Index1

A

Abogados de turno, see Lawyers, court-appointed

Academy of Moral and Political Sciences, France, 227

Access to justice, 6-8, 10-11, 13, 19, 21, 59, 60n21, 77, 100-101, 106-107, 225, 231, 232, 243, 246, 259, 263, 270, 280, 282

Activism, 5, 7, 13, 14, 40, 92, 99, 103, 104n60, 109, 130, 169, 188, 225, 289

Administrative law, 94n21,

100n47, 202

Advice columns, 13-14, 185-215 Advising, oral, 133, 172, 204 Advocacy, 153, 155, 156, 160-162, 164, 171, 177, 186, 201, 203

Advocates, 3, 33, 35-49, 105, 155, 161-162, 199-201, 213, 227, 236

“corner advocates,” 135, 140,

145, 163

for the poor, 3-4, 163-179,

186, 201, 213, 227n17,233-234 lay, 155, 162-164, 177, 186 underground, 31-32, 34, 44, 164 See also Lawyers

Advokatura, 30, 33, 34, 37-42, 44, 45n60, 46-50

Ahla, Eino Johannes, 199

Aix, 235

Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 159 Allende, Salvador, 271, 274, 281-282 Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, 4 Ancien regime, 60, 69 Anti-semitism, 36

Antwerp, 64

Apprenticeship, 9, 30, 32, 33

See also Internship

¹ Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature 319

Switzerland AG 2021

F. Batlan, M. Vasara-Aaltonen (eds.), Histories of Legal Aid, World

Histories of Crime, Culture and Violence, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80271-4

Arbeitersekretariate, see Worker’s

Secretariat

Archives, 70, 71, 89n1, 125n33, 179, 243, 289-294, 298-301, 304, 305,308,310-313

Armenreeht, 4, 119, 141

Assistance bureaus, 46, 233, 236, 238 See also Consultation bureaus

Attorneys, 7, 14, 21, 30-35, 40-43, 92, 97, 98, 104, 154n4, 203, 233, 262, 268, 288, 289, 292n19, 293, 296, 297, 301n59, 303, 304, 306, 308-310

“pocket” attorneys, 43, 50

See also Advocates; Lawyers

Auquiere, Maximilien, 70

B

Bailiffs, 58-60, 62-63, 72, 81,

155, 233n35

Bar associations, 9, 30-31, 43, 49,

64-65, 67, 73, 75, 89-90, 95-98, 100-104, 110, 141n97, 161, 226, 233, 278-280, 306

Beijing (BBA), 98

Chile (CAC), 253-262, 264-265,

267-269, 274,

276-277, 280-282

Collegium of Advocates, 38

Finnish, 155n6, 161

Frankfurt am Main, 118, 143n104

German, regional, 143

Ghent, 65, 73

Republic of China, 102, 104

Shanghai (SBA), 97-98, 103, 104 Bastia, 235

Beaumont, Gustave de, 227-228 Beijing, 91, 92, 96-99, 106, 107 Belgium, 6-8, 15, 19, 57-81, 288

See also Low Countries

Belle Apoque, 69, 80

Beratungshilfe, 119

Berenshtam, Vladimir, 34

Bergmann, Anton, 66-67

Berlin, 118, 123, 130n59, 131

Bioche, Charles, 229-230

Bompard, Raoul, 243-245

Bonaparte, Napoleon, 58,

64-65, 69, 226

Book, Einar, 200

Bordeaux, 235

Bradway, John, 305-306, 308

Bremen, 118, 124

Britain, 12, 14, 19, 91-93

See also England

Bruges, 64

Brussels, 62, 65-67, 69, 73, 75n98

Bureau of Personal Service, Chicago, 300-301

Business Act, Germany, 139, 144

C

Canon law, 3, 15

Canth, Minna, 169

Capitalism, 2, 292, 295-296

Carelia, 209

Caseload, 171, 253, 257, 276, 281

Castren, Edvin, 200

Castren, Kaarlo, 200

Catholic Church, 3, 15, 118, 122-123, 126-127, 134-136, 139, 227

Causeries, 192, 207

Chadwick Valdes, Tomas, 269

Chamber of Deputies, France, 227, 244 Charitable Centre for Legal Advice and Information, 125, 142n102

