Index

Abelard, Peter, 165, 207

Abergavenny, Lord, 125

Abortion, 25, 31, 60, 65, 173 Absolution, 169

Absolutism, 5, 85, 206

duels, 103

fines, 128

monopoly of violence, 145 Accessories.

Adam Walsh Act, 2006 (US), 306 Adiaphora, 207

Adultery, 3, 22, 24, 28, 44, 49, 58, 59, 65, 218

and Charlemagne, 198

in Roman law, 154

as treason, 80

^thelberht, 55, 130

Afterlife, 43, 44

Agents provocateurs, 272

Agriculture, and state, 332

AIDS, 63, 330

Albania, 53

Alcohol, 2

Alcoholism, as crime, 299

Alfred, King, 82, 220

Algerian war, 94, 168

Allende, Salvador, 122

Amercements, 124

American Revolution, 120

Amish, 175, 323

Amnesties. See Pardons

Anabaptists, 156, 159, 160,

323

Anarchists, 163, 351

Anglo-Saxon law, 56

Animals, 31

and law, 59

liability of, 243 punishment of, 212

Animal slaughter, 25

Animus furandi, 211

Anthropology, and early state, 320-321

Anti-Social Behavior Orders, England,

302

Antragsdelikte, 17

Apostacy, 22, 151

Aquinas, Thomas, 160, 236 and intent, 219

Archbishop of York, 209

Aristotle, 188

law, intent, 213

and police, 270

Armenian genocide, 121

Armies, citizen, 136

Army, and police, 261-262,

264

Arrest, 251, 254

Arson, 22, 42, 202, 219, 221

Ashurst, William Henry, 182

Assassination, 42, 77, 80, 97

Assassins, medieval, 224

Assault, 26, 42, 101, 216

Assyria, law, 213

Atheism, 184

China, 184

and developing world, 184

and sin, 157

Atimia, 118

Atimos, 166

Attempts, 216, 220. See also Inchoate crime

criminal, 221

German law, 221

Augustine, 102, 174, 351

and heresy, 153 Augustus, 65, 81 Austin, John, 186 Australia, 136

convict settlements, 120

and pedophiles, 123

Austria, 24, 351

religious views in, 63

Autocracies, 18, 26, 58, 77 Automobiles, 2, 9, 21, 27, 34

Aveirah lishmah, 210

Aztecs, 14, 24, 42, 43, 62, 290

gods, 177

and treason, 74

Babylonia, 41, 47

Bacon, Francis, 159

Bail, 129, 290, 301, 312

bonds, 301

Banditi, Florence, 259

Banishment, 19, 20, 114, 117-119, 120, 136, 351

China, 122

England, 120

France, 120

internal, 121-123

and sex offenders, 123

Banking, 22

Bank of England, 147

Bankruptcy, 23

Baptism, 24, 45

Bartolus, 66

Basic Law, Germany, 89

Battered-wife syndrome, 50

Bavaria, 24, 25, 74, 87, 190

conviction rates, 265

Bayle, Pierre, 184

Beccaria, Cesare, 109, 132, 140, 203, 204,

266

and hidden punishments, 205

and sin, 180

Begging, 23, 25

Beheading, 142, 204

Beijing police, 260

Benefit of clergy, 44, 140-141, 147

Bentham, Jeremy, 43, 109, 111, 186, 189

Bertillon, Alphonse, 281-283

Bestiality, 22, 24, 42, 60, 190

Betrayal, 32, 58

Bible, 24.

Christianity; Old Testament;

Ten Commandments

Big data, and crime, 285

Binding-over, 256, 291

Births, registration of, 30

Blackmail, 28

Black people, 299, 345, 351

charged disproportionately, 234

and lynching, 105

and police, 257

US, 163

Blackstone, William, 113, 127, 189, 229 Blasphemy, 15, 22, 25, 31, 33, 36, 42, 63, 159, 175, 182-183

in ancient Greece, 154

in England, 180

law against, 156

Blinding, 132

Blood-spatter analysis, 282

Blood typing, 280

Blue laws, 190

Bodily injuries, 55

Boleyn, Anne, 75

Bondsmen, 290

Booth, John Wilkes, 97

Bounty hunters, 260, 278

Bracton, Henry of, 208, 211

and intent, 214

Brainwashing, 150

Brandeis, Louis, 288

Branding, 20, 110, 142

Breach of trust, 28

Breaking on the wheel, 143, 202

Brentano, Lujo, 317

Brian, ChiefJustice, 150

Briand, Aristide, 201

Bribery, 29, 32, 42, 172, 191, 194

Britain. See England

Brockway, Zebulon, 304

Bryce, James, 344

Buckingham, Duke of, 220

Budapest police, 263

Buddhism, 39, 43, 154, 164

Bulgaria, 128

Bureaucracy, and the state, 322

Burgess, Guy, 94

Burglary, 34, 36. See also Housebreaking, and burglary

Burke, Edmund, 186, 199

Burning alive, 202

Burr, Aaron, 103

Bush, George H. W., 157

Byzantine Empire, 142

Caesar, Julius, 279

Calas, Jean, 140

Calvin, John, 156, 165, 166

Calvinists, 63

Calvin Klein, legal case, 307

Cameras, security, 284

Canada, 25, 76, 302

Cannibalism, 42

Canonists, 200

and deterrence, 204

and intent, 214

Canterbury, Archbishop of, 209

Capital punishment. See Death penalty

Capote, Truman, 146

Carabinieri, 261, 263

Carjacking, 27

Carolina, German penal code, 68, 221, 228

Carolingians, 63

Cars. See Automobiles

Castile, 52

Castration, 117, 128, 132, 139

Castro, Fidel, 77, 176

Cathars, 171, 200, 304

Catholic Church, 25, 40

Catholicism, 25, 40, 84, 156, 159

Chadwick, Edwin, 283, 288

Chalcedon, Council of, 155

Charge stacking, 343

Charivaris, 104

Charlemagne, 42, 52, 69, 198, 200, 229 capitulary, 65

Charles I, 87, 88, 91

Charles II, 91

Chartists, 79, 162

Chatelet, Paris, 267

Check bouncing, 27

Chicago, 285, 297, 299, 327

Chicago Seven, 342

Child abuse, 17, 99

Child marriage, 100

Child molesters, 105

Child pornography, 211

Children, 30, 35 abandoned, 250 and crime, 208 legal status, 30 as property, 99 unborn, 31

