Books and Articles

Abakumov, A. A. et al. Narodnoe obrazovanie v SSSR: Obshchesobrazovat shkola. Sbornik doikumentov, 1917-1973 gg. Moscow: Pedagogica, 1974.

Abramson, Henry. A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revo­lutionary Times, 1917-1920.

Adler, Eliyana. In Her Hands: The Education of Jewish Girls in Tsarist Russia. De­troit: Wayne State University Press, 2010.

Alpert, Yakov. Making Waves: Stories from My Life. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2000.

Altshuler, Mordechai. “Escape and Evacuation of Soviet Jews at the Time of the Nazi Invasion: Policies and Realities.” In The Holocaust in the Soviet Union, edited by Lucjan Dobroszycki and Jeffrey S. Gurock, 77-104. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe, 1993.

-----. “The Jewish Anti-fascist Committee in the USSR in Light of New Docu­mentation.” In Studies in Contemporary Jewry, edited by Jonathan Frankel, 271-80. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1984.

-----. Religion and Jewish Identity in the Soviet Union, 1941-1964. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2012.

-----. “Religion in the Soviet Union in the late 1930s in the Light of Statistics.” Jews and Jewish Topics in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe 14 (1991): 23-26.

-----. Soviet Jewry on the Eve of the Holocaust: A Social and Demographic Pro­file. Jerusalem: Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Yad Vashem, 1998.

-----. Soviet Jewry since the Second World War: Population and Social Structure. New York: Greenwood Press, 1987.

-----. “Synagogues and Rabbis in the Soviet Union in the Light of Statistics, 1953-1964.” Jews in Eastern Europe 35, no. 1 (1998), 39-46.

Altschuler, Mordechai, ed. and trans. “Antisemitism in Ukraine toward the End of the Second World War.” Jews in Eastern Europe 22, no. 3 (1993): 40-81.

Altskan, Vadim, “On the Other Side of the River: Dr. Adolph Herschmann and the Zhmerinka Ghetto, 1941-1944.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 26, no. 1 (Spring 2012): 2-28.

Ancel, Jean. Transnistria. Bucharest: Atlas, 1998.

-----. “The Romanian Campaigns of Mass Murder in Transnistria, 1941-1942.” In The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews during the Antonescu Era, edited by Randoph L. Braham, 87-133. New York: Rosenthal Institute for Holo­caust Studies, 1997.

Anderson, John. “The Council for Religious Affairs and the Shaping of Soviet Religious Policy.” Soviet Studies 43, no. 4 (1991): 689-710.

Angrick, Andrej. “Annihilation and Labor: Jews and Thoroughfare IV in Central Ukraine.” In Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization, edited by Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower, 190-223. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

An-sky, S. Deryidisher khurbn fun Poylin, Galitsye un Bukovine. Wilno: Farlag An-ski, 1921.

Arad, Yitzhak, ed. Unichtozhenie evreev SSSR vgody nemetskoi okkupatsii, 1941­1944: sbornik dokumentov i materialov. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 1991.

Arad, Yitzhak. In the Shadow of the Red Banner: Soviet Jews in the War against Nazi Germany. Jerusalem: Yad Vashem, 2010.

-----. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2009.

Arad, Yitzhak et al., eds. The Einsatzgruppen Reports: Selections from the Dis­patches of the Nazi Death Squads' Campaign against the Jews July 1941-January 1943. New York: Holocaust Library, 1989.

Asher, Harvey. “The Holocaust and the USSR.” In Lessons and Legacies VII: The Holocaust in International Perspective, edited by Dagmar Herzog, 253-68. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2006.

Assman, Aleida. “History, Memory, and the Genre of Testimony.” In Poetics To­day 27, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 261-73.

Avrutin, Eugene M., Valerii Dymshits et al. Photographing the Jewish Nation: Pictures from S. An-sky's Ethnographic Expeditions. Waltham, Mass.: Brandeis University Press, 2009.

Bahloul, Joelle. The Architecture of Memory: A Jewish-Muslim Household in Co­lonial Algeria, 1937-1962. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Bakaev, Iu. N. Vlast' i religiia: istoriia otnoshenii, 1917-1941. Khabarovsk: Izd-vo KhGTU, 2002.

Balashov, E. M. Shkola v rossiiskom obshchestve, 1917-1927gg. St. Petersburg: Dmitrii Bulanin, 2003.

Ball, Alan M. Russia's Last Capitalists: The Nepmen, 1921-1929. Berkeley: Univer­sity of California Press, 1987.

Ballard, Leslie Roy et al., History of Oral History: Foundations and Methodolo­gies. New York: Altamira Press, 2007.

Ballinger, Pamela. History in Exile: Memory and Identity at the Borders of the Balkans. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Band, Arnold J. “Agnon's Synthetic Shtetl.” In The Shtetl: New Evaluations, ed­ited by Steven T. Katz, 233-43. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

Bartal, Israel. “Imagined Geography: The Shtetl, Myth, and Reality.” In The Shtetl: New Evaluations, edited by Steven T. Katz, 179-92, New York: New York University Press, 2007.

Bartov, Omer. The Eastern Front, 1941-45: German Troops and the Barbarisa- tion of Warfare. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan in association with St. Antony's College, Oxford, 1985.

-----. Erased: Vanishing Traces of Jewish Galicia in Present-Day Ukraine. Prince­ton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2007.

Bauer, Yehuda. The Death of the Shtetl. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2010.

Bemporad, Elissa. Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2013.

-----. “Behavior Unbecoming a Communist: Jewish Religious Practice in Soviet Minsk.” Jewish Social Studies 14, no. 2 (2008): 1-31.

-----. “Red Star on the Jewish Street: The Reshaping of Jewish life in Soviet Minsk, 1917-1939.” Ph.D. diss., Stanford University, 2006.

Benz, Wolfgang, and Brigitte Mihok, eds. Holocaust an der Peripherie: Juden und Judenmord in Rumanien und Transnistrien 1940-1944.

Berger, Shlomo, ed. From the Shtetl to the Metropolis. Amsterdam: Menasseh Ben Israel Institute, 2012.

Berkhoff, Karel C. Harvest of Despair: Life and Death in Ukraine under Nazi Rule (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004).

Bertelsen, Olga. “New Archival Documentation on Soviet Jewish Policy in Inter­war Ukraine. Part One: GPU Repression of Zionist Parties and Groups in the 1920.” On the Jewish Street: A Journal of Russian-Jewish History and Culture 1, no. 1 (2011): 75-76.

-----. “New Archival Documentation on Soviet Jewish Policy in Interwar Ukraine. Part Two: GPU Repression of Jews and Jewish Groups in 1937-1940.” On the Jewish Street: A Journal of Russian-Jewish History and Culture 1, no. 2 (2011): 172.

Bilokin, Sergei. “Dvatsat let evreiskoi gosudarstvennosti v Ukraine, 1918-1938.” Personal 2 (2004): 19.

Blackwell, Martin. “Regime City of the First Category: The Experience of the Return of Soviet Power to Kyiv, Ukraine, 1943-1946.” Ph.D. diss., Indiana Uni­versity, 2005.

Bogoraz, V. G., ed. Evreiskoe mestechko v revoliutsii. Ocherki. Leningrad: Gosu- darstvennoe izdatel'stvo, 1926.

Bonch-Bruyevich, Vladimir. “New Pogroms.” Soviet Russia: Official Organ of the Soviet Russia Government Bureau 2, no. 5 (January 31, 1920): 97-98.

Borovoi, S. Ia. “Gibel’ evreiskogo naseleniia Odessy vo vremia rumynskoi okku- patsii.” In Katastrofa i opir ukrain'skogo evreistva. Kiev: Nationalna akademiia nauk Ukraini, 1999.

-------. Vospominaniia. Moscow: Evreiskii universitet v Moskve, 1993.

Braham, Randolph L., ed. The Destruction of Romanian and Ukrainian Jews dur­ing the Antonescu Era. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997.

Brandon, Ray, and Wendy Lower, eds. The Shoah in Ukraine: History, Testimony, Memorialization. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

Brown, R., and J. Kulik. “Flashbulb Memories.” Cognition 5 (1977): 73-99.

Browning, Christopher. Remembering Survival: Inside a Nazi Slave-Labor Camp.

Bruce, Gary. The Firm: The Inside Story of the Stasi. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Budnitskii, Oleg. “Jews, Pogroms, and the White Movement: A Historiographi­cal Critique.” Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History 2, no. 4 (2001): 751-72.

-----. Russian Jews between the Reds and the Whites, 1917-1920. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011.

Carp, Matatias. Transnistrie. Buenos Aires: Besaraber landslayt-farayn in Argen­tine, 1950.

Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies and United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. The Holocaust in the Soviet Union: Symposium Presentations. Wash­ington, D.C: Center for Advanced Holocaust Studies, United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, 2005.

Chasanowitch, Leon. Der yidisher khurbn in Ukrayne. Berlin: Yehuda, 1920.

Cherikover, I. M. Antisemitizm un pogromen in Ukrayne, 1917-1918. Berlin: Miz- reh Yidishn historishn arkhiv, 1923.

Chervinsky, Julie, ed. Lives of the Great Patriotic War: The Untold Stories of Sovi­et Jewish Soldiers in the Red Army during WWII. New York: Blavatnik Archive Foundation, 2011.

