Contents

Part I Law Under Modernization: Foundational Discourse

(1947-1990)

1 The Law and Judiciary in Pakistan: Beyond a Liberal

Understanding.................................................................................................

1.1 TheLiberalLegalProjectinPakistan........................................................... 3

1.2 Theoretical Grasp of the Liberal Legal Project in Pakistan.............. 9

1.2.1 Institutionalism and Functionalism of Liberal

Understanding......................................................................................................... 9

1.2.2 Institutionalism and Functionalism in Postcolonies........... 11

1.2.3 Critique of Institutionalist-Functionalist Paradigm:

The Issue of Change in Postcolonies...................................................................... 13

1.3 Legal Analysis in Relation to State and Society: Theoretical

Departure from Liberal Legal Analysis........................................................... 15

1.3.1 FewCommentsAboutMethodology......................................... 22

1.4 A New Theoretical Understanding of State and Politics of

Postcolonial Pakistan..................................................................................... 23

1.4.1 ‘Liberal’ Understanding of Law and State in

Postcolonial Pakistan............................................................................................. 23

1.4.2 From a ‘Legal State’ to a ‘Class State’................................... 25

1.4.3 Postcolonial Pakistani State: Factual or Theoretical

Departure?............................................................................................................. 26

1.4.4 Hegemonic Class?: Redefining the Place

of Centre-Periphery Relations in State Formation............................................

1.4.5 Myth of Miserable Politicians vis-a-vis Military:

Nature of Hegemony.............................................................................................. 30

1.4.6 Crisis of the Hegemony as the Crisis of the State............... 35

1.4.7 Bringing Class Struggle Back in State Formation.............. 38

References....................................................................................................... 39

2 Law in the Era of Capitalist Modernization (1947-1960s)........................... 43

2.1 Law and State During Colonial Rule.................................................... 44

2.2 Did Pakistan Inherit a Good Judicial System?..................................... 47

2.3 Modernizers Even Before Modernization............................................. 49

2.4 Class Formation Behind ‘Overdeveloped’ State................................. 50

2.5 Pindi Conspiracy Case......................................................................... 53

2.6 Moulvi Tamizuddin Khan Case............................................................ 56

2.7 The Judiciary as a Part of Juridico-Bureaucratic

State Structure................................................................................................ 60

2.8 The Significance of the Shift in Hegemonic Influence

from U.K. to U.S............................................................................................ 62

2.9 1958—General Ayub’s Coup (Dosso Case)......................................... 65

2.9.1 Revolution/Evolution or Preventing ‘Revolution’................... 66

2.9.2 Ayub ‘the Modernizer’ and Pakistan as the

Experimental Lab.................................................................................................. 72

2.9.3 Judiciary’s Modernization ‘Coalition’................................... 73

2.10 Democracy and Fundamental Rights in Political

Development: A Critical Appraisal of Munir, Cornelius and Kayani CJs......

2.10.1 Presidential System Like U.S.: Elite Democracy

or Controlled Democracy?..................................................................................... 78

2.10.2 The Cornelius ‘Rights’ Approach to Substitute

for the Democratic Deficit?.................................................................................... 80

2.10.3 The Nature of Politics in Rights Cases.................................... 84

2.10.4 Islam and Jirga System in Nation-Building............................. 90

2.11 The Collapse of Modernization and Revisiting the Role

of Law............................................................................................................ 93

References....................................................................................................... 99

3 Law Under Bhutto’s Socialism (1970-1980s).............................................. 103

3.1 Judiciary Confronting Popular Democracy: 1968-1973................. 103

3.1.1 The Rising Class and National Liberation Struggles and Changing Place of Law in Political

Development........................................................................................................ 104

3.1.2 Asma Jilani Case: For Democracy or Just Against

a Dictator?........................................................................................................... 112

3.1.3 Zia-ur-Rahman Case: A Judicial Retreat on the

Face of Popular Democracy................................................................................. 114

3.2 Democratic Deficit Under Bhutto and the Return of Strong

Judiciary: 1973-1977................................................................................... 117