China, 5

ancient, 14, 17, 43 communist regime, 289 confession, 171

death penalty, 134, 141 emperors, 49, 79, 142 fines, 129 gods, 40

Han empire, 135

Hans, 259

law, intent of, 213

Maoist, 172

Ming Empire, 157 moderation of punishments, 139 one-child policy, 126 outlawry, 119 pardons, 266 penal code, 41

police, 257, 260, 289, 295

China (cont.)

public executions, 115 punishment, 118 Qin era, 110 Qing dynasty, 141 rulers, supernatural, 156 Ten Abominations, 221 treason, 73, 83

Warring States, 51, 71

Zhou dynasty, 322

Christ, Jesus, 15, 181, 287, 323

as blasphemer, 152 homosexual sex, 183 peculiar status, 155 Sermon on the Mount, 218

Christian III, 132

Christianity, 2, 14, 15, 41, 58, 100, 154, 181.

enforcement of, 175 infanticide, 30 monotheism, 159 other gods, 152 penance, 43, 45 purgatory, 43 restitution, 55 under Rome, 158

Christian Science, 182

Civil asset forfeiture, 34, 300, 312

Civil commitment, 239, 302

Civilizing process, 7, 145, 316, 319, 324,

336

Civil law codes, 23, 34, 35, 301

and evidence, 275

Civil recovery laws, 34

Civil society

and crime, 5

as enforcer, 330 self-policing, 6

Civil War, England, 87

Civil War, US, 77, 96, 262

Clothar, 257

Coining, 57

Coin shaving, 27 Cold War, 94, 96

Collaboration, 98, 205 fascist, 163

Collins, Wilkie, 273

Colquhoun, Patrick, 293

Commercial regulation, 23

Common law, 31, 35, 37

and evidence, 275

Commune, 1870, 120

Communists, 79

Community policing, 294

Compensation, 16, 50, 51, 56,

123

forbidden in Russia, 132

Competition law, 23

Composition, 212

Compounding, 60

Compulsion, and crime, 208 Compurgators, 45, 229

Concierges, 276

Concubinage, 167

Confession, 19, 40, 140, 271 development of, 168-170 extracted by torture, 165 queen of proof, 166 and treason, 76

Confinement, solitary, 315

Confino, 121

Confucianism, 154, 171, 351

rulers, 43

Conqueror, William the, 132

Conquest, 1066, 64, 67, 84

Consent, age of, 28, 305 as legally significant, 101 and rape, 29

Conspiracy, 217, 222, 223. See also Inchoate crime

Constables, 125, 252, 258, 269

Constantine, 155, 156

Constitution, US, 73, 76, 93, 140 amendments, 127, 182, 313 and treason, 82

Construction law, 23

Consumer products, 28

Consumption codes, 23

Contagious Disease Acts, England, 234 Contempt of court, 174

Contract law, 188

Convention on Cybercrime, 2001

(Europe), 307

Conviction, freedom of, 159 Conviction rates, 265

increase of, 20

US, 21

Coronavirus, 300

Corporations, 28, 31

and fines, 130

Corruption, 28, 38

Council of the Areopagus, 48 Counterfeiting, 27, 57, 87 as treason, 81

Courts, 17, 52, 67 development of, 67 early, 47-48 ecclesiastical, 70 French, 67

Crime(s), 3, 13

caused by social conditions, 226 change in nature of, 22 day vs.

Crimen maiestatis, 81

Crime prevention, as public good, 198 Crime rates, 4, 311

Criminalization, over-, 33, 38 Criminal Justice Act, 2003 (England), 304

Criminology, 311

Critias, 164

Cromwell, Oliver, 85, 91, 181

Cromwell, Thomas, 271 Crowd control, 264

Crucifixion, 202

Cruising, 27

Cuba, 176

and fines, 129

Currency, 27

Cursing, 25 Customary law, 39

Damages, punitive, 126

Damiens, Robert, 202

Damnation, 43

Dangerousness, 109, 230

Dante Alighieri, 58, 73

Death penalty, 5, 19, 20, 35, 42, 59, 113, 131, 139

abolition, 133

arguments for, 134

and benefit of clergy, 141

England, 19, 110, 139, 141, 203

France, 133

as human rights issue, 134

and lynching, 106

means of, 142

Norway, 205

public opinion and, 133

in Rome, 133

US, 133, 141

Weimar Republic, 89

Debtors, 23, 137

Debtor's prison, 23

Debt slavery, 23

Decapitation. See Beheading Defamation, 25, 31

Delicta, 63

Delphi, 15

Democracy, 26

and crime, 18

and self-discipline, 319

Denmark, 45, 113, 183, 301

Denunciation, 70, 276

Deodands, 212, 300, 312

Desertion, 60

Despotism, and crime, 18

Detectives, 272-273

Deterrence, 19, 197-199, 206,

226

logic of, 204

Devlin, Patrick, 185, 306, 307

Devonshire, Duke of, 127

Diana, Princess, 81, 194, 274

Dickens, Charles, 273

Diffidatio, 84

Dikasteria, 59

Dionisius, 220

Disciplinary institutions, 338

Discipline, Foucauldian, 316, 317, 354

Discretion, to prosecute, 17

Disorderly conduct, 270

Dissection, part of punishment, 203

Divorce, 100

DNA, 295, 314

as evidence, 280-283, 284

Dolus, 213

Domestication syndrome, 325

Domestic violence, 3, 17, 30, 110, 346

Domicilio coatto, 297

Dominican Order, 151, 270

Doolittle, Alfred, 335

Dracon, code, 48, 63, 64, 131

Dreyfus, Alfred, 281

Drinking, 329

Drivers, 21

Driving, drunk, 34, 192

Drug laws, 30, 38

Drug selling, 34

Drug use, 2

Drunkenness, 24, 25, 30, 209

Due care, 188

Duels, 49, 101-103, 191, 194

Due process, 34, 176, 224, 301

Durkheim, Emile, 2, 13, 26, 58, 139, 145,

146, 190, 201, 285, 352

Duty of help, 193

Earp, Wyatt, 260

Eavesdropping, 278

Edict of Rothar, 220

Education, compulsory, 30, 57

Edward II, 82, 87, 167

Egypt, 14, 42, 290-291

debaptism, 118

gods, 164, 177

intent, 221

Middle Kingdom, 13

police, 257

suicide, 323

treason, 74

Elias, Norbert, 7, 316, 317, 318, 319, 326, 335, 337, 340

Elizabeth, Queen, 159

Elizabethan era, 24

El Salvador, 35

Embezzlement, 32, 57, 154

Emergency law, 26

Emergency numbers, 274

Emergency Powers Act, 1920

(England), 262

Emperors, China, 49, 79, 142

Emperors, Japan, 89

Encryption software, 287

Endangerment, 36, 243-244

Engels, Friedrich, 352

England, 10, 17, 20, 30, 36, 37, 41, 52 acquittals, 21 and blasphemy, 183 death penalty, 134

