Index

Abraham, 146, 153

Achilles, 87, 174

Adrasteia, 89

Aelius Aristeides, 35f.

Aeschylus, 81, 89, 101 n.139,108,

137,141 n.71, 143, 152 n.136 Africa, healing cults in, 107,115f.

evil, 119, 124; control of, 85, 95 Agni, 43, 152 agricultural year, 137,142

Ahuramazda, 94

Akkad: Akkadian vocabulary, 31, 81,

89,121,169, 224 n.20; rituals, 43 n.19, 88,119, 122, 159, 173, 175; wisdom texts, 31, 137, 144; see also Atrahasis, Gilgamesh, Ishtar, Sargon, Sennacherib

Alalakh, 173

Alcestis, 54

Alexander the Great, 95

Ambrose, 95

Amor and Psyche, 70, 78

Amphiaraos, sanctuary of, 218 n.25 Amun, 90

anathemata, 149 Anaximander, 155 ancestors, 15 angels, 99

Antinous, 55

Antiope, 72

anxiety: anthropological program, 18, 31f., 42, 120, 150, 153f., 162; anxi­ety learning, 30; in founding or forming religion, 30f., 36, 89, 103

apes, see chimpanzees, primates Aphrodite, 81,115

Apollo, 91, 92, 100,102, 106,114, 121,127,141; see also Delphi

Apollonius Rhodius, 60, 111 apostles, 99, 148 apotropaic, 44,152

Apsyrtos, 46

Apuleius, 70, 78

Ara Maxima, 148

Arabs, ritual of alliance, 168

Areopagus, 174

Argonauts, 45,60, 68, 78

Aristaeus, 106

Aristophanes, 100,117,122,134, 142, 144

Aristotle, 93

Arpachiya, 39 arrhephoroi, 75 art, 4,19

Artemis, 75, 81

Asclepius, 35,114,127

Assurbanipal, 87, 95 n.106

Assyria:· gods of, 109; treaty oath from, 173; see also Akkad

atheism, 14, 141

Athena, 66, 95, 114,124, 129, 135, 136, 137, 149; Athena Chalkioikos, 124

Atrabasis, 136, 141 n.73, 219 n.48

Attis, 50

Auge, 71

auspicia, 160

Autolycus, 170

awe, 31, 48, see also anxiety

Baal, 81

Babylon, 96, 110

Bacchanalia, 7

Bali, 148

Bambyke-IIicrapolis, 49 baptism, 169 beaver, 47 begging, 148

Beth-El, 165

birds, 159

Bischof, N., 21

blood, 30, 34, 168, 173; as life, 229

n.121

body, 167 boundaries, 45, 166,172; boundary stones, 30, 166

Bourdieu, P., 131 branding, 167 Brauron, 75

Buddhism, 12, 148, 189 n.22 bugonia, 106

Buphonia, 114

burned sacrifice, 146, 153

Caere, 115

Caligula, 55

Carthage, 110,139,147 castration, 47, 90, 111, 174 catastrophes, 15

Catholic church, 14, 16, 87 causality, 26,126, 127 character indelebilis, 17, 169 charts, 134,153

childlike behavior, 86

children, sacrifice of, 54, 110, 146 chimpanzees, 11, 18, 83,134, 150, 170; language of, 64

Christianity, 12f., 95; Christian ritual,

88, 169; see also Jesus, New Testa­ment

circumcision, 17,49, 168

Coldstream, N., 131

common mental world, 24f., 32 34

151,161,171 ’ ’ ’

communication, 6f., 23f.

Crete, 77, 115

Croesus, 141, 218 n.25 crime, common, 30 crusade, 164

culture, 2

Cyclops, 37, 43, 44, 60

daimones, 100

Danae, 71 dance, 30

Daniel (book of), 96, 116

Darius, 94, 135

Darwin, C., 9

David (King), 96, 100

Dawkins, R., 10 n.36, 139 n.62 death, 31, 32

deceit, 24, 28, 69, 117, 138, 145,156, 170

defecation, 46 defixio, 119

Delphi, 106,114, 115, 117, 124, 141, 149; see also Apollo

Democritus, 135

demons, 42, 44, 54, 55,172 destruction of valuables, 146 Diagoras, 141

Dionysius Areopagita, 85

Dionysus, 119 disease, 108 divination, 101, 158 do ut des, 136f.