3.2.1 Judicial Reaction to Bhutto’s Socialism................................ 117

3.2.2 There Is a Need of Check on the Legislature......................... 120

3.2.3 Recall for a Presidential System............................................

3.2.4 Rights Under the Bhutto Regime: Confrontation

or a Substitute for Democratic Deficit.................................................................. 122

3.2.5 Legislature’s Reaction........................................................... 126

3.2.6 Liberal Rights, But No to Ethno-nationalism—The

National Awami Party Case................................................................................ 127

3.2.7 Bhutto’s Downfall: Countering the ‘Suppression

Explanation’........................................................................................................ 129

3.3 Juridico-Bureaucratic Cornelius Tradition Restored (1980s).............. 131

3.3.1 Rehabilitating the Old State Structure.................................. 133

3.3.2 Rolling Back Popular Democracy to the Extent of

“Judicial Murder” of Bhutto................................................................................ 134

3.3.3 Zia’s Constitutional Engineering: Fine Tuning

of the Juridico-Bureaucratic Structure................................................................. 136

3.4 Revival of the Constitution of 1973 Order, 1985-RCO: A

Perfection of the U.S. Type Presidential System and Islam of Cornelius Tradition (1985-1988) 138

3.5 Public Interest Litigation (PIL): A Deficit for Democracy, Dying Working Class Politics and the Emergence of Middle

Class............................................................................................................. 141

3.5.1 BenazirBhutto Cases......................................................... 142

3.5.2 PIL, Islam and Judiciary’s Rise.......................................... 144

3.6 The Rise of Liberal and Quasi-liberal (Islamic) ‘Legalism’

and the Dying Working Class Struggle........................................... 148

References..................................................................................................... 152

Part II Law Under Neo-Liberal Development: Rights for Democratic Deficit (1990-2008)

4 A Strong Judiciary in a ‘Weakening State’ (the 1990s)..............................

4.1 Class Formations Under Neo-liberalism............................................. 157

4.1.1 The Start of Neo-liberal Globalization and the Rise of

New Institutionalism............................................................................................ 157

4.1.2 1990s: The State for the Market and not

for the People....................................................................................................... 159

4.1.3 Changing State Formation and Class Formation in

Pakistan............................................................................................................... 160

4.2 Judiciary in Transitional Governance (1988-1990)........................ 162

4.2.1 Class Formation: Which is the Hegemonic Class?............. 162

4.2.2 The Cornelius Tradition in the Judicial Office....................... 164

4.2.3 The Dissolution of the Benazir Bhutto Assembly

Case..................................................................................................................... 166

4.2.4 Did the Legislature Not Legislate or Were There

Legislative Hurdles?............................................................................................. 167

4.2.5 Political Defection: A Weak Democracy in a ‘Strong

State’................................................................................................................... 168

4.2.6 Appointment of Judges (1988-1990)................................ 169

4.2.7 Not the Unconstitutional Act but Constitution Itself was a Problem 170

4.3 The First Regime of Nawaz Sharif (1990-93): Separating the

Powers in a Weakening State........................................................................ 171

4.3.1 Contours of the ‘Liberal Legal Project’ in Pakistan........... 172

4.3.2 Separation of Power and Independence of the

Judiciary: A Gap in Parliamentary Democracy....................................................

4.3.3 Bar’s Politics: Constitutional Politics and Rising

Petit Bourgeoisie.................................................................................................. 176

4.3.4 What About the Working Class in the ‘Liberal’ and

Quasi-liberal Project?........................................................................................... 178

4.3.5 Public Interest Litigation: A New Level of the Juridico-Bureaucratic Structure in the Cornelius

Tradition.............................................................................................................. 179

4.3.6 Dissolution of Nawaz’s Assembly (1993)........................ 188

4.4 Benazir Bhutto’s Second Term (1993-96): The Judiciary

and Democracy Confrontation..................................................................... 189

4.4.1 Appointment of Judges: The Democratic Regime

Exercising Constitutional Power?........................................................................ 190

4.4.2 Judges’ Case: Appointment of Judges Is not the Right

of a Democratic Regime....................................................................................... 191

4.4.3 Dissolution of Assembly at the Altar of Independence

of Judiciary.......................................................................................................... 194