fasting for atonement (1832), 42 medieval, 44 police, 262

Tudor, 24

Enlightenment, 6, 20, 23, 109, 139, 140, 179, 201, 208, 240

and atheism, 184

and retribution, 115

Entrapment, 277, 293

Environmentalism, 191

Environmental law, 344

Equity law, 140

Ergastolo, 201

Escheating, 78

Eshunna, law code (Sumeria), 124

Espionage, 57, 95, 97

Ethnic cleansing, 121

Etiquette, 324

manuals, 8

Euripedes, 153

European Union, 78 Euthanasia, 25, 173, 190, 195 Evidence

circumstantial, 167 development of, 275-276 needed for conviction, 19 physical, 46

scientific, 279-280 Exchange, importance of,

130

Excommunication, 43, 44, 65,

118

Executioners, 70

Executions, 117, 131

harsh, 202-203

mass, 205

privatized, 143 public, 317

public, last, 205 Exhibitionism, 17 Exile.

Extramarital sex. See Adultery Extreme risk protection, 299 Eyewitnesses, 279

Face recognition technology, 284-285

Facilitators. See Accomplices Factory Act, 1844 (England), 125

Fairness, as legal concept, 188 Fas, 42, 79

FBI, 260, 283

Fealty, 84 Felonies, 37

Felony offenders, 21

Femicide, 31

Fenians, 162

Feuds, 5, 45, 47, 51, 52, 54, 212 Feuerbach, Anselm von, 154 Feuerbach, P. J. von, 113

Fines, 1, 5, 20, 56, 114, 123-131

atoned for in prison, 137

China, 129

on corporations, 126

inappropriate for serious crime,

127

limits on, 127

non-cash economies, 128

for pollution, 126

as pricing behavior, 125

and slaves, 129

as substitute for prison, 144 Fingerprints, 280, 282-283 Finland, 17, 313

and fines, 129

First Amendment, 182. See also

Free speech

Flogging, 20

in prison, 143

Florence, 52, 128, 271

police, 277

Florida, 288, 297

Floyd, George, 315

Fonda, Jane, 210, 342

Food adulteration, 57

Food safety, 23

Foreign Legion, 136

Forgery, 28, 63, 110

Fornication, 24, 26, 42

Foucault, Michel, 20, 202, 236, 239, 316, 318, 319, 338, 340, 343

and discipline, 317, 354

and hidden punishments, 205

in San Francisco, 329

Fouche, Joseph, 272

Founding Fathers, US, 76, 95

France, 28, 30, 37, 45, 50, 53, 60

Anatole, 299

Franciscan Order, 270

Frank, Hans, 134

Frank, Niklas, 134

Frankpledge, 289, 312

Fraud, 24, 27, 28, 32, 58

and intent, 215, 224

as public crime, 60

Fraud Act, 2006 (England), 224

Frederick the Great, 202

Free speech, 31, 33, 92, 174-175, 183, 307. See also First Amendment

Free Spirits, 178

Freikorps, 263

French, Marilyn, 234

French Revolution, 1789, 26, 37, 92, 95, 186, 256

police, 258

French Revolution, 1832, 253

French Revolution, 1848, 253

Friedrich Wilhelm, Prussia, 336

Fumi, Bartolomeo, 207

Fustuarium, 59

Galileo Galilei, 170

Galleys, 136, 142

Gambling, 34

Gangs, 297

Gardes champetres, 293

Gastrecht, 187

Gaul, 40

Gays, marriage, 330.