Chklonikova, Elina. “The Transformation of the ‘Shtetl’ in the USSR in the 1930s.” Jews in Russia and Eastern Europe 52, no. 1 (2004): 91-129.

Chumachenko, Tatiana. Church and State in Soviet Russia: Russian Orthodoxy from World War II to the Khrushchev Years, translated by Edward E. Roslof. New York: M.E. Sharpe, 2002.

Cohen, Alan. The Wonder of Their Voices: The 1946 Holocaust Interviews of David Boder. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010.

Cohen, Gillian. Memory in the Real World. Hillsdale N. J.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1989.

Confino, Alon. “Collective Memory and Cultural History: Problems of Method.” American Historical Review 102, no. 5 (December 1997): 1386-1403.

Connerton, Paul. How Societies Remember. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.

Crombag, Hans F. M., Willem A. Wagenaar, and Peter K.

Crowley, David, and Susan E. Reid, eds. Pleasures in Socialism: Leisure and Lux­ury in the Eastern Bloc. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 2010.

Crowley, David, and Susan E. Reid, eds. Socialist Spaces: Sites of Everyday Life in the Eastern Bloc. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002.

Cutler, Irving. The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2008.

Dashevsky, Arnold, and Ira Sheskin, eds., American Jewish Year Book 2012. Lon­don: Springer, 2012.

Dashevsky, Arnold, Sergio DellaPergola, and Ira Sheskin, eds., World Jewish Population, 2010. Storrs, Conn.: Mandell L. Berman Institute, 2010.

Davies, R. W. The Socialist Offensive: The Collectivization of Soviet Agriculture, 1928-1930. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1980.

Davies, Sarah. Popular Opinion in Stalin's Russia: Terror, Propaganda and Dis­sent, 1934-1941. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Dean, Martin. Collaboration in the Holocaust: Crimes of the Local Police in Belo- russia and Ukraine, 1941-44. New York: St. Martin's Press, 2000.

Dekel-Chen, Jonathan L. Farming the Red Land: Jewish Agricultural Coloniza­tion and Local Soviet Power, 1924-1941. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005.

Deletant, Dennis. “Ghetto Experience in Golta, Transnistria, 1942-1944.” Holo­caust and Genocide Studies 18, no. 1 (Spring 2004): 1-26.

-----. ¹Tebensbingungen in den Ghettos und Arbeitslagern in Transnistrien 1942-1944: Der Fall Golta.” In Holocaust an der Peripherie: Judenpolitik und Judenmord in Rumanien und Transnistrien 1940-1944, edited by Wolfgang Benz and Brigitte Mihok, 45-70. Berlin: Metropol, 2009.

-----. “Transnistria and the Romanian Solution to the ‘Jewish Problem.'” In The Shoah in Ukraine History: Testimony, Memorialization, edited by Ray Brandon and Wendy Lower, 156-89. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2008.

Desbois, Patrick. The Holocaust by Bullets: A Priest's Journey to Uncover the Truth Behind the Murder of 1.5 Million Jews. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Deutsch, Nathaniel. The Jewish Dark Continent: Life and Death in the Russian Pale of Settlement. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2011.

Dimanshtein, Semen Markovich. Yidn in F.S.S.R. Moscow: Der emes, 1935.

Diner, Hasia. Hungeringfor America: Italian, Irish, and Jewish Foodways in the Age of Migration. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2003.

Dolot, Miron. Execution by Hunter: The Hidden Holocaust. New York: W.W. Norton, 1987.

Draitser, Emil. Shush! Growing Up Jewish under Stalin: A Memoir. Berkeley: Uni­versity of California Press, 2008.

Dubson, Vadim. “On the Problem of the Evacuation of Soviet Jews in 1941 (New Archival Sources).” In Jews in Eastern Europe 3, no. 40 (1999): 37-56.

Dymshits, V. A. “Evreiskoe kladbishche: mesto, kuda ne khodiat.” www.jewish- petersburg.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=6ii4.

-----. “Idish v byvshikh shtetlakh Podolii: po materialam polevykh issledovanii 2004-2006.” In Idish: iazyk i kultura v sovetskom soiuze, edited by L. Katsis, M. Kaspina, and D. Fishman, 347-55. Moscow: RGU, 2009.

Dymshits, V. A., A. L. Lvov, and A. V. Sokolova. Shtetl xxi vek: polevye issledova- niia. St. Petersburg: Izd-vo Evreiskogo universiteta v Sankt-Peterburga, 2008.

Edele, Mark. Soviet Veterans of the Second World War: A Popular Movement in an Authoritarian Society, 1941-1991. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.

Eliach, Yaffa. 'There Once Was a World: A 900-Year Chronicle of the Shtetl of Eishyshok. Boston: Little, Brown, 1998.

Estraikh, Gennady. “Di metamorfozn fun Khanuke,” Forverts, December 17-23, 2010, p. 11.

-----. Soviet Yiddish: Language Planning and Linguistic Development. New York: Clarendon Press, 1999.

-----. “The Soviet Shtetl in the 1920s.” Polin: Studies in Polish Jewry 17 (2004): 197-212.

-----. In Harness: Yiddish Writers’ Romance With Communism. Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2005.

Estraikh, Gennady, and Mikhail Krutikov, eds. The Shtetl: Image and Reality: Papers of the Second Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish. Oxford: Legenda, 2000.

Evtuhov, Catherine. Portrait of a Russian Province: Economy, Society, and Civi­lization in Nineteenth-Century Nizhnii Novgorod. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2011.

Figes, Orlando. The Whisperers: Private Life in Stalin’s Russia. New York: Metro­politan Books, 2007.

Fishman, David Eliahu. “Preserving Tradition in the Land of Revolution: The Religious Leadership of Soviet Jewry, 1917-1930.” In The Uses of Tradition: Jewish Continuity in the Modern Era, edited by Jack Wertheimer, 85-118. New York: JTS, 1992.

Fishman, Joshua. In Praise of the Beloved Language: A Comparative View of Posi­tive Ethnolinguistic Consciousness. Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1997.

Fitzpatrick, Sheila. Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s. New York: Oxford University Press, 1999.

-----. Stalin’s Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Col­lectivization. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.

Fletcher, William C. The Russian Orthodox Church Underground, 1917-1970. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1971.

Frankel, Jonathan, ed. Studies in Contemporary Jewry: An Annual. 4, The Jews and the European Crisis, 1914-1921. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1988.

Garros, Veronique et al. Intimacy and Terror. New York: New Press, 1997.

Gatrell, Peter. A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1999.

Gershuni, A. A. Yahadut ba-Rusyah ha-Sovyetit. Jerusalem: Mosad ha-Rav Kuk, i960.

-----. Yehudim ve-Yahadut bi-Verit ha-moatsot; Yahadut Rusyah mi-tekufat Sta­lin ve’ad ha-zeman ha-aharon. Jerusalem: Feldheim, 1970.

Gheith, Jehanne M., and Katherine R. Jolluck. Gulag Voices: Oral Histories of So­viet Incarceration and Exile. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.

Gilboa, Yehoshua A. The Black Years of Soviet Jewry, 1939-1953. Boston: Little Brown, 1971.

Gitelman, Zvi Y. Bitter Legacy: Confronting the Holocaust in the USSR. Bloom­ington: Indiana University Press, 1997.

-----. “History, Memory and Politics: The Holocaust in the Soviet Union.” Holo­caust and Genocide Studies 5, no. 1 (1990): 23-37.

-----. Jewish Identity in Postcommunist Russia and Ukraine: An Uncertain Eth­nicity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

-----. Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, 1917-1930. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1972.

-----. “Thinking about Being Jewish in Russia and Ukraine.” In Jewish Life after the USSR, edited by Zvi Y. Gitelman, Musya Glants, and Marshall I. Goldman, 49-60. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003.

Gittleman, Sol. From Shtetl to Suburbia: The Family in Jewish Literary Imagina­tion. Boston: Beacon Press, 1978.

Golbert, Rebecca. “Holocaust Sites in Ukraine: Pechora and the Politics of Me- morialization.” Holocaust and Genocide Studies 18, no. 2 (Fall 2004): 205-233.

Gold, Ruth Glasberg, Ruth’s Journey: A Survivor’s Memoir. Gainesville: Univer­sity Press of Florida, 1996.

Goldberg, B. Z. The Jewish Problem in the Soviet Union: An Analysis and Solu­tion. New York: Crown Publishers, 1961.

Gordon, Shmuel. Di fayl un der boygn. Moscow: Sovetski pisatel, 1985.

Gorsuch, Anne. Youth in Revolutionary Russia: Enthusiasts, Bohemians, Delin­quents. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.

Gottreich, Emily. The Mellah of Marrakesh: Jewish and Muslim Space in Moroc­co’s Red City. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2007.

Gould, Jeffrey, and Aldo Lauria-Santiago. To Rise in Darkness: Revolution, Re­pression, and Memory in El Salvador, 1920-1932. Durham, N.C.: Duke Univer­sity Press, 2008.

Greenbaum, Avraham. “The Jewish Religion in the Soviet Union in the 1930s.” Shvut 1-2 [17-18] (1995): 146-60.