Charitable organisations, 12, 21, 105, 117, 118, 125-129, 134-136, 138-139, 142, 158-159, 165n46, 226, 229, 245, 287, 296, 304-306

Charity, 3, 15, 16, 58, 68, 69, 72, 76, 81, 118n1, 144, 158, 224, 229, 231, 231n29, 240-247, 270, 292,304-306

Children, 42, 46, 69, 81, 106-109, 106n68, 131n66, 158-159, 173, 194, 202, 227, 234, 239, 240, 306

Child support, 106, 173 Chile, 12, 15, 17-19, 253-282 China, 9, 11-12, 89-110

Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 99, 101, 103, 105, 106

Civil code, Belgian, 70

Civil code, German, 128-130

Civil justice, 226, 227, 230, 232, 233,

236, 237, 242, 246

Civil Procedural Code, Russia, 42 Civil rights, 14, 41, 103, 234,

237, 241

Civil Rights Movement, 7, 288 Civil society, 42, 44, 50, 98, 99,

110, 187-190

Clergy, 188 Clients, 9, 17-19, 30, 31, 34, 38, 41,

42, 44, 67-69, 70n79, 71-75,

78, 98, 118, 120, 122-124, 126, 128, 130-134, 135n81, 139, 140n94, 141-144, 155n6, 155n9, 156, 163, 168, 170-176, 186, 254, 264n38, 267-268, 270, 272-275, 277, 280, 288-289, 293-298, 301-303, 306, 308-312

Code de procedure civile,

France, 59, 226

Code Merlin, France, 64

Code of Administrative Jurisprudence, Russia, 43

Code of Civil Procedure,

Germany, 119 Cold War, 11, 281

Committee of Workers’ Affairs,

Helsinki, 203

Communal administration, 188, 193, 202, 204, 206, 212

Communism, 2, 11, 38-39, 50 See also Chinese Communist

Party (CCP) Companies, 48, 49, 58n9, 160, 192 Confraternities, 64

Conseil de discipline, France, 65 Conseil d^,⅛tat, France, 231, 236,

243, 245

Conservatism, 48, 66, 75n99, 79,

162, 163, 165, 194n51, 201, 210, 211, 226, 229, 231, 235, 238, 281, 310

Constitutions

Russian Federation (1993), 41 Soviet (1936), 37

Soviet (1977), 40

See also Court, constitutional Consultation bureaus, 31, 33-39,

41, 50, 164

See also Assistance bureaus Copenhagen, 164

Costs, 4, 37, 44, 58, 59, 60n20,

60n22, 60n23, 61-63, 66,

70n79, 78-81, 93, 117, 119,

163, 192, 214, 223, 225-228, 232, 234, 239, 240, 243-245

exemption of, 4, 58-63, 78-81 See also Eligibility for legal assistance; Fees

Council of Chalcedon, 3

Court

of appeal, 38, 45, 65, 155, 233, 236, 279

clerks, 62, 128, 265, 268n63, 275 commercial, 48, 70, 233 constitutional, 42, 44-45,

47-48, 78

See also Fees, court

Criminal law, 11, 44, 94n21, 100n47, 103, 131n66, 137, 160, 270, 272

Critical Legal Studies movement, 7

D

De Sadeleer, Louis, 62n31, 68

Death penalty, 278-280

Debt, 35, 58n8, 133, 172-173, 204, 242

Decretum Gratiani, 3

Delapalme, Emile, 229

Demeur, Maurice, 70

Democracy, 103, 225, 228, 237-238, 243, 245, 247, 256, 294

Denmark, 18, 159n24, 164, 175

Derrida, Jacques, 224

Dessau, 134

Destree, Jules, 61, 62n28, 69

Diet

Finnish, 159, 188, 205

German Imperial, 122, 122n17

See also Parliament

Disciplinary procedures (against lawyers), 40, 42, 72, 254, 256, 276-277, 281

Dispute settlement boards,

18,168-170

Divorce, 6, 12-13, 38, 58n9, 66, 131n66, 133, 173-174, 236, 296, 300

Domestic relations claims, 297, 300

Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 30

Dresden, 130-132, 144

E

Early modern period, 4-5

Ebert, Friedrich, 124

Ecclesiastical administration, 204

Education, see Legal education

Ehrnrooth, Adelaide, 166, 167

Elias, D., 69

Eligibility for legal assistance, 2, 7,

41, 42, 46, 59, 77, 94, 108, 128, 228, 231, 239, 267, 289, 299

See also Costs, exemption of England, 4, 5, 7, 10, 13, 17

See also Britain

Equality, 21, 22, 121n11, 128, 164, 179, 189, 226, 228, 230-232, 235, 235n39, 241, 243, 244, 247, 302