Homosexuality

Gaza, 53

Gendarmerie, 249, 250, 252, 262, 263, 264

Generalgouvernement, 134

Genesis, 59

Genital mutilation, 101

Genocide, punishment of, 132

Gentile, Giovanni Valentio, 166

George III, 87, 97, 208

Germanic law, 42, 58, 200

Carolina, 68, 221, 228

and duel, 102

and intent, 211, 213

and treason, 82

Germany, 17, 33, 35, 36, 42, 45 death penalty, 134

Great Criminal Senate, 193 human sacrifice, 42

Gladiatorial combats, 202

Gleaning, 30, 194

Gnostics, 156

God(s), 43

as amoral, 177 big, 39-40, 164, 175

as enforcers, 13, 39, 44, 173

Greek, 14, 41, 153

and humans, 41 monotheistic, 165 oaths, 45 ordeals, 45-46 punishment, 15, 16

Goffman, Erving, 338

Good faith, as legal concept, 188

Good Samaritan laws, 35, 193

Google, 130

Gordon riots, 199, 334

Gortyn, Great Code of, 48 Governmentality, 316, 317

Graffiti, 30

Graphe, 64

Graphology, 281

Great Act, 1682 (American colonies), 141

Great Criminal Senate, Germany, 193

Greece, 313

ancient, 14, 15, 17, 18, 24, 31, 44, 45 intent, 213, 221 law, 48, 118

police, 257

and sacrilege, 154

and treason, 74

Zeus, 14, 153-154, 178, 270

Greek-Turkish population exchanges, 1923, 121

Gregory IX, 159

Grober Unfug, 33

Grotius, Hugo, 180

Guantanamo, 163

Guardia civil, Spain, 263

Guardian Angels, 104

Guiana, 120

Guillotine, 142, 204

Haakonsson, Eric, 102

Habeas corpus, 26

Habitual Criminals Act, 1869

(England), 297

Habsburg Empire, 52

Hadfield, James, 97

Hale, ChiefJustice, 182

Hall, Arthur Cleveland, 349

Hamilton, Alexander, 103

Hammurabi, code, 41, 212

Han empire, China, 135

Hangings, end of public, 204

Hans, China, 259

Hardin, John Wesley, 260

Hard labor, 204

Harm, in penal code, 35

Hate crime, 36, 211

Hate speech, 33, 175

Haw Haw, Lord, 94

Hebrew law, 15, 59, 63, 243

and animals, 212

Hegel, G. F. W., 18, 115, 322, 336

Hell, as punishment, 14, 43, 44, 47

Helsinge law, Sweden, 52

Henry II, 69

Henry IV, 91

Henry VII, 90, 125

Henry VIII, 26, 79, 95, 159, 271 and treason, 75

Heresy, 15, 16, 42 pursued, 153 like treason, 154

Heretics, 151, 174, 197, 271

Hesiod, 48

Hewitt, James, 81

Hickok, Wild Bill, 260

Hinduism, 43

Hispanic people, 299

Hiss, Alger, 96

Hit-and-run, 193

Hitler, Adolf, 77, 97, 318

HIV, 300, 329

Hobbes, Thomas, 85, 111

and atheism, 184

and intent, 219

and sin, 179

Hochverrat, 82, 94

Holland, 24, 104, 302

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, 209

Holmes, Sherlock, 273

Holocaust, 121

Holy Roman Empire, 66, 91. See also

Roman Empire

Homelessness, 30

as crime, 299

Homer, 51, 64, 211

and locks, 287

Homeric period, 62

Homicide, 3, 15, 17, 24, 25, 42, 52, 56, 63 accidental, 44

attempted, 110, 211 and consent, 101 in early law, 48

England, 214 justifiable, 48-49, 101 and manslaughter, 215 as public crime, 59, 60, 64 rates of, 3

Homo sapiens, 321

evolutionary advantage of, 325

and extinction of other hominoids, 332

Homosexuality, 24, 173, 329 criminalization of, 185

Honesty, in commercial law, 188

Honor, 18, 25, 61, 145, 208

Honor killings, 191

Hospitality law, 187

Hostiensis, 66, 68, 200

Housebreaking, and burglary, 288.

See also Burglary

Houses of correction, 136, 236

Howard, Katherine, 75

Howard, Lord Thomas, 80

Hubris, 66

Hue and cry, 67, 193, 258, 267, 268 Huguenots, 84, 121

Human rights, and Durkheim, 353 Hume, David, 233

Humiliation, public, 200

Hundreds, England, 104, 290

Hunger strikes, 162, 163

Hunting, 192

Hush money, 28

Hussein, Saddam, 134

Hutterite sect, 156

Hydrosphygmograph, 231

Iceland, 16, 24, 49, 53, 61

banishment, 119

law, 54

Idolatry, 22, 24, 183

Idols, false, worshipping, 58

Ili, Xinjiang, 122

Iliad, 47, 51

Illegality, expansion of, 11 Immigration law, 27, 344 Immorality, 42, 173

changing nature of, 186

Imperial Peace Statute, Habsburg, 1495, 52

Implicit endangerment offenses, 34 Imprisonment, 4

rise in, 115

Inca Empire, 14, 16, 42, 63

death penalty, 117

Incapacitation, 112, 113, 201, 237, 239 and prison, 137

Incest, 24, 60, 189

Inchoate crime, 10, 36, 37, 215, 295

double, 223

law, 344

and renunciation, 217

second order, 217

Incitement. See Inchoate crime Indentured service, 101

Indeterminate sentencing, 239-240 India, 25

ancient, 14

partition of, 121

Indicia, 279

Indonesia, 255

Ine, King, 223

Inebriants, 2

Infamia, 70, 228

Infanticide, 30, 45, 280-281

Infants, 24

Infibulation, 182

Informants, 276, 278

Inheritance, 100

Inmates, numbers of, 144

Innocent III, 65, 79, 157

Inquisition, 135, 140, 160, 180, 271, 304

Inquisitional system, 68

Insanity

criminal, 230

defense, 208

temporary, 50

Insider trading, 28, 34, 38, 191-192, 194 punishment for, 130

Insurance, 3, 317

and theft, 286

Intellectual property, 191

Intent. See Thoughts, as object of law Intent, and crime, 10, 207-225 International Criminal Tribunal, 134 International law, 188

Intoxication, as mitigating factor, 209 Inuit, 47, 320

Inuria, 64

Ireland, confession, 169

Irish Republican Army, 163

Islam, 14, 16, 22, 154

behavioral codes, 177

and idolatry, 183

Islamic law, 17, 56, 151

death penalty, 131

and debt, 23

Islamic world, and punishments, 115

Italy, 53, 128

police, 263

Renaissance, 41, 52

Ius, 42

Jackson, Andrew, 97

James, Jesse, 260

James I, 80, 83, 103, 157

Japan, 17, 45, 53, 80

conviction rates, 265

policing, 295

Japanese American internment,

296

Jesuits, 79, 296

Jewish law, 54, 55, 64, 70

Jewish people, 345

ancient, 14, 16

and blushing, 230 covenant with God, 42 expulsion of, 120 and lynching, 105

Orthodox, 175

and other gods, 152, 154

saved by holy sin, 210 Judaism, 44, 154

holy sin, 210

monotheism, 159

Judges, lay, 48

July Monarchy, France, 161

Jupiter, 152

Juries, 20, 46, 67

development of, 275-276

grand, 69

growth of, 69

Russia, 273 self-informing, 69

Jury nullification, 146-147, 195,

266

Justinian, code of, 62

Digest, 111

Kant, Immanuel, 18, 60, 109, 111, 115, 128, 179, 186, 210, 336

and morality, 164

Karet, 118

Kelsen, Hans, 186 Kennedy, John F., 90 assassination, 94

Kent, 43, 55, 130

Kentucky, 205

and duels, 103

Kevorkian, Jack, 195 Kidnapping, 42 Kin, and state, 320

as enforcing law, 16, 17

Kinsey Report, 21

Kirkup, James, 183

Koban, 295

Kurdish independence fighters, 122

Labor, forced, 114, 126

hard, 119

in prison, 137

Labor relations, 23

Landesverrat, 94

Lansman, 259

Larceny. See Theft

Larson, John, 231

Lateran Council, Fourth, 150, 166, 168 Latino offenders, 351

Law

ancient Greece, 54, 55

biblical, 59

of contract, 188

cuneiform, 59

early development of, 48 growing role of, 338-340, 342-344 and morality, 186-194 of negligence, 188