Grele, Ronald. Envelopes of Sound: The Art of Oral History, Revised and Enlarged. New York: Praeger, 1991.

Gross, Jan Tomasz. Fear: Anti-Semitism in Poland after Auschwitz. New York: Random House, 2006.

-----. Golden Harvest: Events at the Periphery of the Holocaust. New York: Ox­ford University Press, 2012.

-----. Neighbors: The Destruction of the Jewish Community in Jedwabne, Poland. New York: Penguin, 2002.

Gruner, Frank. “Judischer Glaube und religiose Praxis unter dem stalinistischen Regime in der Sowjetunion wahrend der Kriegs- und Nachkriegsjahre.” Jah- rbucher fur Geschichte Osteuropas 52, no. 4 (2004): 534-56.

Hagen, Mark von. “From ‘Great Fatherland War' to the Second World War: New Perspectives and Future Prospects.” In Stalinism and Nazism: Dictatorships in Comparison, edited by Ian Kershaw and Moshe Lewin, 238-50. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997.

Halbwachs, Maurice. On Collective Memory, translated by Lewis A. Coser. Chi­cago: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Hartman, Geoffrey. Holocaust Remembrance: The Shapes of Memory. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell, 1993.

Heifetz, Elias. The Slaughter of the Jews in the Ukraine in 1919. New York: T. Selt­zer, 1921.

Hellbeck, Jochen. Revolution on My Mind: Writing a Diary under Stalin. Cam­bridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2006.

Heskes, Irene. Yiddish American Popular Songs 1895-1950. Washington: Library of Congress, 1992.

Himka, John Paul. “The Holodomor in the Ukrainian-Jewish Encounter Initia­tive.” Accessed at http://ualberta.academia.edu/JohnPaulHimka/Papers /492282/The_Holodomor_in_the_Ukrainian-Jewish_Encounter_Initiative.

-----. “How Many Perished in the Famine and Why Does It Mat­ter.” Brama: News and Community Press, February 2, 2008. Accessed at http://ualberta.academia.edu/JohnPaulHimka/Papers/495038/ How_Many_Perished_in_the_Famine_and_Why_Does_It_Matter.

Hirsch, Marianne, and Leo Spitzer. Ghosts of Home: The Afterlife of Czernowitz in Jewish Memory. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010.

-----. “Testimonial Objects: Memory, Gender, and Transmission.” Poetics Today 27, no. 2 (Summer 2006): 353-83.

Hoffman, Charles. Red Shtetl: The Survival of a Jewish Town under Soviet Com­munism. New York: American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, 2002.

Hoffman, Eva. Shtetl: The Life and Death of a Small Town and the World of Polish Jews. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1997.

Holmes, Larry E. The Kremlin and the Schoolhouse: Reforming Education in So­viet Russia, 1917-1931. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1991.

Holtzman, Jon D. “Food and Memory.” Annual Review of Anthropology 35 (Octo­ber 2006): 361-78.

Huberman, Nahman. Bershad: Be-tsel ayara. Jerusalem: Entsiklopedyah shel galuyot, 1956.

Hundert, Gershon David. Jews in Poland-Lithuania in the Eighteenth-Century: A Genealogy of Modernity. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.

Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction of Jews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, 1940-1944. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 2000.

Ioannides, Dimitri, and Mara Cohen Ioannides. “The Jewish Past as a ‘Foreign Country': The Travel Experiences of American Jews.” In Tourism, Diasporas, and Space, edited by Tim Edward Coles and Dallen J. Timothy, 95-109. Lon­don and New York: Routledge, 2004.

Jagendorf, Siegfried. Jagendorf's Foundry: Memoir of the Romanian Holocaust, 1941-1944. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1991.

James, Daniel. Dona Marta’s Story: Life History, Memory, and Political Identity. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2001.

Joffe, Natalie F. “The Dynamics of Benefice among East European Jews.” Social Forces 27, no. 3 (March 1949): 238.

Judd, Robin. “Circumcision and Modern Jewish Life: A German Case Study, 1843-1914.” In The Covenant of Circumcision: New Perspectives on an Ancient Jewish Rite, edited by Elizabeth Wynder Mark, 142-55. Hanover, N.H. and London: Brandeis University Press, 2003.

Kaczerginski, Szmerke. Liderfun di getos un lagern. New York: Tsiko, 1948.

Kagedan, Allan L. “Revival, Reconstruction or Rejection: Soviet Jewry in the Postwar Years, 1944-48.” In Jews and Jewish Life in Russia and the Soviet Union, edited by Yaacov Ro'i, 189-98. Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass, 1995.

Kamenetz, Rodger. Burnt Books: Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav and Franz Kafka. New York: Schocken: 2010.

Kassow, Samuel. “The Shtetl in Interwar Poland.” In The Shtetl: New Evaluations, edited by Steven T. Katz, 121-39. New York: NYU Press, 2007.

Katz, Dovid. Words on Fire: The Unfinished Story of Yiddish. New York: Basic Books, 2004.

Katz, Steven, ed. The Shtetl. New York: NYU Press, 2006.

Kazdan, H. Sh. Fun kheyder un shkoles biz Tsisho. Dos ruslendisheyidntum in ge- rangel far shul, shprakh, kultur. Mexico City: Shlomo Mendelson fond bay der gezelshaft far kultur un hilf, 1956.

Kelly, Catriona. Children’s World: Growing Up in Russia, 1890-1991. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2008.

-----. “Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Chronicles of the Quotidian in Russia and the Soviet Union.” In Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eur­asian History 3, no. 4 (Fall 2002): 631-51.

Kerler, Dov-Ber. “The Soviet Yiddish Press: Eynikayt during the War, 1942-1945.” In Why Didn’t the Press Shout? American and International Journalism during the Holocaust, edited by Robert Moses Shapiro, 221-49. Hoboken, N.J.: Yeshiva University Press, 2003.

Khakkarainen, Marina. “Mestechko vspominaet o proshlom: rasskazy o evre- iskikh remeslennikakh i remeslakh.” In Shtetl xxi vek: polevye issledovaniia, edited by V. A. Dymshits, A. L. Lvov, and A. V. Sokolova, 159-76. St. Peters­burg: Izd-vo evreiskogo Universiteta v Sankt-Peterburga, 2008.

Kharkhordin, Oleg. The Collective and the Individual in Russia: A Study of Prac­tices. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.

Kiper, Motl. Dosyidishe shtetl in Ukrayne. Kharkov: Melukhe farlag fun Ukraine, 1929.

Kipnis, Itsik. Di shtub un untervegns. Tel Aviv: I. L. Peretz, 1977.. Mayn shtetele Sloveshne, 2 vols. Tel Aviv: I. L. Peretz, 1971. Kirschenbaum, Lisa A. Small Comrades: Revolutionizing Childhood in Soviet Russia, 1917-1932. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Klier, John D. “What Exactly Was a Shtetl?” In The Shtetl: Image and Reality: Papers of the Second Mendel Friedman International Conference on Yiddish, edited by Gennady Estraikh and Mikhail Krutikov, 23-35. Oxford: Legenda, 2000.

Kobrin, Rebecca. Jewish Bialystok and Its Diaspora. Bloomington: Indiana Uni­versity Press, 2010.

Kostyrchenko, Gennadii. Tainaia politika Stalina: Vlast' i antisemitism. Mos­cow: Mezdunarodnye otnosheniia, 2001.

Kotkin, Stephen. Magnetic Mountain: Stalinism as a Civilization. Berkeley: Uni­versity of California Press, 1995.

Kruglov, Aleksandr Iosifovich. Poteri evreev ukrainy v 1941-1944 gg. Kharkov: Tarbut laam, 2005.

Krutikov, Mikhail. Yiddish Fiction and the Crisis of Modernity, 1905-1914. Stan­ford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2001.

Kugelmass, Jack, and Jonathan Boyarin, eds. From a Ruined Garden: The Memo­rial Books of Polish Jewry. New York: Schocken Books, 1985.

Kuper, Mordechai. Di yidn fun mayn benkshaft: zikhroynesfun mayn heymshtot Shargorod. Buenos Aires: Poalei tsiyon, 1968.

Kuromiya, Hiroaki. The Voices of the Dead: Stalin's Great Terror in the 1930s. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007.

Kvavilashvili, Lia, Jennifer Mirani, Simone Schlagman, and Diana E. Kornbrot. “Comparing Flashbulb Memories of September 11 and the Death of Princess Diana: Effects of Time Delays and Nationality.” Applied Cognitive Psychology 17 (2003): 1017-31.

Laban Hinton, Alexander, and Kevin Lewis O'Neill, eds. Genocide: Truth, Mem­ory and Representation. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009.

Langer, Lawrence L. Holocaust Testimonies: The Ruins of Memory. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1993.

Lebina, Nataliia Borisovna. Povsednevnaia zhizn'sovetskogo goroda: Normy i anomalii, 1920-e-1930 gody. St. Petersburg: Zhurnal Neva and Letnii sad, 1999.

Lehmann, Rosa. Symbiosis and Ambivalence: Poles and Jews in a Small Galician Town. New York; Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2001.

Leibovich, Oleg. Vgorode M: Ocherki sotsialnoi povsednevnosti sovetskoi provint- sii v40-50-khgg. Perm: Iuilmedia, 2009.