Essen, 122, 123n20

European Convention on Human

Rights (ECHR), 76, 81

See also Human rights Extrajudicial legal aid, 118-125, 128, 129n51, 133, 135-136, 139-145

F

Falck (later Havu), Johan Viktor, 199, 201

Family law, 58n9, 129, 131n66, 137, 139, 205, 290

Federal Chamber of Advocates, Russia, 42-44, 47

Federation of German Non-profit and Impartial Centres for Legal Advice and Information, 135

Fees, 37-39, 41, 45, 64, 78, 80, 105, 107, 123, 140, 163, 193, 201, 212, 225-227, 233-234, 239, 270, 296

court, 3-4, 8, 58, 59, 76, 93-94, 119n5, 156, 226

lawyer’s, 4, 14, 31, 41-43, 68, 71-72, 74, 90n2, 95, 105-106, 108, 118, 122, 168, 186, 271

See also Costs

Feifer, George, 37-38

Feminism, 7, 293n22, 312

Fennomans, 162, 162n33, 165-166,

188-190, 192, 196,

202-203,210-211

Finland, 6, 8-10, 13, 14, 17-19, 66n60, 145n107, 153-179, 185-215,288

Finnish Agrarian League, 210

Finnish Lifelong Learning Foundation, 189, 203

Finnish Literary Society (FLS), 187n9,188

Finnish Trade Union Federation, 176

Ford Foundation, 12, 109

Formalism, 59, 275, 281

Forsstrom, Emil, 200

Foster, Roger, 208, 257n18

France, 5, 7, 8, 11, 30, 59n12, 64, 90,

91, 100, 223-247, 288

FrankfUrt am Main, 118, 123n20, 125, 131, 142, 143n104

Free Trade Unions, 118, 122-125,136

Frei Montalva, Eduardo, 281

French Revolution, 57, 64, 231, 241-242,245,247

G

Gaillard, Victor-Louis-Marie, 60n20, 65n55, 66, 67

Gariepy, Marguerite Radar, 309

Gender, 109, 121, 188, 264n38, 269, 270, 289, 290, 292, 299, 306, 310 See also Masculinity

German Centre Party, 122

German Chamber Court, 4

German Democratic Party, 125

Germany, 4-7, 10, 13-14, 17-18, 32, 90-91, 99, 100, 104n61, 117-145, 163, 170-171, 176, 179, 215, 288, 294, 297

Ghent, 64-66, 73, 78

Ginzburg, Alexandr, 40

Globalisation, 89-110

Gorbachev, Mikhail, 40

Gothenburg, 163-170, 177

Graux, Charles, 69

Great Depression, 16, 141, 142, 145, 309

Grillenberger, Karl, 123

Gripenberg, Alexandra, 169

Guardianship, 193, 239, 240

Gummerus, K.

Guo Jianmei, 109

H

Haataja, Kyosti, 198

Hamburg, 118, 125, 126, 142

Hamm in Westphalia, 127

Harvard, 301, 304

Haveri, Arvo, 198

Havu, Johan Viktor, see Falck, Johan Viktor

Heikel, Hanna, 166

Helsinki, 19, 155n9, 156-159, 162, 164, 166-179, 200, 202, 210, 212, 214

Helsinki Legal Aid Office, 171, 174-175, 179

Hjelt, Alma, 166

Honorius III, Pope, 3

Houses of justice, 76

Human rights, 7, 21, 40, 44,

99, 100, 103-107, 109, 270, 272

I

Ignatius, Kaarlo, 200

Immigrants, 2, 16, 107, 159, 294-297, 299, 300, 312-313

Immobile property, see Land

Imperial Chamber Court, 4-5

Indigence, 3-4, 15, 17, 19, 30-31, 34, 59-63, 67, 70n79, 71, 72, 75n97, 76, 78, 156, 162, 176, 177, 231-233, 235, 239, 245, 270

certificate of, 59-62, 68 Industrialisation, 2, 11, 20, 92, 95, 120-121, 129, 143, 156-158, 177-178, 239, 256