pre-historic, 321

of the sea, 194 talionic, 54, 108, 128

Law enforcement, popularity of,

145

Legal goods, 35

Legal impossibility, 222 Legalism, China, 199, 351

Legal personality, 31

Legal realism, 186

Leges Henrici Primi, 212 Lenin, Vladimir, 121, 176

Lenocinium, 65

Lese-majeste, 161

Lettres de cachet, 254

Leumund, 229

Lex Julia, 154

Lex Quisquis, 81

Lex talionis, 50. See also Law,

talionic

Liability law, 28

Libel, 16, 25, 31, 33, 42

collective, 183

per se, 347

Lie detection, 230

Life sentences, 114, 123

Liszt, Franz von, 237

Locke, John, 58, 111, 186, 210

and atheism, 184

and morality, 164

and sin, 180

Locks, 27, 287

Loitering, 30, 216, 223, 234, 296 Lombroso, Cesare, 2, 206, 227, 229, 231

London, 258

police, 261, 262

London Bridge, 74

Looting, 147

Louis XIV, 103, 234, 261

Louis XV, 272

Louis XVI, 88, 266

Louis-Philippe, 98, 161

Luther, Martin, 42, 156, 160, 170, 323

Lynch, Charles, 105

Lynching, 105-106

Macauley, Thomas Babbington,

193

Madagascar Plan, 121

Magic. See Witchcraft

Magistrates' courts, Britain, 21

Magna Carta, 85, 86, 127

Mail fraud, 203

Mala fama, 70, 229

Malinowski, Bronislaw, 321

Malum in se, 188, 209, 214

Malum prohibitum, 188

Mandatory sentencing, 115, 238

Mann Act, 1910 (US), 28

Manslaughter, 49, 50

Maoism, 106

Marechaussee, 256, 261, 348

Marital rape, 17, 100

Marranos, 165

Marriage, 43

determined by parents, 100

Marrow, Ann, 202

Marx, Karl, 176, 318, 352

Marxism, and crime, 206

Mary, Queen, 68, 85

Massachusetts, 26, 76, 128, 157,

200

adultery, 187

and blasphemy, 182

and duels, 103

Mass trials, totalitarianism, 131

Mather, Cotton, 63

Maximilian, Emperor, 156

Medicis, 271

Melanesia, 323

Mennonites, 175, 323

Mens rea, 140, 207-208, 209, 241 Merovingians, 259

kings, 60

law, 52

Mesopotamia, 14, 40

Metropolitan Police Act, 1829

(London), 270 Middle Ages, 17, 27 Middle East, executions, 115 Militant democracy, 92 Military, compared to police, 348 mercenary, 293

Mill, John Stuart, 184, 201, 240

Ming empire, 75 Minimum sentences, mandatory, 115 Minorities, ethnic

and police, 257

and prison, 351 Misophonia, 329 Misprision of treason, 35 M'Naghten rule, 208 Monarchs, dangers to, 75 Money laundering, 27, 34 Monogamy, 190 Monopolies, 23, 28 Monopoly on violence, state, 50, 145 Monotheism, 41, 152, 155

moral codes, 177

Montesquieu, C.-L., 18, 79, 110, 180, 186 Morality, 23, 44, 164, 324

as base of society, 58

and contract, 188

enforcement of, 173, 184 and law, 186-187, 189, 191 policed by state, 174-175 relativity of, 187 and religion, 182 separate from religion, 179 and sin, 179-180

Moral turpitude, 188 More, Thomas, 159 Moriscos, 121, 165 Mormons, 175, 182, 183, 190 Moses, 41, 63

Motorists. See Drivers

Motor vehicles. See Automobiles Movement, freedom of, 284 Mugshots, 283 Multiculturalism, 31

and social control, 341 Municipalities, 31 Murder. See Homicide Murdrum, 56 Muslims

as minority in Europe, 183 suicide by murder, 113 Mussolini, Benito, 121 Mutilation, 19, 20, 55, 117

and consent, 101 punishments, 114

Napoleon, 89, 261, 262, 272, 304 Napoleon III, 98, 161, 272 National guard, 263 Nationalism, 163

Nation-state, 27

and banishment, 118 Native Americans

expulsion of, 121 and lynching, 105 Natural law, 22, 85, 91, 179, 186, 187 Natural rights, 186 Nature, as plaintiff, 32

Nazis, 79, 121, 134, 147, 193, 200, 205, 287, 318

and attempted crime, 220

and police, 263 Nazism, 37 Necromancy, 157 Necrophilia, 24 Negligence, 241-243 New Caledonia, 120, 143 New Jersey, 103, 296 New South Wales, 114, 120 New York, 104, 123

police, 262

Nicea, Council of, 155, 156

Nicholas I, 271

Nicholas I, Montenegrin prince,

51

Nicodemites, 165

Nightwalkers, 296

North, US, 141, 205

Norway, 45, 53

death penalty, 134

government in exile, 205

Novatian schismatics, 156

Nuremberg, 219

trial, 134

Oaths, 32, 45, 67

as preventive self-policing, 291

Oedipus Rex, 42, 62

Offending, reasons for, 206-207

Offense, as a harm, 185

Old Testament, 42, 44, 51, 54, 59, 61, 62,

79, 176, 213, 300.

See also Bible; Christianity;