Lestschinsky, Jacob. Dos sovetishe idntum: zany fargangenhayt un kegnvart. New York: Yiddisher kemfer, 1941.

Levy, Andre. “To Morocco and Back: Tourism and Pilgrimage among Moroc­can-Born Israelis.” In Grasping Land: Space and Place in Contemporary Israeli Discourse and Experience, edited by Eyal Ben-Ari and Yoram Bilu, 25-46. Al­bany, N.Y.: SUNY Press, 1997.

Lewin, Moshe. The Making of the Soviet System: Essays in the Social History of Interwar Russia. London: Methuen; New York: Pantheon, 1985.

-----. Russian Peasants and Soviet Power: A Study of Collectivization. New York: Norton, 1968.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This book is the product of a collective effort. I am grateful to all those people throughout Ukraine who allowed us to interview them, often on multiple oc­casions. I recognize that it is sometimes difficult to speak about the past on camera to strangers, and I hope that all those who chose to engage with us came out of the process gratified with the experience. I hope as well that they feel this book has done them justice.

The initial idea to interview Yiddish-speakers in Eastern Europe came from Dovid Katz, and I am grateful to him for joining us on several of our early expeditions, and for generously sharing with us his expertise. Dov-Ber Kerler extended Dovid's project into Ukraine, and conducted most of the interviews: his enthusiasm, exuberance, and optimistic energy always bring out the best in people. I have seen elderly, frail, and somber people come to life when they speak with Dov-Ber, joyfully relieving their youthful vigor. I cannot thank Dov-Ber enough for inviting me along with him and for helping me with this book at every step of the way.

I appreciate the assistance we were given in Ukraine by Liudmilla Makedon­skaya, who helped organize several of our trips, and by our drivers, Petr Ivanov and Yuri Shpuryk. Artur Fraςzak and Pawel Figurski kept the cameras rolling for many hours and often shared with us their own distinctive viewpoints on what we were hearing. Our graduate students, Margot Valles and Anya Quil- itzsch, were always helpful when they came along on expeditions. Pearl Gluck came with us in 20r0, filmed every moment, and is working with us on a film about the project. I am grateful as well to Moyshe Lemster, who joined a few expeditions and lent us his humor and expertise on Bessarabia.

In Bloomington, I had the benefit of having several graduate student as­sistants, who helped construct summaries of the interviews and aided with translations: Sebastian Schulman, Margot Valles, Charles Bonds, and espe­cially Anya Quilitzsch, who also compiled the Appendix and sat with me for hours pouring over video. Anya, Sebastian, and Charles also read the complete manuscript and provided helpful suggestions. I thank Amy Simon and An­thony Zannino for helping me identify and photocopy documents at the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum in Washington D.C., and Vadim Atskan at the museum for sharing archival guides with me. I also appreciate having the opportunity to share ideas with my colleagues in Bloomington. Hiroaki Kuromiya and Dov-Ber Kerler, in particular, read the entire manuscript and gave helpful comments; Mark Roseman also read and commented on sig­nificant portions. I benefited particularly from discussions about Soviet and Ukrainian history with Ben Eklof, David Ransel, and Padraic Kenney; about oral history with Jeff Gould and John Bodnar; about Jews and Judaism with Matthias Lehmann and Shaul Magid; and about all of the above with Mark Roseman. Thanks also to those who read the entire manuscript as referees for IU Press: Anna Shternshis and a referee who remained anonymous, and to oth­ers who have read chapters or commented on presentations at various points: Zvi Gitelman, Samuel Kassow, Antony Polonsky, Jonathan Dekel-Chen, and Louis Greenspan.

The entire Archive of Historical and Ethnographic Yiddish Memories (AHEYM) was collected and preserved thanks to the generous assistance of two Preservation and Access grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities. I am grateful to the NEH for its support of the project. The NEH grants allowed us to work with the Archives of Traditional Music at Indiana University in preserving, cataloguing, and transcoding the interviews. Thanks to Alan Burdette, Suzanne Mudge, Will Cowan, Daniel Reed, and Marilyn Graf for their cooperation, and especially to graduate student assistant Anthony Guest-Scott for diligently transferring and transcoding the entire collection. I owe a special thanks to Asya Vaisman who came on as project director to oversee the archive for two years.

The title for the book was proposed by Dan O'Connell, and I thank him for working with me at an early stage in conceiving the project. Thanks to Paul and Jeannette Smedberg for designing the maps. Thanks to Indiana Univer­sity Press and Janet Rabinowitch in particular, for working with me on this project from the beginning to the end. As university presses have come under increasing threat, IU Press has been stalwart in its commitment to extending the frontiers of knowledge by publishing cutting edge scholarship in high quality editions at affordable prices. I am privileged to be among those who have published multiple books with the press, and am grateful to Janet for her constant guidance and support.

Finally, I would like to thank my family—Rebecca, Naomi, and Leah Mae— for their love.

Italicized page numbers refer to illustrations, maps, and tables.

Aberbukh, Rabbi L. Sh., 272 Abramovitsh, Sholem Yankev. See

Mendele Moykher Sforim

actors, 58

Adler, Jacob, 200

agriculture, xv, 59, 66, 82

“Aheym” [Homeward] (song), 198-200,

203

“Aheym, briderlekh aheym” (song),

200

Akeydes Yitskhok (near-sacrifice of Isaac), 131

Aktions (Nazi “pogroms”), 168, 285 Alexander, Aharon, 288

Altshuler, Mordechai, 323n46

Amidah prayer, 93

anarchists (Greens), 32

An-sky, S., xviii

anthropology, xxv antisemitism, 48, 101, 236, 246-47,

338n2; after the war, 111, 242, 245-48; closing of synagogues and, 270; in contemporary Ukraine, 288; in Red Army, 246; as Soviet state policy, xvi

Apikoyres (The Heretic), 111 apothecaries, 26

Arad, Yitzhak, 338n2

Archives of Historical and Ethno­graphic Yiddish Memories Project (AHEYM), xix, 291

Argentina, emigration to, 37

artels (collective labor brigades), 62, 63, 249, 323n45

artisans, 10, 12, 21, 60; in artels, 323n45; collectivization and, 74-75; Jews as percentage of, 58; Nazi occupation and, 168; in Pechera concentration camp, 227; as percentage of shtetl population, 78; pogroms of Civil War and, 32; in postwar Ukraine, 248; in Sharhorod, 28; social status of, 66; synagogues of, 115; taxes on, 43; in Tulchyn ghetto, 210, 244; in villages, 70; women as, 73

Askoldov, Aleksandr, 41 assimilation, xxiv, 234, 283, 289 atheism, 83, 91, 111

Avrom son of Meir, 27, 205

Baal Shem Tov (Master of the Good Name; Besht; Israel ben Eliezer), 12, 24, 174, 256

Babi Yar, massacre in, 160 bakers, 28, 61, 72, 210 Balonivka, village of, 228 Balta, town of, 187 Band, Arnold, 4 Bandera, Stepan, 286-87 Banderists, 242-43

Bar, town of, xvi, 11,161, 263, 274 barbers, xiv, 64, 65, 292, 294, 308; col­lectivization and, 76; Jews as per­centage of, 60; synagogues of, 115

Barksy, David, 179

Barshteyn, Asya, 26-27, 73, 108-109; biography of, 291; on disease in ghet­to, 208; on food customs, 140; on kindness of non-Jews, 220; postwar antisemitism and, 247; on religious traditions of Romanian Jews, 207; on synagogues, 116; on synagogues of Sharhorod, 113

Bartal, Israel, 4 beggars, 57 Beilis, Mendl, 271 Belarus, 72, 78, 111 Benedict, Ruth, 3 Berdichev, town of, xvii, 103-104, 239, 305; Hasidism in, xviii; map, xvii; Nazi murder of Jews in, 277; poverty in, 38-41; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161; return to, after the war, 267-68; Ukrainian spelling of, xxxiv Berdichev District, xvi, 59; Jewish population of, 70; Yiddish-language schools in, 81, 84, 87-88

Berdyczewski, Mikhah Yosef, 19 Beregovsky, Moisei, xviii Bergelson, Dovid, 85

Bershad, town of, xvi, xix, 10, 14-15, 144; antireligious propaganda in, 112-13; cemetery of, 226, 253, 263, 286; electricity availability in, 44; famine in, 52; German capture of, 190-91; ghetto under Romanian rule, 195, 221, 263, 284-85; history of, 17-20; houses of, 15-16; Jewish popu­lation of, 68, 69, 69, 186; liberated by Red Army (1944), 169, 228, 338n51; map, 11; postwar rebuilding in, 248, 249; prisoners taken by Germans from, 223; refugees from Romanian territories in, 197; religious obser­vance in, 151; songs from ghetto of, 197-205; synagogues in, 16-17, 79, 113, 120, 121, 126, 271; in Transnistria, 161, 168, 188; in Tulchyn District, 310n12; Yerusalimka district, 15, 16, 87; Yiddish-language schools in, 79-80, 84-85, 93, 99-100

Bershadskaia, Elizaveta, 70, 101, 136, 238, 242; biography of, 292; death of, 286; on food customs, 138, 143, 144; on liberation by Red Army (1944), 228, 243-44

besmedresh (house of study), xxix, 8,

78, 117, 118

Bessarabia, xix, 37, 116, 186; Jews ex­pelled from, 187, 195, 196; Yiddish song from, 226

