period 196-198; community- oriented religion 197; decolonial thinking 191, 192; gender dominance 200; guardian spirits 195; Hunphun/Ukhrul dialect 194; missionary work 196; modernity 192; oral tradition 193, 194, 201n8, 202n13; patriarchal system 200; post-colonial period 198-199; pre-colonial period 193-195; religious beliefs and practices 192, 193; social-customary practices 198; social events 198; socio-political realities 198; socio­religious practices 197-198; Supreme Being

193- 194, 197; theological development 199; thisam phanit 198; traditional religion

194- 196

taniya 241 tantrik 70 Teja ji 319 Ten-Ngai festival 62-63 Tenyimia 93n4

A Terrible Matriarchy (Kire) 84, 90 thaenkuruman 357 Thakurani Maa 116 Thakur baba 317 Thanhawla, Pu Lal 181-183 Thanzauva, K. 186n9, 199, 243 Tharu and Khasa tribes 408 thempu (priest): role of 221-222; significance of 222-223

theory of ‘benevolent paternalism’ 131 Thinghe 236n19

Things Fall Apart (Achebe) 275 thisam phanit 198

Thiyyan 364n4 Thomas, John 242, 250

Thumra, Jonathan H. 193, 195, 199 Thurston, E. 19, 22, 24, 356

Tickle, Phyllis 207 Tiele, C.P. 142 Tilche, Alice 261, 267

Ting-kadi-maina (God-world-humans) 242 Tingkao Ragwang Chapriak (TRC) group,

Kabui 9, 10, 239, 242-243, 248-251, 251n5; Apouna/Ragwang (good spirit) 54; benevolent and malevolent spirits 51, 53-54; Bisnu/Bonchanu/Manchanu (good spirit) 54; Chakan-Gaan-Ngai/Gaan-Ngai 56-60; Champei (goddess of birds and animals) 55­56; Changdon Ngai festival 63; Dampapu- Dampapui (god and goddess of creation) 55; Dongjao Ngai festival 63; Ginki-Mei festival 61-62; good and evil 53-54; Guidui-Ngai festival 62; Kaiba Bhamboo (village deities) 55; Kaipi Bhamboo (village deities) 55; Kairao (household deities/ancestors) 54-55; Karampou-Karampui (presiding deities of the places) 56; Nanu-Ngai festival 61; Napkao- Mei festival 61; Neimei 63-64; Nouna Mungkhao Kalummei 64; Pukhpat-Ngai festival 62; Ri-Ngai festival 60-61; Ten-Ngai festival 62-63; Toon-Ngai festival 62

Tingwang 241, 252n12 Toda tribes 425-426 toilla sparsha (touching oil) ritual 39 Toon-Ngai festival 62 Treaty of Yandaboo 210 tribal Christianity 438-440 tribal communities 2 tribal Nilgiris 425 tribal rebellions and movements 13n1 tribal theologians 199 tribe and nature interface 298-299 Tripathi, G.C. 122 Troisi, J. 339 tucha-sunggao-becha 237n15 Tughlaq, Feroze Shah 129

Tuna-gan-ngai (the third day of the festival)

58-59

Turner, Victor W. 12, 314, 321, 322, 326, 327 Tushtikara, Maharaj (Parvata Dvaraka King) 119, 122

Tylor, E.B. 241, 322, 377

Umpha Puja 35-36 unconverted tribes 438-440 unified tribal community 209 Uraon, Rajmani 424

Vaishnava sampradaya 268 Valmiki Maharaj 316-317 vamshawali 37

Van Gennep, A. 360 Vanlaltlani, T. 209 vanvasi 430

Vardhan, Ashok 277 Varivara 194, 197 Varna-jati system 410 Vashum, Yangkahao 196 Vidyarthi, L.P. 339 village deities 6, 55, 96, 102, 108, 116-117, 123,

270, 333, 341, 342, 344, 346, 349; in South India 116

villages in Bastar 340 Vinamrta 9

Vindhyavasini 116 violence 84, 86, 87, 186n5, 280, 282, 284-285,

411, 438

Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) 411, 414 Vishwavasu 71 vocabulary system 11 voice of the voiceless (tribal peoples) 422-425 Vomgui 236n21

Vyaghradevi (guardian deity) 117, 133

Waddars 8; age groups 21; beliefs 22-23;

ceremonies 22-23; ‘criminal’ tribes activities 19; festivals 22-23; food habits 20; houses of 19; Kallu/Rathi Waddars (stone workers) 20; kinship 20; language 20; Mannu Waddars (earth workers) 20; marriage 20-22; migration 19; practices 22-23; religious life 21; social life 21; social ties 20; sub-castes 20 Walima 50n10

Wallace, A.F.C. 366, 367, 370

Warjri, R.D. 208 Weber, Max 355 Webster, John C.B. 210 Welsh Presbyterian Foreign Mission 210 When the River Sleeps (Kire) 85, 299, 306-307 Whitehead, Right Reverend Henry 116, 117 Wildlife Protection Act of 1972 396

Williamson, Noel 303

Winkinson, W. 136 witchcraft 67, 69

Wormwood, Bitter (Kire) 84, 91

Yanadis 23

Yayati (Somavamsi king ) 122

Yerukulas 8; birth ceremonies 27-28; disposal of the dead 28; divorce 27; gotras/clans 24-25; kulapanchayat 29; marriage system 26-27; population 23; position of children 24; position of women 24; puberty 27; religious groups 25; religious practices 25-26; rites and rituals 25-28; sub-divisions 25; taboos 28-29; temple servants 24; widow marriage 27;

Yerukulavandlu/Korachavandlu 24

Yoga 181, 183 zara mantra 70

Zeliang, Elungkiebe 252n19

Zeliangrong nationalist movement 243

Zo ethnic group 180, 186n2

Zoram People Movement (ZPM) 182

Zou-Pan 61