Ten Commandments

banishment, 119

Cain and Abel, 15, 79, 119

David and Goliath, 51, 102

death penalty, 131

Saul, 51, 79

Yahweh, 15

Omission, crimes of, 225

Omniscience, divine, 164

Oral copulation. See Rape

Ordeals, 32, 45-46, 67, 166, 168, 275

Order, preserving, 23

Ordonnance de Blois, 221

Orsini, Felice, 98

Ostracism, 100, 118

Outlawry, 118

Overcriminalization, 33, 38

Ovid, 120

Pacification. See State, disarming function

Pagans, and sin, 157

Pakistan, executions, 115

Palestine, 45

British mandate, 88, 121

Paley, William, 199

Panhandling, 30

Panopticon principle, 164, 315

Pantheism, 41

Papacy, 75

Pardons, 77, 214, 266, 312

Paris, 103, 291

police, 258, 261, 269

Parlement of Paris, 45, 127

Parliament, 43

Parole, 144, 237, 312

reduction of, 115

Parricide, 70, 80, 89, 118, 132, 203

Pashukanis, Evgeny, 130

Passports, 284

domestic, 121

Paterfamilias, 30, 99

Patrick, Saint, 162

Paul I, 277

Peace,

disturbing, 17, 25

of gods, 42 medieval, 52, 65, 291

Peasant revolts, 91

Pedophilia, 24, 34, 110, 192, 305-309

Peel, Robert, 268

Peine forte et dure, 124, 143

Penal code, 21, 22, 34

Bavaria, 1810, 113

Bavaria, 1813, 180

Belgium, 1867, 89

China, 1908, 141

France, 1791, 89, 93, 136, 141, 161

France, 1810, 89, 93, 120, 217,

296

France, 1994, 97

Germany, 1870, 193 growth of, 22, 38

India, 193

Italy, 1889, 215

Japan, 89

Prussia, 74, 304

Prussia, 1851, 205

Tuscany, 1786, 135, 201

US, 22

Penal colonies, 114

Soviet, 121

Penalties, fixed, 48

Penitential of Ecgberht, 209

Penitential of Theodore, 209

Penna, Lucas de, 214, 219 Pennsylvania, 58

and blasphemy, 182

Perduellio, 81

Perjury, 14, 16, 32, 40, 42, 46, 57, 166, 174, 193

Personality, rights of, 31

Peterloo massacre, 175, 262

Peter the Great, 103, 203

Philby, Harold, 94

Philippe IV, 80

Phillimore, Walter, 182

Philo of Alexandria, 58

Phishing, 3

Photography, and crime, 280 Phrenology, 229

Pickpocketing, 27

Pillory, 205

Pinkertons, 260, 270

Plato, 14, 59, 70, 112, 118, 158, 188, 236, 276

and animals, 212

and fines, 129

Guardians, 287

law, intent, 213

and parricide, 203

Plea bargains, 343

Plessis-Mornay, Phillipe du, 85 Plethysmographs, 230

Poaching, 17, 194

Poland, 69, 128

Police

arms, 263-264

and arrests, 267

China, 250, 254

citizens' encounters with, 2 communications, 274 as deterrent, 293

England, 253

ethnic minorities, 2, 256, 257

London, 20, 250, 256, 268, 292, 293 New York, 250

Paris, 119 plainclothes, 293 political, 267

powers of, 33, 248, 268-269 private, 259-260

Prussia, 250 rule of law, 254

Russia, 252 secret, 270-273 states, 248 uniforms, 253, 293, 294 volunteer, 258

Policing, 5, 47 administrative, 292 etymology, 247 expansion of, 348 911-style, 294 supernatural, 44 zero-tolerance, 29, 294, 349

Political crime, 161-162

Political dissidents, 153

Polizei, 291-292

Polizeiwissenschaft, 248

Pollution, 57

Pollution theory of crime, 108, 174, 191,

192

Polygamy, 173, 189

Polygraph, 231

Polytheism, 14, 40, 152, 177

Ponet, John, 85

Poor, and the law, 28

Poor-law, England, 201

Poor Law Commission, 201

Populism, 342

Pornography, 8, 29 child, 305-309 virtual, 306-309

Posse comitatus, 258

Posse Comitatus Act, 1878 (US),

262

Possession offenses, 216

Potwaris, India, 259

Pound, Roscoe, 337

Power, Foucauldian, 317

Prediction

on basis of past acts, 235

of offending, 230 sociological methods, 232 statistical, 296

Pretrial detention, 302

Pretrial release, 301 Preventing crime based on past behavior, 227

and policing, 289-305

and state, 198

Prevention of Crime Act, 1908 (England), 298

Prevention of Crimes Act, 1871 (England), 283

Preventive detention, 224, 239 universal, 303, 304

Preventive law, 35

Preventive orders, civil, 302 Preventive sentencing, 300, 301

Price fixing, 28, 191 Primogeniture, 100, 191 Prison, 6, 23, 114, 134-137 alternatives to, 144 debtors, 135 diets, 144 juveniles, 144 labor, 144 maximum security, 137, 144 number of citizens in, 2, 349 Philadelphia system, 137 rehabilitation, 236-237 as substitute for death, 143 US, 115

Prison-industrial complex, 137 Privacy, protection of, 286 Private offenses, 63 Private sphere, 16, 26, 28, 29 Probation, 144, 237, 240 Procureur du roi, 68

Procuring, 65 Professions, licensed, 31 Profiling, 235, 297 Prohibition, 195 Project Exile, 123 Prometheus, 41

Property, 30, 32 intellectual, 31 right to, 18

Prosecution

discretion, 275 public, 17, 67 Prosecutors, 21 Prostitutes, 234

China, 126

as informers, 276

Prostitution, 23, 29, 125, 185

PROTECT Act, 2003 (US), 306

Protestantism, 153, 166

and idolatry, 183

sects, 153

Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 190,

351

Proxy behaviors, 34

Prussia, 336

and death penalty, 141

General Code, 1794, 251 penal code, 80 police, 259, 271 and torture, 140

Public assembly, 33

Public crimes, 60-62, 64, 65, 174

Public drunkenness, 299

Public health, 23, 317

and law, 300

Publicity, rights of, 31

Public order, 16

Public urination, 27, 30 Punishment

collective, 289-290

of masochists, 113 moderation of, 5, 18, 115, 266 postmortem, 14 privatizing, 204 severity of, 206 by victims, 48

Puritans, 63, 157, 159, 181

Qing dynasty, China, 141

Quakers, 58, 157, 181

Quarantine, 300

avoiders, 147

Quetelet, Adolphe, 232

Quran, 22

Ranters, 181

Rape, 3, 29, 62, 147, 305

marital, 346

statutory, 28 virtual, 307

Reagan, Ronald, 157, 209

Reasonableness, as legal concept,

188

Rechtsstaat, 33

Recidivism, 202, 227-228, 233, 239, 297-298, 304, 349

and age, 233

tracking, 282

Reckless endangerment, 243

Recusancy, 160

Red flag orders, 299

Reform Act 1835 (England), 20 Reformation, 75, 85, 140, 156

and confession, 169, 170

Regicide, 75

and treason, 87

Register of Distinct Marks, England, 282 Regulars, 104

Regulation, 33

as distinct from crimes, 22 Regulators, 104

Rehabilitation, 112, 115, 235-239 and prison, 137

Reichslandfriede, 142

Reincarnation, 14

Religion, 25

Axial, 25, 152, 154

control of behavior, 176-177

edicts, 13, 16, 22 offenses, 16, 46 separate from state, 22

Representative government

and crime, 18

and dissent, 160

and moderation of punishment, 145 Repressive tolerance, 315 Republics, and crime, 18

Reputation, 31, 45

as basis for prosecution, 229

and compurgators, 229

and policing, 292

Responsibility, for crime, 207

Restitution, 50, 52, 55, 56, 57, 60, 61, 212 and fines, 127

Restorative justice, 56, 115, 353 Restraining orders, 299

Retaliation, 58 Retribution, 14, 44, 58, 107-108, 238 Retributionism, 111-113

Retributive justice, 311, 312 Revolutions of 1848, 261 Rewards, 278

Richard II, 84, 91, 220 Right to remain silent, 159 Riots, 42, 334 in legal sense, 210 and treason, 76