Bezhilianski, Rabbi Moshe Yehoshua (Alter of Teplyk), 21

Bible, Hebrew, 36, 57, 82, 96, 131-32 Bilohano, Ivan, 100

Bilokin, Serhiy, 288 black market, 60

Blavatnik Archive Foundation, 179, 237,

339n2

“Bloodlands,” xvi

Bloody Monday massacre, 265

Boas, Franz, 58

Bogdanovka, town of, 161, 208 Bogoraz, Vladimir (V. G. Tan), 36, 72, 98-99, 319n7

Bolsheviks, 17, 20, 31, 34, 41

Bondar, David Chaimovich, 263-64 Bondar, Hershl, 50-51

borsht, 143-44

Bortnyky, village of, 217, 219 Borukh, Rebbe of Tulchyn, 24 Botvinik, Berl, 154

Braduchan, Nestervarka Afanasii, 33 Bratslav, town of, xvi, 11-14, 169, 219,

299; bypassed by railroads, 64; cem­etery in, 8, 9; circumcision in, 123; evacuation of Jews in Second World War, 164; Hasidism in, xviii; Jewish population of, 69; map, 11; return to, after the war, 241; in Transnistria, 161, 167, 172, 189

Braverman, Fania, 53, 77, 89

Breslov Hasidism, 12, 21, 27, 125-26,

328n32

Browning, Christopher, xxvi Bucharest (Romania), city of, 197, 208, 210-11

Bukovina, Northern, 186-88, 195, 196,

226

Bundism, 26

“Burgher and the Pauper, The” (Nah- man of Bratslav), 13

burial societies, 208

Burshtein, Arkadii, 67, 100, 183, 243; bi­ography of, 292; on Jewish-Christian relations, 101-102; on labor for Nazi rulers, 166, 168-69; on memorial in Sobolivka, 263; on speaking Yiddish after the war, 248; on synagogue at­tendance, 119, 120-21; on tashlikh custom, 151-52

butchers, 29, 76, 112, 267

Canada, 37

cantors, 272-73

Carmelly, Felicia Steigman, 220 carpenters, 57, 61, 75

Catholic churches, 8, 24, 26 Catholicism, 27 cemeteries, Christian, 8-9, 53, 191, 263 cemeteries, Jewish, xviii, 7, 183-84;

in Bershad, 228, 253, 263, 286; in

Bratslav, 8, 9; Christian cemeteries compared with, 8-9; images of hu­man figures on gravestones, 264; in Sharhorod, 27, 205; in Teplyk, 255; vandalism of, 255

census records, xxxi, 5, 12, 68; in 1890s, 22; in 1920s, 20, 38, 44, 58-59, 73; in 1930s, 323n46; in 1980s, 287

Central Archives for the History of the Jewish People (Jerusalem), xxxi Central Asia, evacuation to, 278, 294, 301, 302

Central Rada, 31-32, 33 Chagall, Marc, 8, 61 Chajes, Akiva Sholem, 24-25 challah bread, 136, 138, 140, 141 chauffeurs, 64-65, 308 Chechelnitskii, Boris, 21 Chechelnyk, town of, 11, 15, 69, 197, 221, 337n45

Cherkasy, city of, xvii Cherkasy Province, xvii, xvii, 46 Chernihiv Province, xvii Chernivitsi (Czernowitz), city of, 168, 210, 271; Jewish population of, xviii; liberated by Red Army (1944), 228; map, xvii, 11

Chernivitsi Province, xvii Chernyatka,village of, 101, 136, 144, 292

children: High Holidays and, 151-52; Nazi murder of, 160, 174, 184, 257, 333n18; nostalgia for childhood, 150, 283; orphaned, 31, 33, 34, 46, 47, 65, 107, 175, 255

Chirkova, Bella, 129-131, 132, 149, 292 cholent, 136, 138-39

Christians, 22, 27; as famine victims, 52-53; interaction with Jewish com­munity of shtetls, 6; Jewish houses occupied by, after World War II, 14, 15, 241, 242; medieval disputations with Jews, 112; as slave laborers for Nazis, 177. See also Jewish-Christian relations; peasants, Christian Christmas, 154 Chuk, Raisa, 51, 60, 90 chuppah, 251 churches, 110, 131, 155, 266 circumcision, 95, 122-24, 253-54

Civil War, Russian, xv, 19, 58, 74, 310n12; pogroms accompanying, 32-38; in Ukraine, 31-32; “War Com­munism” and, 41-42

coachmen, 57, 59, 60, 63-64, 65, 72, 274 cobblers, 21, 28, 60, 297; in artels, 63;

collectivization and, 75, 76; as mer­chants, 65; Nazi occupation and, 176; synagogues of, 115, 116; in Tulchyn ghetto, 210

Cold War, xxv

collaborators, Nazi, xv, 160, 216, 281 collective farms (kolkhozy), 78, 134, 143, 164-65, 191, 200, 211. See also Gigant collective farm; Lunacharskii collec­tive farm

collectivization, xv, 48-50, 55, 74, 156 commentaries, rabbinical, 97 Commissar (Askoldov film, 1967), 41 communism, xiii, xv, 20, 163-64; ab­sent from oral histories, 284; Civil War in Ukraine and, 31; communist clubs, 105, 106; communists in Nazi camps, 170-72; “Great Patriotic War” cult and, 230, 256; Nazi amal­gamation of Jews and communists, 159-160, 220; Soviet education policy and, 82-83

Communist Party, Jewish Sections of, xxxi, 20, 151, 157; antireligious campaigns of, 110-13, 117; collective labor brigades promoted by, 62; dis­solution of, 117; “face to the shtetl” movement, 67; heders opposed by, 93; “Red Haggadahs” and, 111, 150; in Vinnytsya, 43; Yiddish-language schools and, 81, 83; Zionism opposed by, 102-103

concentration camps, 184, 186, 278. See also Pechera concentration camp

Confino, Alon, 313n31 Connerton, Paul, xxvii Constructivism, 8

“Convoy, The” (Aleichem), 21-22 Cooper, Mordechai, 26-27, 104 coopers, 57, 61, 115, 116

Cossacks, 1, 8, 18, 29, 180-81

Council for Affairs of Religious Cults, xxxi, 266-67, 270, 273, 280

Crimea, xvii, 75-76, 132, 143 customs, xxvii

Dankivka, village of, 281

David, Rebbe of Talne, 25 dentists, 26, 58, 60, 73

Derazhnya, town of, 91, 95, 96, 123 Derbaremdiker, Motl, 53, 54, 292-93 diaries, xxv

Diary of Anne Frank, The, 183 Diaspora, 3, 4, 203, 288 disease, 206-208 districts, xxxiv

Dnipropetrovsk, city of, xvii, xviii-xix Dnipropetrovsk Province, xvii doctors, 26, 58, 60, 73

Dolot, Miron, 55

Domadovka, town of, 161

Domanevka, town of, 208

Donetsk, city and province of, xvii Dorohoi (Bukovina), town of, 206 drama circles, 105 dreydls, playing with, 154

Dubasari (Dubosar), town of, 161, 187 Dymshits, Valery, 255-56

Dzhuryn, village of, 120, 173 Dzygovke, town of, 270

Ehrenburg, Ilya, 238 EinsatzgruppenZEinsatzkommandos, 159

“Ekhod mi yodoyo?” [Who Knows One?] (song), 95

El Mole Rachamim (Linke painting), 259

electricity, availability of, 44

Emden, Rabbi Jacob, 27

Emes, Der (newspaper), 43, 88, 105; on antireligious campaigns, 112; on Jew­ish religious education, 93

eruv (border), 9 ethnographic reports, xxxi, 57-58 Europe, Eastern, xiii, xiv, xix, 230;

Ashkenazic pronunciation of He­brew in, 23; fieldwork expeditions in, xix; shtetls with Jewish majorities, 5; Yiddish language in, xxiii

Evacuation Council, 162-63 Everything Is Illuminated (Safran

Foer), 2-3

evil eye, 137

Exodus story, 96, 149; in Passover sed­er, 149, 150; in “Red Haggadahs,” 111

Extraordinary State Commissions, xxx-xxxi, 176, 281, 333n18, 334n22

Eynikayt [Unity] (newspaper), 248, 249

factory workers, 66, 67, 73 family structure, xx, 45 famine, 37, 156, 244-45, 283 Federation of Jewish Communities in

Ukraine, 145

Feldblium, L., 105

Feldman, Brukhe, 244-45, 253, 254-55,

264, 293

Fiddler on the Roof (Jewison), 2 Figurski, Pawel, xix

Fishman, Joshua, xxiii

Five-Year Plans: First, 49, 73-74; Sec­ond, 78

flashbulb memories, xxvi folklore, xviii, xx, xxiii food, religion and, 136-50 forests, survival in, 181 forgetting, xxix Fraczalk Artur, xix Frank, Anne, 207 free professions, 58, 59 freethinkers, 21, 92, 97

French Revolution, radical ideas of, 25 Friedman, Israel, 28

Furer, Avrom, 89, 98, 152; biography of, 293; on childhood friends, 99; life as veteran, 239; as Red Army soldier, 238, 293; on synagogues by trade, 115