4.4.4 ‘State Capture’: Disenchantment with the Washington

Consensus and Subalterns................................................................................... 195

4.5 Nawaz Sharif’s Second Term (1997-1999)........................................ 196

4.5.1 Independence of the Judiciary to Judicial Activism:

Confronting Democracy ‘Actively’...................................................................... 196

4.5.2 Old Juridico-Bureaucratic Structure Reacting to

Democracy........................................................................................................... 197

4.5.3 Resisting a Parallel Judicial System of Special

Anti-Terrorist Courts........................................................................................... 199

4.5.4 Tools Beyond Judicial Means: From Suo Moto to

Social Investigation and the Organ for ‘National Integration’............................. 200

4.5.5 Appointment of Judges: The Judiciary’s Exclusive

Right.................................................................................................................... 200

4.5.6 Challenging the Supremacy of the Legislature...................... 201

4.5.7 1998: Supremacy of the Parliament?.................................... 203

4.6 The Mid-1990s: Crucial Years for Public Interest Litigation.... 206

4.7 ‘Good Governance’: A Class Explanation of Musharraf’s

Coup (October, 1999)................................................................................... 208

References..................................................................................................... 210

5 Good Governance by Judiciary—The 2000s.............................................. 213

5.1 Institutional Rearrangement: Installing the Governance

Structure....................................................................................................... 214

5.2 State Formation in the Era of Good Governance............................... 216

5.3 Judicial Decisions Under Dictatorship: Restoring the

Juridico-BureaucraticStructure..................................................................... 218

5.4 Class Formations Under ‘Good Governance’.................................... 224

5.4.1 An Undermined Legislature.................................................. 224

5.4.2 Struggle Against the Judiciary’s Encroachment

on the Legislative Powers.................................................................................... 225

5.4.3 Supremacy of the Constitution as Supremacy of the

Judiciary.............................................................................................................. 226

5.4.4 Opposition: Correcting the Judiciary Before

Democracy........................................................................................................... 228

5.4.5 The Liberal Legal Project...................................................... 230

5.5 Judiciary as Custodian of Global Modernity Under ‘Good

Governance’: Steering the Juridico-Bureaucratic Structure (2000-2006)............. 234

5.5.1 Public Interest Litigation Until 2006: A Comfortable

Substitute for Democracy.................................................................................... 240

5.5.2 2006: The Judiciary’s Own Consciousness of Its Linear

Development and Weaknesses in Leading Global Modernity.............................. 241

5.6 Lawyers’ Movement: From Supremacy of the Constitution to

Supremacy of the ‘Rule of Law’................................................................... 242

5.6.1 Emergency Against Judicial Activism and Public

Interest Litigation................................................................................................. 244

5.6.2 Rule of Law or Politics: Class Formation and the

Lawyers’ Movement............................................................................................ 245

5.6.3 Lawyers’ Movement: A Political Movement for a

‘Non-Political’ Judiciary?.................................................................................... 247

5.7 After the Lawyers’ Movement: Reclaiming Parliamentary

Sovereignty................................................................................................... 249

5.7.1 From Parliamentary Democracy to Constitutional

Democracy........................................................................................................... 250

5.8 ‘Loud’ Rights in a ‘Shallow Democracy’: A Structural

Analysis........................................................................................................ 251

5.8.1 Bonded Labour..................................................................... 252

5.8.2 Gender and Public Interest Litigation.................................... 254

5.8.3 Public Interest Litigation and the Environment..................... 258

5.8.4 Conclusion............................................................................ 259

References..................................................................................................... 260

6 Some Theoretical Implications..................................................................... 263

6.1 A Departure from a ‘Liberal’ Analysis About Pakistan..................... 263

6.2 Theoretical Implications for Law and Development, Looking at the Work of Douglas North, Brian Tamanaha,

David Trubek............................................................................................... 265

6.2.1 DouglasNorth....................................................................... 265

6.2.2 Brian Tamanaha................................................................... 267

6.2.3 David Trubek....................................................................... 269

6.3 Post-Development, TWAIL and Critical Legal Studies...................... 272

6.4 Social Change Beyond Law: Final Reflections.................................... 275

References.................................................................................................... 277