Risk, harm of, 243 Risk averaging, 317 Roma, 23, 234 Roman Empire. See also Holy Roman

Empire conversion to Christianity, 62, 155,

159, 236

and pagans, 157 Roman gods, 40 Roman law, 18, 19, 45, 48, 54, 55, 58, 65,

67, 68, 95, 111, 118 attempts, 211 beheading, 142 children, 100 deterrence, 132 duel, 102 evidence, 279 evidence of character, 228 inquisitorial aspect, 229 insanity, 208 negligence, 243 profane vs. sacral criminal law, 42 restitution, 130 theological offenses, 158 treason in, 82

Roman republic, 63, 92

Rome

ancient, 14, 17, 30 police, 257 and religion, 152, 179

Rose, Nikolas, 337, 340

Rosenberg, Ethel, 94

Rosenberg, Julius, 94

Rothman, David, 338

Royal Society for the Protection of

Cruelty to Animals, 269

Rubin, Jerry, 342

Rugeverfahren, 229

Rule of law, 33

Rushdie, Salman, 183

Russia, 69, 104

compensation forbidden in,

132

police, 258, 259, 274 whipping, 128

Russian revolution, 1917, 105

Rwanda, genocide, 134

Sabbatarian law, 190, 256

Sabbath, 24

Sabbatian heresies, 155, 179

Sachsenspiegel, 66

Sacral offenses, 42

Sacrifice, 62

human, 42

Sacrilege, 24, 175

Sade, Marquis de, 99

Safe sex, 330

Saints, cult of, 153

Salian Franks, law, 55

Salic code, 75

Salvation by good works, 153

Samosud, 104

Samurai, Japan, 259, 323

Sanctuary cities, 122

Santa Hermandad, 52

Santeria, 182

Sartorial regulations, 23, 24,

346

Savigny, Friedrich Karl von, 186

Sbirri, 259

Scandinavian law, and intent,

214

Scholasticism, 179

Schooling, compulsory, 3

Schultheiss, 259

Schwerer Kerker, 143

Scientology, 157-158

Scolding, 25, 296

Scotland, 41, 45, 50, 53, 104, 200

drawing and quartering, 203

prison, 137

Scott, James, 322

Seatbelts, 329

Second Amendment, 313

Securities fraud, 28, 192

Sedition, 78, 94. See also Treason Seduction, 42, 80

Self-control. See Self-discipline Self-defense, 49, 101, 269

Self-discipline, 7, 8, 10, 38, 317, 318, 319, 335-336

Self-domestication, 325

Self-help, 48-49

as enforcing law, 16, 17

Self-maiming, 60

Self-policing, 255

Self-reporting, 255

Sentences

discretionary, 237

indeterminate, 23, 227, 304

Sentencing rallies, China, 200

Seppuku, 323

Servetus, Michael, 156, 165

Seville, 56, 165, 213

Sex, 8, 24, 28, 330

and law, 345

mercenary, 101

Sex crimes, 216, 305-309

Sex offenders, 239, 302

banishment, 123

registries, 117, 200, 255

Sex robots, 307

Sexual assault. See Rape

Sex workers. See Prostitutes; Prostitution

Shame, 20

Shame punishments, 114, 117, 200-201, 236

Sharia law, 51, 54, 61, 130. See also

Islamic law

debt, 137

intent, 213

Sharp, David, 193

Shays' Rebellion, 76

Sheriffs, 125

Shiites, 224

Shivarees, 104

Shoplifting, 17, 27, 61

Sicherungsverwahrung, 239, 302

Silin, 289

Simony, 167

Sin, 14, 15, 22, 39, 44, 45, 62, 65, 164, 173, 179, 240

as disobeying God, 153

as distinct from crime, 45, 47, 59 sexual, 169

Sindaci, 277

Sisyphus, King, 164

Slander. See Libel

Slavery, 22, 65

voluntary, 101

Slaves, 99

evidence, 166

fines, 129 punishment of, 142 testimony, 165 unable to be fined, 128

Sleeping, as crime, 24, 25

Smith, Adam, 204, 292

Smoking, ban of, 326

Smuggling, 2, 145, 172, 194 Snowden, Edward, 210

Social contract, 315, 319

Social control, 335-340, 352

and humor, 347 informal, 11, 341, 342

Social crimes, 194

Social Democrats, Germany, 33, 263

Social discipline. See Social control

Social engineering, 226, 318 Socialism, and law, 176

Socialization, 11, 38, 323, 326

Socinians, 181

Sociopaths, 230

Socrates, 122, 158, 323. See also Plato

Sodomy, 22, 24, 62, 141, 305

Solicitation, 217, 221. See also Inchoate crime

Solicitators. See Accomplices

Solitary confinement, 201, 236

Solon, 48, 64, 66, 99

South, US, 4, 103, 105, 126, 137

death penalty, 133

South Tirol, Landesverordnung, 91

Soviet Union, 121

mass trials, 171

police, 171, 176, 272

state property, 190

torture, 170

treason, 74

Spain, 76

pardons, 266

police, 258, 263

Spanish flu, 327

Sparta, 42

Special Branch, England, 271

Specific performance, 130

Speeding, 284

tickets, 126, 129

Speed limits, 34

Spitting, regulation of, 327

Spousal abuse, 100. See also

Domestic violence

Stalin, Joseph, 21, 97, 171, 318, 352

Stand-your-ground laws, 50

Star Chamber, 221

Stasi, East Germany, 277

State

disarming function, 7

earliest emergence of, 320-321 early history of, 332-333 enforcement of law, 16, 17

Europe, 321-322

expansion of, 324 monopoly on violence, 50, 145 power of, and crime, 19, 20 and violence, 331-334

warfare, 333

withering away of, 10, 176, 352 States of exception, 26

Status, as crime, 298-299

Statute of Apprentices, 1563 (England),

278

Statute of Winchester, 258, 287, 289

STD. See Venereal disease

Stephen, James Fitzjames, 184

Stolen goods, 216

Stoning, 63, 70, 100, 132

St. Petersburg, 105, 277, 287

Strangling, 142-143, 202

Strict liability, 211, 241-242

Suffragettes, 135, 161, 162

Suicide, 25, 58, 190

bombers, 224

by cop, 113

by murder, 113 prevented in order to execute, 132

Sumerian law, 55

Sumptuary laws, 23

Supernatural. See God(s)

