Contents

Introduction: Crime and the State through the Ages 1

1 Crime's Ever-Expanding Universe 13

2 Crime before the State 39

3 Crime as a Social Problem 57

4 The State as Victim: Treason 73

5 Parallel Justice 99

6 Why Punish? 107

7 How to Punish? 117

8 Moderating Punishment 139

9 Crimes of Thought 149

10 Obliged to Be Good 173

11 From Retribution to Prevention 197

12 The State as Enforcer: From Polizei to Police 247

Conclusion: Still Present after All These Years 311

Acknowledgments 355

Notes 357

Index 445