Furer, Rafail, 248

Furman, David, 239, 277, 293 furriers, 28

Futiran, Alexei, 10, 65, 236-37, 239, 241-42, 293-94

Gaiviker, Naum, 34-35, 65, 76, 106, 294 Gammer, Brukhe, 67-68, 127, 294 Ganiyevva, Manya, 186, 190, 193, 218 Gedalya Shoykhet (Gedalya the Butch­er), 272

gefilte fish, 136, 137; matzo as essential ingredient in, 145; as Passover food, 148; as Sabbath food, 138, 140-41

Geller (nee Dikkerman), Sime, 123, 127, 135, 164, 252; on antisemitism, 236; biography of, 295; on food customs, 146; marriage to Dovid, 251-52; on Yom Kippur, 152

Geller, Binyomin, 50, 88; on antireli­gious campaigns, 119; biography of, 294; on childhood friends, 100; on forced collectivization, 74-75

Geller, Dovid, 124, 243, 284; biography of, 294-95; on evacuation in Second World War, 163-64, 165; marriage to Sime, 251-52

Gelman, Arkadii, 65, 129, 295

geniza, 17

genocide: anthropology of, xxv-xxvi; “double genocide” myth, 55, 288; Nazi perpetration of, 256, 285, 289

German language: education in, 81, 85, 87; Jews under Nazi occupation and, 168

Germans, 76, 81, 220, 221, 222

Germany: emigration to, xvi, xxi, 287, 288; occupation of Ukraine in First World War, 32

Gershkovich, Shoyel Zus, 273 Gershkovitch, Avrum, 60

Gershuni, A., 325n31

Gestapo, 171, 223

ghettos, 166-67, 172-73, 183, 237; anti­Nazi songs in, 197-205; disease in, 206-208; ignorance of existence of, 245; refugees from Romanian terri­tories in, 206; in Transnistria, 188

Gigant collective farm, 51, 91, 191, 195, 303

Gilrod, Louis, 200

Gingold, Manya, 195, 295 Gitelman, Zvi, 154

glaziers, 28, 60, 71, 176, 180, 302 Goldberg, B. Z., 62-63

Golddiggers, The (Aleichem), 85 Goldfadn, Avrom, 4, 93

Golfeld, Pinia, 88-89, 209, 211, 221; biography of, 295; on kindness of Ukrainians, 218; on Pechera con­centration camp, 214, 215; on prayer quorums, 274

Gordon, Shmuel, 4

Gorenshtein, Fridrikh, 4 Gorshman, Shire, 4

Gorshteyn, Avrom, 249 Gotlober, Abraham ber, 18

GPU (secret police), 102 grain shortage, 49

Granovsky, Aleksandr, 8

Great Famine (1932-1933), xv, 66; as Holodomor or “Hidden Holocaust,” 55; Jewish life and suffering during, 50-54, 56; Jews seen as instigators of, 54, 55

Great Terror (1937-1938), xv, 77, 156, 310n10; antireligious actions during, 120; kosher butchers targeted dur­ing, 142

Grinberg, Clara, 197

Gross, Jan, xxvi Grossman, Vassili, 41 Groysman, Tsolik, 64, 133, 239-40, 250, 253; biography of, 295-96; on re­building of Jewish community, 272

GULAG, 184

Guzman, Dora, 195, 196, 296

Gvinter (nee Oistrakh), Khayke, 35-36, 45-46, 269; on antireligious cam­paigns, 120; biography of, 296; death of, 286; on food customs, 136; on German capture of Bershad, 190-91; on humanity of German soldier, 220; on Pechera concentration camp, 224-26; on refugees from Romanian territories, 196; on women's roles in synagogues, 128; on Yiddish-lan- guage schooling, 84

Gvinter, Nukhim, 253, 296-97

Haggadah, 94, 95, 111 Haidamaks, 12, 29, 174

Halbwachs, Maurice, xxiv handicrafts, traditional, 22, 43, 58,

321n9; industrialization and, 66; passed through generations, 61; targeted for elimination in Soviet Union, 62

Hanukkah, 83, 153-54, 155

Hasidism, xviii, 1, 17, 288; in Ber- shad, 18-19; founder of, 12; Habad Lubavitch, 24; pilgrims, 13, 205, 287; Sadagora, 28; in Teplyk, 21, 23; in Tulchyn, 24. See also Breslov Hasidism

Hasmoneans, 154

Haysyn (Gaysin), town of, xvi, 22, 244, 248; Hanukkah in, 153-54; Jewish population of, 69, 77; map, 11; matzo produced in, 276; Nazi murder of Jews in, 169; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161; synagogue of, 268-69

Hebrew language, xxvii, xxxiii, 259, 272; Ashkenazic pronunciation of, 23, 85-86; literature in, 13; Sephardic pronunciation of, 23, 85; Soviet rejec­tion of, 82, 93; women's knowledge of, 126-27

heders (Jewish religious schools), 78,

81, 92-98, 105, 155, 277, 297 Herzog, Elizabeth, 3 Heydrick, Reinhard, 159, 331n13 High Holidays, 28, 110, 120, 273; during

Holocaust, 207; memories of, 150-52; prayer book (Mahzor), 94; secret re­ligious services for, 122

Himka, John Paul, 55

History of Love (Kraus), 3

Hitler, Adolf, xvi, 29, 149, 157, 288; pact with Stalin, 158, 159; songs against, 198, 201, 202-203

Hofman, Moyshe, 248 Hofshteyn, Dovid, 4 holidays, xxix, 116, 126, 142, 156, 277. See also High Holidays; Passover

Holocaust, 33, 229-231; absence of me­morials in Ukraine, 183; cannibalism during, 214; Great Famine compared with, 55; historiography of, xxix; Jewish Red Army soldiers' desire for vengeance, 237-38; Jews aided by Christians during, 205-206; Jews aided by Ukrainians during, 217­222; Lviv memorial, 288; memorial- ization of victims of, 254-266, 260­62; numbers of victims in Ukraine, xv; oral history testimonies, xxvi, 314n35; racial character of genocide downplayed in Soviet Union, 230-31, 256; Star of David badges, 167, 189, 191; stories of survival during, xiii; survivors of, 186-87, 229, 231, 240, 285; tattoos on prisoners, 237. See also genocide

homiletic teachings, 96

hospitals, 25

Huberman, Nahman, 52, 113, 151 “Humble King, The” (Nahman of Brat- slav), 13

Hundert, Gershon, 6

Ilnytsya, town of, 44-45, 69; map, 11; Nazi murder of Jews in, 168, 175, 176-78; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161

“In the City of Berdichev” (Grossman), 41

industrialization, 63, 77 intelligentsia/intellectuals, Soviet Jew­ish, xiv, xv, xxi, xxv intermarriage, 21, 101 internationalism, 15 Iron Curtain, xiv, 231

Israel, xiii, 16, 132, 156; emigration to, xvi, xxi, 287, 288; Holocaust survi­vors in, 186; Museum of Fighting Glory (Dimona), 182; Sephardic Hebrew of, xxvii; Soviet Jews seen as agents of, 279; tourists from, 287

Ivanka, village of, 68, 101, 178, 184 Ivano-Frankivsk Province, xvii Ivanopil (Yanushpol), town of, 98

Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee, xxxi Jewish Century, The (Slezkine), xiv Jewish communities, 17, 120, 289; an­nihilated in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 232; of Bucharest (Roma­nia), 197; Christian interaction with, 6; Cossack attacks on, 18; memori- alization of the Holocaust and, 254­66, 260-62; rebuilding of, 266-73; in Sharhorod, 28, 29; socioeconomic basis of, xxxi

Jewish identity, xxi, xxiv, 99, 277, 285; architecture as marker of, 16; arti­sanal work as essence of, 70; food customs and, 137, 141, 142; hidden under Nazi occupation, 161; Red Army service and, 237; Soviet shun­ning of religion and, 83; synagogue attendance and, 108; “thin culture” and, 154; Yiddish-Ianguage educa­tion and, 283

Jewish Sections. See Communist Party, Jewish Sections of

Jewish Shtetl in Revolution (Bogoraz), 57 Jewish-Christian relations, 28, 29, 263;

Christian attitudes toward returning evacuees, 245-48; friendly prewar relations, 48, 99-102; Holocaust and, 161, 196, 206, 229; pogroms and, 33-34, 48

Jewison, Norman, 2

Jews: absence from countryside, 68-69; American, 52; dissident intellectual as image of Soviet Jew, xiv; effects of Revolution on, 42-43; Holocaust vic­tims, xv, 159-60; migration to escape persecution and violence, 38; money sent by relatives abroad, 53-54; oc­cupations of, 58-66, 78; partisans during Second World War, 181-82; pogroms during Civil War and, 32-38; in poverty, 38-41, 43; rela­tives abroad, 86; survivors' return to shtetls after the war, 240-45; urban identification of, 67, 69

Jews for Jesus, 130 Joffe, Natalie, 1 Judaism, xvi, 145, 154, 280; constraints on public expression of, 155-56; con­verts to, 76; domestic religion and, 155; rejection of, xxi