Inequality, see Equality Inheritance law, 133, 136, 139, 194 Innocent XI, Pope, 64

Institute for the Common

Good,125-126

Insurance, 6, 14-15, 121, 123, 126, 128, 130, 133-136, 139, 141-142, 144, 202, 239n54 Internship, 15, 254, 257,

263-276, 280-282

See also Apprenticeship Isokyro, 208 Italy, 5, 7 Itinerant Club, Moscow, 35

J

Japan, 10, 90, 94, 99, 100

Jellinek, Camilla, 129,

132n68, 134n77

Jomart, Leon, 71

Judges, 3, 4, 45, 47, 59-60, 63, 68,

96, 103, 118, 125n35, 126, 133n75, 154, 160, 162, 192, 199, 229, 233, 272, 278, 299

Judicial Code (1967), Belgium, 59, 63, 71-72

Judicial Department of the Senate, Finland, 203

Judiciary, 37, 154, 159, 160, 162,

177, 178, 186, 192, 265,

266,268n63

Jurists, 8, 11, 34, 44-46, 48-49, 118, 127, 128, 154n2, 198, 225, 227, 229-230, 234-236, 238, 241-243, 247

K

Kaiserslautern, 136-137

Kaminskaya, Dina, 40

Kammergericht, see German

Chamber Court

Karhunen, Onni, 198

Karilas, K. N., 199

Kempin, Emilie, 130, 144, 297

Kharkov, 31

Kiev, 31

Kommissiapomoshchnikov, 33, 34

Kuomintang government (KMT),

91, 100-105

Kuopio, 196

Kurten, Ella, 166

L

Labour contracts, 121, 128, 133

Labour movement, 124, 157, 165, 176, 179

Labour protection, 121, 123, 135, 136, 144

Labour unions, 289

See also Trade unions

Land, 35, 157n15, 193-194,

198,204-205

Land Tenancy Act (1902), Finland, 198, 206

Land Tenancy Decree (1909), Finland, 205, 212

Language Decree (1864),

Finland, 188

!,'Assistance judiciaire, 5, 223-247

Law firms, 15, 44, 90, 106, 161, 176, 201, 203

Law of obligations, 133

Law of the Realm 1734, Sweden, 153-155,178,187

Law on Free Legal Assistance (2011), Russia, 46

Law students, 9, 18-20, 20n72, 45, 73, 80-81, 90, 94, 99, 107, 259, 264-266, 272-275, 304

Lawyers

appointment of, 43 court-appointed, 254, 256,

263, 275-281

elite, 9, 15-16, 95, 254-256, 291, 292n19,305-306,310-311

Jewish, 33, 35-37, 294 lay, 17, 118, 122, 128, 144, 298-303, 305-307, 311

professional obligations, 21, 36, 97, 100,102-103,241

professional solidarity, 255, 269, 278, 280

professional standards for, 48 trainee, 65-68, 71-73, 75

See also Women lawyers

Laymen, 13, 17-18, 21, 38, 155, 161, 163, 171, 206

See also Advocates, lay; Lawyers, lay

Lednitskii, A. R., 35

Lefrancq, Joachim, 71

Legal advice centres, 117-145, 164

Legal aid centres, 32, 45, 47, 90, 107-109, 117, 122, 137, 297

Legal aid clinics, 19, 21, 118

Legal Aid Service, Chile (SAJ), 9, 12, 15, 20, 46n63, 97, 104, 105, 253-255, 257-261, 263, 271, 281, 282, 300, 307

Legal aid societies, 10, 16, 18, 97, 98, 100, 102, 287, 288, 293, 299, 303, 305, 309, 310, 312