Dodds, E. R., 125

Dodona, oracle, 109, 231 n.ll Dolopathus, 37 f.

dream, 69 dualism, 26

Dumuzi, 55, 88

Durkheim, E., 3, 24, 139

Earth goddess, 153 ecology, 15

ecstasy, 6, 162

Egyptian religion, 33, 92, 94, 147, 152; see also Amun, Isis, Ptolemy HI

Eleusis, 90

Elysium, 25

Emar, 90 n.79

endorphins, 13

Enutrta elisb, 51, 94 ephebes, 172

Epictetus, 142 Epimenides, 123

Erinyes, 152, 172

Eskimos, 67

Etruscans, 115, 158 eunuch priests, 48, 89f., 169; see also castration

Euripides, 81, 112, 117

evil eye, 43, 86 evolutionary theory, of knowledge, 27, 155

face-saving, 126 father, role of, 30, 82 feast, 147, 149f., 153 feelings, 6, 18, 80

Fehling, D., 70 fetiales, 173 fetters, 118,120 figurines, 166 finger sacrifice, 34, 37, 38, 40, 50 Finley, M., 131, 223 n.7, n.15 fire, 164; see also Agni, burned sacrifice first fruit offerings, 137,140; see also agricultural year

fitness: for survival, 10, 13, 138; inclu­sive, 13

flood, myth of the, 33, 62, 144 food-sharing, 134, 155

Freud,S., 82, 111 fulguration, 11

galli 89f., see also eunuch priests

Geertz, C., 3, 5

Geryoneus, 59, 68

ghosts, 124, see also demons gift-giving, 27, 52,129ff., 141,143,

152;to the dead, 152

Gilgamesh, 60, 62,68, 212 n.60 gods, 6,26f., 31,33,166, 172; at sacri­fice, 151

gold plate, 119 group selection, 10 Gruppe, O., 12 guilt, 103, 109, 113, 125, 128

Hadad, 136

hail-watchers, 34

hair, 76, 136, 167, 229 n.

Hammurapi, 94

Harrison, J., 44, 74, 152 heaven, abode of gods, 83 Hebrew: vocabulary, 89, 135; see also

Jahweh, Judaism Hecate, 148 hecatomb, 137 Hector, 87 Helike, 110 Helios, 133, 172 hell, as a devouring monster, 42 hepatoscopy, 160 Heracles, 59, 68, 78, 90, 106, 143, 148 Heraclitus, 155

Hermes, 66 Herodotus, 112,139, 141, 152, 159,

168,228 n.100 heroes, 153 Hesiod, 100,143, 150,173 Hierapolis, 114 hierarchy, 26, 32, 80, 85 hiketeia, 86f., 211 n.45 Hippocratic texts, 135, 227 n.83 Hippolytos, 76 Hittite texts, 93, 105, 144, 171; see also Mursilis

holocaust, 146

Homer, 31, 133, 135, 144, 172, 173;

see also Iliad, Odyssey homosexuality, 77, 90 Horace, 97 human nature, concept of, 2 human sacrifice, 44, 53, 54, 189 n.28,

199 n.26; see also children, sacrifice of, Iphigeneia, Jephtha humiliation, 88,122 hunt, 142,150 hymns, 92

Iason, 68 idols, 166

251

Iliad, 102, 121, 130, 135, 142 immersion sacrifice, 145, 175 imprinting, 28

Inanna, 55, 61, 88 incense, 146f.

incest taboo, 20

India, sacrifice in, 43, 136, 152; see also Agni, Soma cult

Indoeuropean language, 67, 129, 135, 192 n.64

initiation, 29, 30, 69, 74, 78, 167, 168 innate release mechanisms, 29

Io, 71

Iphigeneia, 76, 108

Iranian religion, 33,146

Isaac, 153

Ishtar, 48, 50, 99, 169, 204 n.25

Isis, 74,122

Islam, 14, 17, 82, 88, 138, 166 Isocrates, 195 n.118

Jahweh, ordinances, 136,148; in psalms, 93, 96,119,135f.; in tales, 87f., 100,104, 122