Judenrat (Jewish council), 213 Judeophobia, 32 judges, 60

kabbalism, 141 Kaczerginski, Szmerke, 203 Kafta, Franz, 13

Kaganovich, Lazar, 162

Kamyanets-Podilskyy, town of, xvii, 65, 160, 161, 256

kashrut, 142, 143

Kassow, Samuel D., 5

Katsman (nee Chechelniker), Klara, 194, 253-54, 258, 272, 297

Katz, Dovid, xix, xxi

Katz, Nesye Sulimanovna, 107-108, 166, 297

Kaviner, Aba, 91, 95-96, 97, 99, 273; bi­ography of, 297; on moyel of Derazh- nya, 123; on postwar antisemitism, 248; on rebuilding of synagogue, 267; as Red Army soldier, 238; on sacrilegious song, 109

Kazakhstan, xv, 165, 305

Kazatin, town of, xvi

Kerler, Dov-Ber, xix, xxi, 114 “Khad Gadya” (song), 95

Khaiut, Tsilia, 53, 98, 297 Khakkarainen, Marina, 63

Kharkiv, city of, xvii, 31, 103

Kharkiv Province, xvii

Kherson Province, xvii

Khmelnitsky, Bogdan, uprising and pogrom of, 18, 33, 174

Khmelnytskyy (Proskurov), town of, xvi, 34-35, 65, 76, 253; Cold War repression of Jewish commu­nity in, 270; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161

Khmelnytskyy Province, xvii, xviii Khmilnyk, town of, 11, 68, 69, 308 khurbn (destruction), 33

Khust, town of, 142-43

Kiev, city of, xiv, 5, 132, 252, 253; anti- Jewish riot after the war, 246; anti­religious campaigns in, 120; artisans in, 63; in Civil War, 32; intellectuals in, 103; Jewish population of, xviii- xix, 3; Khmelnitsky statue in, 18; kosher butchers in, 142; map, xvii;

matzo produced in, 276; neo-Nazi attacks in, 288; in Reichskommis- sariat Ukraine, 161; Ukrainian spell­ing of, xxxiv

Kiev Province, xvii, xvii, 31, 102

Kiper, Motl, 5

Kipnis, Itsik, 4

Kirovohrad Province, xvii

Kiselman, Nisen, 51, 135; biography of, 297-98; on establishment of ghetto in Tomashpil, 195; on German cap­ture of Tomashpil, 191-92; on war memorial in Tomashpil, 257 Kislinskaia, Tseytl, 46, 48, 63; biogra­phy of, 298; on prayer quorums, 273­74; on relations with Ukrainians, 100; on women's roles in synagogues, 126; on Yiddish-language schooling, 83, 86, 89

klezmers, 104, 115, 253

Klier, John, 6

Koch, Johann, 168

Kogan, Yosl, 51, 99-100, 193, 220-21; on accusations that Jews didn't fight in war, 246; biography of, 298; death of, 286; on Jewish refugees in Transnis­tria, 197; on liberation by Red Army (1944), 228, 232; as Red Army soldier, 232-34, 285; on secret religious ser­vices, 121, 122; songs from Bershad ghetto, 197-205

Kol Nidre ceremony, 151, 152

Kolodenker (nee Tolkovitz), Yente, 104, 150, 189; biography of, 299; on liq­uidation of Tulchyn ghetto, 209; on Pechera concentration camp, 213-14, 218; on rebuilding of synagogue, 268 Kolodenker, Lev, 162, 234, 286, 298 Kolodenker, Pesia, 54, 131, 132, 274; bi­ography of, 298-99; on the “kindly uncircumcised,” 217-18; on liquida­tion of Tulchyn ghetto, 209-10, 211; on memorialization of Pechera, 258;

373 on Passover food customs, 150; on Pechera concentration camp, 213, 214, 215; on Sabbath customs, 135; on Yiddish-language schooling, 86-87 Kolodenker, Sasha, 194, 209, 213, 259­260; biography of, 298; on Pechera concentration camp, 216 Komsomol (Young Communist League), xxix, 77, 103, 239, 302 Kopayhorod (Kopaygorod, Keparet), town of, 88, 118-19, 136; Passover food customs in, 147; Sabbath cus­toms in, 141-42; in Transnistria, 187 korenizatsiia (nativization), 81 Korosten, town of, 161 Koroteska, Liudmila, 176-77 Korsun-Shevchenkivskyy, town of, xvii, 46, 231, 273, 296 kosher: dishes, 143, 144; meat, 113, 136, 142; utensils, 147. See also shoykhets (kosher butchers)

Kozak (nee Shafir), Evgeniia, 46, 60, 114, 272; biography of, 299; on burr­throwing custom, 153; on food cus­toms, 139, 141, 142-43, 144, 147-48 Kraft, Robert, xxvi Krasnenke, village of, 180 Krasner, Evgeniia, 144, 148, 251, 299 Kraus, Nicole, 3 krishmeleyenen ceremony, 123, 327n27 Kryzhopil (Khryzhopol), town of, xvi, 105; electricity availability in, 44; Holocaust in, 192; Jewish population of, 68, 69; map, 11; Yiddish-language schooling in, 89 kulaks, 49, 74, 75, 282 Kupershmidt, Moyshe, 12, 13-14, 60, 182-84; biography of, 299; as chauf­feur, 64, 65, 169-70; death of, 286; luck and agency in survival of, 284; in Red Army, 234; on Sabbath cus­toms, 135; survival as driver for Ger­mans, 170-74

Kurman, Klara, 207, 300

Kvitko, Leyb, 85

language, in Soviet ideology, 81 latkes, 138, 139, 145, 146, 147, 153

Law on Religious Association (1929),

110

lawyers, 58, 60

League of Militant Atheists, 110

League of the Militant Godless, 326n7 Left Bank Ukraine, 32

Leiderman (nee Bronfman), Gisia, 300

Lemster, Moyshe, xix, xxi

Lenin, Vladimir, xvii, xix, 43

Leningrad, 54, 77, 132

Lestchinsky, Jacob, 325n20 letters, personal, xxv

Levi Yitzhak of Berdichev, 292 libraries, 105 life cycles, xx

Life Is with People (Zborowski and

Herzog), 3

Likutei Moharan (Nahman of Brat- slav), 13

Linke, Bronislaw Wojciech, 259

Lipman, Rabbi Yankl, 264, 272

Lipovets, town of, xvi

Lipset, Harry, 325n20 literacy, 86, 90

Lithuania, xviii, xix, 13, 181

Litvak, Sonia, 36, 300

Lityn, town of, 11 locksmiths, 60, 65-66, 295

“Lomir ale in eynem” [Let us all to­gether] (song), 108

Losinsky family, 281

Lost, The (Mendelsohn), 3

“Lost Princess, The” (Nahman of Brat- slav), 13

Loyanich, Ksenia Vasilovna, 206

Luhansk Province, xvii

Lukin, Binyomin, 112

Lunacharskii, Anatolii, 75

Lunacharskii collective farm (Crimea),

75, 143, 152, 300, 301 Lutsk, town of, xvii Lviv, city of, xvii, 242, 288 Lviv Province, xvii Lyakhovich gang, 30, 33 Lypovets, town of, 44, 45, 101; Jewish

population of, 69, 69; map, 11; in

Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161

Magazanik (landowner), 40-41 Magazanik family, 84 Magdeburg Law, 27 Malina, Zhenya, 216-17 malnutrition, 45

Mapu, Abraham, 23 Marchak, Eli, 125-26, 191, 228 Marinina (nee Palatnikova), Tatiana,

75-76, 103, 166; biography of, 300; on Hanukkah, 153; in Nazi labor camp, 167-68; on Passover food customs,

143, 144-45

market squares, xxi, 9, 70 Markish, Peretz, 85 marriage and weddings, xvi, 73, 104,

116, 250-53

Marx, Karl, xvii, 109 mass grave sites, xxi, xxii, 257, 258-59,

260-62; at Berdichev, 265-66; at

Pechera, 257, 258-59, 260-62 matzo: as Jewish identity marker, 141,

144, 146; matsukah machine for making, 17; Passover and, 111, 130, 143-47, 275-76, 286; Sabbath and, 140

May Laws, 28 Mead, Margaret, 3 Meckler, David, 122 Mehmet IV, Sultan, 18 melamed (teacher), 23, 96, 98 memoirs, xxvi, xxxi, 280 memory, xiv, xviii, xxii, 18, 278, 282;

core memories, xxvi, xxx; food and, 137, 138, 148; Holocaust and, 183, 192, 222, 231; oral history and, xxiv-xxxi; postwar integration of Jewish survi­vors and, 185; religious observance and, 131, 143; suppression or repres­sion of, xxv-xxvi; Yiddish language and, xxiii

Mendele Moykher Sforim, 4, 7, 85

Mendelsohn, Daniel, 3 merchants, 12, 29, 32, 74

Meyerowitz, David, 200 mezuzahs, 14, 15, 26, 131, 155 midwives, 26

Miedzyboz, town of, xviii

Mikhelkis, Yankl, 269

Mikhoels, Solomon, 279 mikveh (ritual bath), 125, 328n34 milk with meat, taboo against, 142-43 Minsk (Belarus), city of, 103, 132, 159 minyans (prayer quorums), 121, 273-74 Misha the Russki (Misha Katsop), 221-22