Legal Aid Society, Chicago, 308, 309

Legal Aid Society of New York

(NYLAS), 293-298, 300, 302-303, 309

Legal education, 12, 17, 20n72, 90,

92-93, 96, 99, 101, 109, 140, 192, 207

clinical training, 20n72, 90,

107, 109

training courses, 128, 131

Legal formularies, 187, 213

Legal literacy, 121, 130, 186-187, 215

Legal modernisation, 9, 93,

94,153-179

Legal profession, 4, 15-21, 30, 32-34,

36-37, 45, 96, 106, 108,

159-162,177-178, 225,

253-259, 282, 290, 293n22 Legal Protection Centres for Women,

118, 129-136, 131n62, 132n71,

133n74,133n75,138-139,

142n102,143n104,144, 170

Legal Protection Federation for

Women, 132, 136

Legal reform, 29, 40, 90, 94, 107,

110, 159, 160, 188, 207,

214,266n50

Judicial Reforms, Russia, 1864, 30,

31, 58n10, 159n25

Legal shop, see Wetswinkel

Legal transplant, 9, 177 Legislator, 11, 74, 223, 225, 232,

234, 235, 237-238,

240-244, 246-247

Lenin, Vladimir, 36

Levesque, Alfred, 240 Liberalism, 2, 98n38, 103, 105, 127,

139,140,226n8, 237n48 Liege, 65

Lieksa, 209

Ligovskii People’s House, St.

Petersburg, 36

Lilius, Frans Oskar, 197, 198, 201-205

Lilius, Hugo, 200

Litigation, 3-5, 14n49, 15, 18, 45, 59-63, 67-68, 71-72, 78, 93-94, 105, 107, 127, 224, 226, 232-235, 240, 246, 266, 269, 274

Local self-government, Russian, 33, 47

Loew, Rosalie, 296-298

Lofgren, Elisabeth, 165-167, 169

Lofgren, Viktor, 165

Low, Minnie, 300-301, 305

Low Countries, 5, 58n5, 64

See also Netherlands; Belgium

Lubeck, 118

Lucerne, 4

Luoma, Albert, 200

Lyon,235

M

Magazines, 14, 105, 191, 197 Maklakov, V. A., 35

Maliantovich, P. N., 35

Malmo, 164

Mandel’shtam, M. L., 35

Marriage, 6, 58n9, 59n14, 62n29, 67, 133n74, 133n75, 139, 172-174, 208, 209, 227, 234, 236, 240, 300

matrimonial rights, 194

Marseilles, 235

Masculinity, 292, 305-306

May Fourth Movement, 98

Mediation, 17, 126, 133, 270 Medvedev, Dmitry, 42

Merton, Wilhelm, 125

Mestre-Mel, Louis, 238-241, 247

Mexico, 19

Middle Ages, 2, 4-6, 15, 64n44, 155

Mikkola, Antti, 199-201

Million, Louis, 239

Ministries of justice

Chile, 262

China, 90, 96-97, 107

France, 236, 240

Russia, 36-37, 46-48 Ministry of Labour, Russia, 48-49 Monopolies, 31, 39-40, 44, 48-50,

64, 75, 81, 142-143, 155, 161, 307, 309

Mons, 64, 70, 71

Monteux, Benjamin, 244 Moscow, 31, 35, 37

Movement for Legal Advice and

Information, 136, 140 Municipalities, 6, 21, 59, 62n33, 118, 123n21, 125-129, 134-136, 138-139, 142, 158, 176, 179, 186, 208

municipal legal advice offices, 127, 128, 135-136

Murav’ev, N. K., 35

N

Nanjing, 97

National Association of Jurists, Russian, 45

National Association of Legal Aid Organizations (NALAO), U.S., 305, 309, 310

National Order of Bar Assocations, Belgium, 73

Nation-building, 186, 215 Netherlands, 19, 58-59

See also Low Countries Newspapers, 6, 10, 13-14, 17, 45, 65-66, 104-105, 123, 162-169, 176-179, 186-215, 278, 291, 312