Jephtha, 76

Jeremiah, 175

Jesus, sayings of, 33, 99,137,138, 147, 157L, 175

Job, 141

John the Baptist, 99

Jonah, 52,100,108

Judaism, 7, 14,17,113,159f.; see also Jahweh

Jupiter, 175

Kaineus, 'll

Kaiphas, 51

Kakhas, 103,108,116L, 159

Kalevala, 44

Kallisto, 72

Karneia, 113

Kato Symi, 89 killing, 32, 54, 89,119,121,150 king, 81, 82, 95

Klaros, 92 kneeling for prayer, 88

Kombabos, 48

Kronos, 110

Kubaba, 49

kudurrus, 166

Lacus Curtius, 52

language, 4, 18, 23, 25, 26, 29; see al_So

Indoeuropean language, Akkadian vocabulary, Hebrew vocabulary laughter, 7 learning, 25; in religion, 16, 29 Lebanon,14 lex talionis, 133 libation, 147, 165 life, 32, 62; transfer of, 151, 229 n.121 Livy, conspiracy story, 107 Locke, J., 176

Lorenz, K., 8, 9, 18, 155 loss of reality, 16 lots, 109

Lucian, 48

Luhmann, N., 26, see also reduction of complexity

Lycaon, 87 Lydians, 109, 114

Macedonia, 159 magic, 40, 46, 52, 163, 175; and ag­gression, 119; and flight, 44, 60; means, 65

maiden’s tragedy, 71

Malta, 15 Mani, 99 Mantiklos, 129, 136f. marriage, 132 martyrs, 13 master of animals, 142; see also Potnia Mater Magna, 89, 100 Mauss, M., 130,139

Maya, 213 n.80 Medea, 45, 60 Melampus, 111, 123 Melanippe, 72 menstruation, 74 Mesopotamia, see Akkad messenger of power, 98; see also apos­tles

metal, ordeal by, 164 metragyrtai, 148 Meuli, K., 45, 60 Mexico, popular concept of disease in, 124

Minoan civilization: goddess in, 91; food-offering, 148

Mithras, 82

Mohammed, 100; see also Islam moloch, 54; see u/so children, sacrifice of

Molossians, oath ritual, 173 monkeys, 49; see also primates monster in the corner, 25, 27

Montanists, 101

Moses, 49, 72 mountains, as seat of gods, 83 Mursilis, 105, 122

Mycenaean evidence, 81, 135, 148, 199 n.26

myth, 56; and ritual, 68

Nabonid, 113

Neanderthal man, 12, 18, 19, 20

Neoplatonism, 85

netherworld, 68, 71; see also hell

New Testament, 88, 135, 147; see also Jesus, Paul

New Year festival, 96

Nicomachus, 142

Nilsson, M.

Nineveh, 100,110

Ninurta, 61

oath, 169f., 171; see also Assyria, Mo­lossians

Odysseus, 38, 66, 68, 78, 87,114,171; see also Cyclops

Odyssey, 60, 108, 111, 129, 133, 136 Oedipus, 106, 116,117

Olympia, 111, 149 oracles, 99, 160; testing of, 218 n.25;

see also seer, Delphi, Dodona ordeals, 163,164 Orestes, 37,174

Orphic: myth of Persephone, 70f.; gold plate, 119

Otto, R., 31

Ovid, 53

paian, 91,103,114 palaeolithic ritual, 39

Palinurus, 52

Panionion, 111

Paphos, 81

parents, 30, 97; see also father pars pro toto, 36, 41,46, 51 Parthenon, 149 pastor, 82

Paul, apostle, on “knowability of god,’¹

6

Pausanias of Sparta, 124

Pelops, 77

penitence, 89, 105, 122; penitential in­

scriptions, 115

Perge, 81

Persephone, 70f., 76, 144

Persepolis, reliefs, 90

Perseus, 59, 71, 78

Persians, 86, 135, 209 n.16, 216 n.3;

see also Darius, Persepolis

Pessinus, 48 phenotypical cloning, 29 Philistines, 103 Phineus, 111 phoenix, 25 Phrixos, 117 piety, 135 pig festival, 145 Pindar, 77,197 n.12 Pisistratus, 95 plague, 102,104,106,113 Plato, 30,112,119,135,143,155, 162,188 n.4

play, 7

Plutarch, on human sacrifice, 44 poison, used in ordeals, 164 pollution, 122,125,128 polos, 91

Polybius, 93, 97

Polycrates, 146

Poseidon, 81, 110

Potnia, 81

praise, 91

prayer, 88, 135; see also kneeling predators, 42f.

primates, 15, 22, 25, 83, 85; see also

chimpanzees

prisoner’s dilemma, 139,140 procreation, 10,11,14,16 Prometheus, 150 prophets, 100

Propp, V., 58, 65, 71, 78 proskynesis, 86 prostitution, 133

253

Protagoras, 5

Proteus, 108 protolanguage, 64f.