Supreme Court

Israel, 88

US, 77, 96, 189, 302, 306, 307

Surete, 259

Sureties, 289-291, 312

and suffragettes, 162

Sussex, 16, 268

death penalty, 141

SWAT teams, 264

Swearing, 63

Sweden, 29, 113, 122

police, 259

Switzerland, 313, 351

and fines, 129

Sycophants, ancient Greece, 277

Syphilis. See Venereal disease

Syracuse, 220

Taboos, 14, 178

Tacitus, 42, 63

Talionic punishments, 114. See also, Law, talionic

Target hardening, 198, 207, 286-288, 295

Tariffs, 2, 194

Tax

avoidance, 190

declarations, 32 evasion, 174, 190, 194

fraud, 57

violations, 28

Taylor, John, 126, 181

Technology, and expansion of law, 27 Telepinus, Edict of, 51

Templars, 167

Ten Abominations, China, 221

Ten Commandments, 16, 178, 186, 207 Terror, French Revolution, 204 Terrorism, 26, 34

inchoate crime, 224 laws against, 224-225

Terrorism Act, 2006 (UK), 224 Terrorists, 163, 297

Islamic, 183

Theft, 17, 19, 22, 24, 26, 27, 30, 31, 32, 42, 63, 67, 211

cars, 288 changes in, 286 as public crime, 67

Theftbote, 60

Theocracy, 16, 24, 58, 176, 182 Theodosian Code, 266 Theognidean sylloge, 178

Thief takers, England, 259 Third degree, 168, 254

Third Department, Russia, 271 Third Republic, France, 89 Thirty-Nine Articles, 159 Thoughts, as object of law, 35-36

Three-strike laws, 4, 228, 233, 298 Tobacco use, 191

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 236, 343 Toilet training, 326-327

Tokyo Rose, 94

Torquemada, Tomas de, 150 Tort/crime distinction, 18, 57, 66,

189

Torture, 6, 19, 32, 110, 275 confession, 170 democracies and, 168 to discourage murder, 113 end of, 204 evidence, 166-168 forbidding of, 140 totalitarianism, 168 unreliable evidence, 279

Totalitarianism, 18, 26, 77, 92, 121, 161, 323

confession, 171

dissent, 160

mass trials, 131

Tough-on-crime agenda, 1

Toulouse, 249, 258

Trade law, 23

Traffic policing, 21, 27, 34

Transportation, 142, 147. See also Banishment

as punishment, 136

Transportation Security Administration, 287

Treachery, 97

Treason, 16, 26, 33, 42, 56, 60, 73-75

ancient China, 73, 83

ancient Greece, 78

as crime of citizens, 157

democracies, 78, 91, 95

like heresy, 154

high and petty, 82

intent, 210

popular sovereignty, 92-93 prosecutions, 77

Rome, 78

treason-felony, 96

Visigoths, 82

Treason Act 1351 (England), 76, 82, 88, 95, 217, 220

Treason Act 1495 (England), 90

Treason Act 1534 (England), 95

Trent, Council of, 102

Tresilian, Richard, 84

Trespass, 22, 216

nighttime, 219

Tresviri capitales, 257

Trial by battle, 102

Trinitarianism, 155, 181

Truancy, 30, 303

Tyburn Ticket, 204, 278

Tyrannicide, 75

Tz'u, Sung, 279

Ulpian, 213

Ulysses, 290

Unemployment, 23

increasing likelihood of offending,

110

Uniforms, police, 293-294

United Kingdom. See England

United Nations, 78, 163

United States, 21, 23, 24, 25, 28, 33, 36,

38. See also individual states

death penalty, 133

North, 141, 205

South, 4, 103, 105, 126, 137

West, 4, 104

United States Constitution, 73, 76, 93,

140

amendments, 127, 182, 313

and treason, 82

Unlawful assembly, 210

US Code, 32

US Model Penal Code, 209, 217, 243 attempts, 221 bribery, 215

US Uniform Commercial Code,

188

Usury, 16, 22, 42, 44

Utilitarian approach to justice,

107-109, 111

Utilitarianism, 312

and crime, 198

and prevention, 227

Utopias, 323, 351

Vaccination, 30, 58, 128, 300,

326

Vagrancy, 23, 25, 255 laws, 234

Valentinian III, 155

Vehm, 104

Vendetta, 53, 101

Vendicatori, 104

Venereal disease, 7-8, 29, 300

Vengeance, 16, 19, 44, 50, 51, 54, 57,

61-62

Venice, 63, 121, 277, 300

Verdachtsstrafe, 36, 167

Versailles, 103, 316

Vestal virgins, 179

Vicarious liability, 242

Vichy Republic, 93, 193

Victimless crime, 35, 175

Victoria, Queen, 88, 98, 209

Vidocq, Francois, 259

Vigilantism, 18, 100, 103-104, 259, 269, 290, 312

Violence

and human nature, 325

levels of, 38, 145, 331-332 monopoly of, 38, 313 in prehistory, 332

Virginia, 22, 151

Visigothic law, 65, 70

and intent, 220

Visigoths, 52, 84

Vodun, 157

Voltaire, 139, 179

and atheism, 184

Voodoo economics, 157

Waldensian sect, 156

War on drugs, 299, 346

Warring States, China, 51, 71 Washington, George, 152 Washington State, 205

Wazo, Bishop of Liege, 236

Weber, Max, 68, 322

Weimar Republic, 26, 89

Wen, Emperor, China, 142

Wergeld, 55, 124, 130

Wessex, 126, 214, 223, 228,

243

West, US, 4, 104

death penalty, 133

Whipping, 128, 202

Widowers and widows, 24, 42

Wihtred, 43

Wilhelm I, 98

Wiretapping, 278

Witchcraft, 15, 22, 25, 41, 42, 60

Witches, 157

Wite, 56

Wittfogel, Karl, 322

Wives, as property of husbands, 29, 99 Wolfenden Committee, 185

Women

emancipation, 100 legal status, 30 pregnant, 31 as property, 29, 99 and rape, 29 as victims, 31, 50

Women's movement, 191 Workhouses, 137, 142, 201

Workplace regulation, 23 World War I, 96

World War II, 94, 97, 134, 205 Wu, Emperor, China, 266

legal code, 131

Yanda campaigns, China, 206

Zadig (Voltaire), 179

Zevi, Sabbatai, 179

Zhou dynasty, China, 322

Zoning, 23