editorials, 162, 164, 167, 191-192

“trial by mewspaper,” 208

See also Advice columns; Periodicals

Nishi, Michio, 10

Norway, 19, 104n61

Notaries, 45-46, 58, 59, 62, 72, 81

Nuremberg, 123-124

O

Office of Consultation and Defence, Belgium, 71, 76

Office of Free Consultation, Belgium, 65-69,71-72

Office of Judicial Assistance, Belgium, 63

Office of Legal Aid, Belgium, 76

Organic Act on Judicial Organisation, 1832, 65

Ostrobothnia, 208

Oulu, 190

P

Paris, 228, 229, 235

Parliament, 4, 62n31, 71, 73, 193, 202, 206

Parliament Act, Finland, 193

Paturi, Kaarlo, 193

Pavlov, Ivan, 44

Peasants, 35, 154, 188, 205, 208

Pellervo-Society, 198

People’s Association of the Catholic Church, 122

People’s Home, 125-126, 142

People’s Office, 122-123, 126-127, 134, 136

Pergameni, Hermann, 60, 68-69

Periodicals, 13, 32, 187, 190, 197, 198, 200, 203, 205, 206, 210, 212, 213

Philanthropy, 2, 6, 12-13, 20-21, 31, 36, 158-159, 166, 170-171, 178, 226-228, 232, 234, 287-288, 301, 310, 311

Pinochet, Augusto, 274, 282 Politics, 2, 7, 10-12, 35, 37, 40,

44-45, 50, 92, 94, 98-100, 103-105, 122, 135, 157, 162, 165, 188-189, 197, 199, 201-203,210-211,223-247, 255-256, 259, 269, 272, 274, 281, 292n19, 299, 308

Poor relief, 5, 121, 158 Popular education, 189, 190, 192 Population growth, 120, 156n13, 158 Poverty, 4-5, 21, 22n73, 31, 63, 77, 121, 144, 158, 223-247, 288

See also Indigence; Poor relief Private law, 160, 204

Pro bono, 9, 15, 20n72, 21, 30, 35,

45, 50, 89-91, 96-100, 102-103, 107-109, 118, 178, 226, 233 Procedural law, 160

Procurators, 39, 58-60, 62, 63,

70n79, 72, 81 Pro deo, 15, 57-81 Professionalisation, 101, 118-119, 132,

140-143, 145, 186, 256,

306, 307

Prosecutor’s office (procuracy), 38, 45 Protective Agency for Women and

Children, Chicago, 298-299, 303, 308

Prozesskostenhilfe, 119

Prussia, 119

Public defenders, 101 Public interest, 90-91, 95, 100,

103-105,109-110

Public law, 128, 129, 136, 160,

188, 204

Public Legal Advice and Settlement Office (ORA), Germany, 125

Q

Qing Dynasty, 90-96, 99

R

Racism, 7, 312

Raschke, Marie, 130, 131n62, 131n64, 133n75

Rechtsfrieden, 127

Reehtskonsulenten, 140n94

See also Advocates, “corner advocates”

Reiehskammergerieht, see Imperial Chamber Court

Reiehstag, 122

Rent, 35, 157n15, 159, 173, 177, 192, 261n31

Renvall, Heikki, 200

Revolutions, 11, 57-58, 64, 95-96, 99, 106, 223-226, 228-232, 234, 237, 241-247, 281, 294

Rhineland, 123

Rouen, 235

Roux, Emile, 234, 235n42, 236, 239, 240

Ruhla, 127

Ruhr, 125

Russia, 11, 16-17, 29-50, 107, 145n107, 154, 159, 160n25, 162, 164,187-188

Rydman, Gustaf Adolf, 209

S

St.

Sakharov, I. N., 35

Santiago, 254-257, 260, 262, 264, 266, 267, 269-273, 276, 281n112

Sardinia, Kingdom of, 227

Sarkanen, Wilho, 199

Savoy, 4

Schulten, Max af, 166-167

Settlement, 5, 18, 58n9, 119, 139, 168-172, 264, 271, 275, 293, 302 See also Dispute settlement boards

Shanghai, 98, 103, 107

Shen Jiaben, 92-94

Shi Yang, 99

Smith, Reginald Heber, 298, 304-306

Snellman, F. Emil, 200

Social Democratic Party, Finland, 176

Social Democratic Party,

Germany, 122

Socialism, 2, 11, 36, 39, 61, 69, 80, 90, 107, 157, 176, 197, 200, 205, 207, 213, 229n24, 269, 271, 295

Social justice, 7, 32, 98, 103-104, 110

Social Museum, 125, 128, 132, 133n72, 134, 136, 137, 142

Social reform, 91-92, 95-96, 100, 125, 159

Social work, 17-19, 171, 264, 280, 300-301,304-313

Soviet Union, 36, 39, 41, 44, 46, 50

Spain, 4

Spasovich, Vladimir, 30

Stahlberg, Kaarlo Juho, 197,

198,200-206

Stein, Philipp, 126, 135n81

Stockholm, 163-165, 167, 177

Stotzel, Gerhard, 122

Stritt, Marie, 130, 131n64,

132, 133n75

Subrinsky, Vasili, see Sarkanen, Wilho Sucksdorff, Gustaf, 171-174 Svanljung, Johan Kristian, 192, 200 Svanljung, John, 200