Ptolemy III, king of Egypt, 137 Ptolemy, astronomer, 162, 189 n. 18 punishment, 121, 133,173 purification, 103, 119, 123, 127, 151;

purifiers, 148

Pythagoras, 175

quest, 63, 69

Quran, 99; see also Islam

rank, 80, 83

Rapunzel, 72 recycling of gifts, 147f. reduction of complexity, 26,170 reductionism, 8 release, 119

religion: authority, 84; beginnings, 1, 12, 19; characteristics, 4; definition, 4, 80; “opium,” 13, 32; power, 13; religious learning, 16

revenge, 133

Rhadamanthys, 223 n.

rites of passage, 167; see also initiation ritual: general form and function, 19f., 22, 25, 28, 29, 41f.; gift-giving, 52, 144,149; healing and salvation, 103, 113, 119; initiation, 74f.; oaths, 173f.; paleolithic, 39; purification, 123; sacrificial, 32, 36; submission, 85; see also gift-giving, initiation, sacrifice

Roman religion, 81, 93, 114; ritual, 44, 174f.; see also Vestal virgins

Romulus, 72,159

sacrifice: critical discussions, 142f.; div­ination, 160, foundation of, 113f.; general, 32f.; gift-giving, 134ff.; initi­ation, 75; oaths, 173f.; overcoming anxiety, 36, 43, 52, 54f.; placating gods, 105,121; substitute, 143; see also burned, children, finger, first fruit, gods, immersion, India, Iphige­nia, Jephtha, libation, self-sacrifice Sallustios, 135, 229 n.121 Samothrace, 141,195 n.115

Samsuiluna, 99

Sargon of Akkad, 72 Sargon II, 93, 109 Sassanian reliefs, 95 satrapes, 82

Saturnus, 54

Saussure, E de, 157 scapegoating, 52f., 109,125 Schleiermacher, E, 80

Scythians, 115, 116,152

Sedna, 117

seer, 100, 103, 108, 111, 116,123,

129, 148, 158 ’

self-castigation, 121 self-sacrifice, 13, 33 self-wounding, 89

Selinus, sacred law, 152, 197 n.6 semiology, 230 n.l

Seneca, 34

Sennacherib, 109, 116 seriousness, of religion, 7, 24, 30, 31

33, 163 ’

sexuality, 17, 47, 90, 132 shamanism, 67, 115, 117 shame culture, 125 signs, 22, 25, 118, 156 smiling, 121 snake, 62 Snow White, 73 social Darwinism, 9, 15, 138 social tools, 7, 98 sociobiology, 8, 10, 18, 19, 20, 23,138 Solomon, 31, 89, 137 Soma cult, 191 n.51 Sophocles, 106 Sparta, 7, 110, 114,124 spitting, 89 Statius, 31 Stoics, 162 stones, 165, 168 structuralism, 28 submission, 82, 85, 89 substitutes, 54, 143,153, 201 n.71 Sumerian texts, 60, 81, 83 n.28, 88,

90, 92, 96; see also Inanna, Ninurta sun god, 171, 212 n.60 superstition, 30, 93, 162, 195 n.l 12 supplication, 121 Syrian goddess, 89, 114 Syrians, fish taboo of, 89

tale, 56, 66,78,112, 126 tattooing, 167

Telemachus, 129

Telesphoros, 36, 50 temple: building, 114; of Jerusalem, 146,149; system, 147, 151

Terminus, 166

territory, 165; see also boundaries

Tertullian, 13 n.46, 143

Thera, 91

Thucydides, 110, 114 tiger, 45

Tillich, R, 7 tithe, 148 trade, silent, 139 tradition, 23, 25 tree, 83; of life, 210 n.28 tripod cauldrons, 149

Tristan, 164

Typhon, 94

Ugarit, 131 universalia of anthropology, 3, 130, 150

validation, 27

van Gennep, A., 74

Vedic. See India

Venus statuettes, 26

Vernant, J.-R, 3

Vestal virgins, 44, 76

Villa of Mysteries, 74

Virgil, 52, 106

votive tablets, 135

water, in ordeals, 163

wax, 174

weeping, 86, 88, 96

Wilson, E. O., 9,10,12, 18, 42 world tree, 83

Xerxes, 228 n.100

Zeus, 33, 81, 95, 100,136,142,149, 172

Zoroastrian religion, 33