Sweden, 8-10, 14, 18, 153-155, 163-165, 168, 170, 177-178

T

Tampere, 178

Taxation, 30, 39, 42, 48, 62, 158, 193, 196, 198-199, 204-206, 210, 258, 262

Temuco, Chile, 267n53, 270-271,

273-274,278-280

Tenancy, 2, 6, 67, 121, 128, 133,

136-138, 192,198,

202, 204-206

Thomas Aquinas, Saint, 3

Tianjin, 93

Tocqueville, Alexis de, 227

Tong Lihua, 109

Trade unions, 123-125, 129, 157

Trials, 37, 40, 41, 43, 44, 47, 68, 70,

72, 93, 103, 119n5, 162, 170, 172-173, 233, 234, 273, 292 political, 40, 44

Trygg, Alli, 167, 169

Turku, 8, 162, 170, 178, 186n1, 190, 194, 199, 201

U

United Nations (UN), 10, 21, 107n76 United States (US), 5-19, 20n72,

66n60, 90-91, 97-100, 144, 169-171, 173, 179, 214-215, 287-313, 288n2, 289n7, 293n19,293n22,

294n25, 297n42

Urbanisation, 11, 120, 121, 127, 143,

156, 158, 177-178, 256, 258

V

Vaasa, 169, 192

Vagrancy, 5, 158, 202, 296 Vatismesnil, Antoine de, 233 Vieillard-Baron, Joseph, 236, 243,

244, 246

Viera Gallo, Jose Antonio, 271

Vivien, Alexandre, 227-228, 238 Volunteering, 5, 73, 98, 102-104, 131-132, 277, 299, 302

Vyborg, 161, 178

W

Weber, Marianne, 129

Wage claims, 6, 108, 173, 177, 291,

295-296, 300, 302 Wallden, E.

247, 256, 258, 309

Westbrook, Richard, 203 Westerkamp, Alix, 131n66, 132 Westphalia, 123, 127

Wetswinkel, 19, 73, 80, 81 Widows, 3, 6, 133, 175, 194, 202 William I, King of the Netherlands, 59 Women, 12-13, 13n44, 17-18, 46,

107, 109, 118, 120, 124, 129-135,138-139, 142n102, 143n104, 144, 159, 165-171, 174-176, 178, 179, 191, 205, 206, 208, 213, 236, 240, 255, 288-293, 295-312

Women lawyers, 13, 288,

292n18, 293n22,

297- 298, 308-311

Women’s associations, 13, 129, 134,

158, 169-170, 178, 289-291,

298- 300, 302-303

Finnish Women’s Association,

165-170,175,178-179

Women’s Educational and Industrial

Union, Boston

(BWEIU), 302-303

Women’s movement, 12-13, 20, 144, 153-179,310

Women workers, 129, 134n77 Workers, 2, 6, 7, 18, 32, 34, 35, 38,

39, 67, 70, 97-99, 107, 117-145, 157, 159, 176, 177, 186, 197, 203, 205, 213, 239, 244, 246, 279, 295, 302 domestic, 2, 129, 133, 157, 174-175, 302-303

Worker’s Legal Advice Office, 176, 197

Worker’s Secretariat, 123n21, 124, 126-127, 133-134, 136, 138-139, 176

Working class, 2, 5, 6, 11-13, 17, 33, 34, 98, 119-122, 126-128,141-144, 156-159, 176-178, 256, 299, 302, 312

Working Women’s Protective Union (WWPU), 291-293, 295-296, 298, 299, 302-303

Workplace accidents, 6, 62n29, 63n35, 69-70, 80, 81, 244

World War I, 69n77, 124, 141n98, 142

World War II, 12, 37, 140n96, 310

Wu Tingfang, 92-93

Wuhan, 99, 106

Y

Yves, Saint, 64, 66n57

Z

Zasulich, Vera, 35

Zitting, August Johannes, 199

Zolotukhin, Boris, 40