Mishnah, 96

Misinov, Aryeh Leib, 288

Mogilev District, xvi, 59, 310n12 Mohyliv-Podilsky (Mogilev Podolsk), town of, xvi, 98, 141, 147; “face to the shtetl” movement in, 67; ghetto established in, 194; ghetto under Ro­manian rule, 211-12; liberated by Red Army (1944), 234; map, xvii, 11; in Mogilev District, 310n12; in Trans­nistria, 161, 187, 194, 206

Moldova, Republic of, xviii

Moscow, city of, xiv, 3, 54, 132, 243; in­tellectuals in, 103; shtetl Jews' migra­tion to, 77-78

Moscow State Yiddish Theater, 8 mosques, 110, 155, 266

movie theaters (cinemas), 105, 116, 121 moyel (ritual circumcisers), 123, 253, 272

Mudrik, David, 181-82, 184

Murafa, town of, xvi

Murovanaia, Mire, 276-77, 300-301 music and musicians, 60, 70-71, 106,

252, 272-73. See also klezmers; songs Muslims, 266

Myerhoff, Barbara, 331n20

Mykolayiv Province, xvii mysticism, 27

Naftole Herts son of Aaron Kohen, 27,

205

Nahman of Bratslav, Rebbe, 4, 11-12, 13, 24, 173; death of, 124-25; grave of, 50, 125, 126, 287

Nayhorg, Yashe, 249

Nazis, xiii, 184, 237, 245, 251; Ein-

satzgruppen, 159-60; neo-Nazis, 288 Nemyriv (Nemirov), town of, xvi, 21,

183; Hasidism in, xviii; Jewish com­munity destroyed in, 189; Jewish population of, 68, 69; map, 11; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161,

172

New Economic Policy (NEP), 43, 49,

117

newspapers, xxv, xxvi, xxxi, 105, 110,

280

Nicholas II, Tsar, 31

Night (Wiesel), 183

NKVD (People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs), xv, 126, 160, 246, 310n10

Nora, Pierre, xxii

nostalgia, xiv, 2, 4, 61, 113, 283; food customs and, 138, 139; Passover cel­ebrations and, 150, 152

Novohrad-Volynskyy (Zvhil), 36

Odessa, city of, xiv, 71, 132, 276; map,

xvii; in Transnistria, 161, 187

Odessa Province, xvii

Olgin, Moyshe (Moyshe-Yoysef No-

vomiski), 7-8, 48

Olhopil, town of, 15

oral histories, xiii, xxiv-xxxi, 70, 280, 313n31; daily life illuminated by, 281; details added or omitted, xxviii; religious observance and, 156; Soviet state in, 283; written record in rela­tion to, 282

Orange Revolution, 286 Orland, Hershl, 85 orphanages, 31, 51-52, 65, 168 Ortenberg, David, 236, 338n2 Orthodox Christianity, 26, 27, 117, 156; antireligious campaigns and, 121; landholdings of Orthodox Church, 110; pogroms and, 33; Soviet wartime recognition of, 266, 341n34

Orthodox Judaism, 23, 83 Osherowitch, Mendl, 52, 67, 134, 135

Palatnikov family, 75-76

Palatnikova, Sofia, 140-41, 142, 183; biography of, 301; on evacuation in Second World War, 165-66; on Pass­over food customs, 143, 144; return to Teplyk after the war, 242, 260; in Romanian-ruled Bershad, 168 Pale of Jewish Settlement, xviii, 92 Palestine, 20, 37, 207 partisans, 181, 263 Paryivko, village of, 281 Passover, 83, 94, 122, 155, 286; food customs and, 143-50; Holocaust and, 195; kashrut laws and, 143; postwar celebrations of, 275-77; seder meal, 148-49; women and customs of, 130 passports, internal, 119 Paulus, Field Marshal Friedrich, 236 peasants, Christian, 22, 67, 156; agri­culture as archetypal Ukrainian occupation, 66; collectivization program and, 48-50; Jewish survival in Holocaust and, 178; “kulaks,” 49; on periphery of shtetls, 69. See also Ukrainians

Pechera, town of, 11,161, 219

Pechera concentration camp, xxxii, 173, 228, 295-99, 301, 304; brutal condi­tions in, 211-17; escape from, 233; Jews aided by Ukrainians, 217-19; lo­cations of, 212, 215; memorialization of victims of, 258-62; Nazi atrocities in, 223, 224, 226

Pecherskaia (nee Disyatnik), Frida, 51-52, 212-13, 219; on baking matzo, 276; biography of, 301; marriage of, 250-51; on return to Bratslav after the war, 241

Pentateuch, 93, 96, 97, 128, 132

People's Will Party, 58

Peretz, Yitskhok Leybush, 85 personal narratives, xx-xxi, xxiii Pestel, Col. Pavel, 25

Petliura, Semyon, 32 Petrescu, Lt. Col. Gheorghe, 197 Petrograd, 31, 74

pilgrimages, 125, 126, 150, 287 Pinchuk, Ben-Cion, 4, 5, 6 Pinhas of Korets, 18

Pinhasovich, Yosef, 221 “Pintele yid, Dos” (song), 200 Pishchanka, town of, 11, 192 Poberevskaia, Khone, 68, 301

Podolia Province, xviii, 4, 25; fac­tory workers in, 66; locations of shtetls, 8; poverty in, 44; refugees from pogroms in, 37; Soviet state in shtetl life, 73-74; in UNR, 31; Zionist movement in, 102-103

Pogrebishche, town of, xvi, 11 pogroms, xxxi, 12, 19-20, 74, 154; in 1880s, 28; during Civil War, 23, 29, 32-38, 226, 319n7; Holocaust mas­sacres referred to as, 230, 285; Jewish self-defense in, 64; men as primary victims of, 73; pogrom narratives, 35-36

Poland and Poles, xviii, 6, 20, 35; Jews aided during Holocaust by, 30, 31, 221; Khmelnitsky Cossack rebellion

against, 18; literacy rate, 90; Nazi oc­cupation and, 171-72, 184, 186; Piast dynasty, 27; pogrom refugees flee­ing to, 37; Poles as targets of Stalin's Great Terror, 77; Polish nobility, 8, 12, 21; Polish schools, 87; Potocki family, 21, 24, 105, 211; Soviet-Ger­man Nonaggression Pact and, 158-59 Poltava, city and province of, xvii Polyanker, Hershl, 4, 249 Portelli, Alessandro, xxx Potocki, Felix, 23 Potocki, Stanislaw, 23 Potocki family, 21, 24, 105, 211 prayer books (siddur), 80, 92, 93, 94,

127, 128 prayer houses (kloyzn), xxix, 23, 25, 125 prayer shawls (talliths), 19 prayers, xxiii, xxvii, 286; Adon Olam,

248; Amidah, 93; El Malei Rakha- mim (God full of mercy), 94; kad- dish, 122, 254; Kol Nidre, 151, 152; Ma Tovu, 17; Shema, 156, 327n27; tkhines (supplicatory prayers), 128-29; Un- esane Tokef, 152; yizkor, 122, 254 Preger, Esther, 301-302 Presler (nee Tolba), Donia, 41, 50, 54,

63; biography of, 302; on family of musicians, 70-72; on food customs, 139, 141, 147; on Jewish weddings, 252-53; on kindness of Ukrainians, 219; on Pechera concentration camp, 214, 216, 223-24; on postwar anti­semitism, 247; on rebuilding of Jew­ish community, 268 prisoners of war, 170, 196, 333n13 prostitutes, 57 proverbs, xxiii provinces, xxxiv Provisional Government (Petrograd),

31, 32, 42 Purim, 71, 83 Pyatka, village of, 100, 119

Quilitzsch, Anya, xix

rabbis, 74, 91, 112, 132; graves of, 264; internal passports denied to, 119; mass arrests of, 120; matzo from outside USSR and, 146; officially reg­istered synagogues and, 271-72

Rabinovitz, Shalom. See Sholem Aleichem

radio, 105

Railroad Stories (Aleichem), 22 Raphael, Rebbe, 18-19 Rapoport, Nathan, 258-59 Rashi (Shlomo Yitzhaki), 96 Raygorod, town of, 11, 167, 168 Red Army, 33, 41, 124, 158, 159, 178, 223; collectivization and, 49; in Finnish war, 169, 299, 308; retreat before Nazi advance, 189; Ukraine liberated by, 227-28, 232; Ukrainian attitudes toward, 278

Red Army, Jews in, 235, 236-38, 302, 304-305, 306, 308, 338n2; death in battle, 182; drafted before occupa­tion, 162; drive on Berlin, 232-34, 246, 295, 298; Jewish veterans after the war, 238-40, 277-78, 285; at Stal­ingrad, 236, 239, 277, 293, 294, 296 refusniks, xiv Reichskommissariat Ukraine, xxxi- xxxii, 171, 172, 188; deportees from Transnistria to, 223; Jewish com­munities destroyed in, 232; Jewish survival in, 161-62; labor camps in, 292; map, 161; refugees in Transnis­tria from, 206

religious observance, xx, 154-57; de­nial of religion in Soviet education, 83-84; domestic religion, 155, 331n20; food and, 136-43; “Great Tradi­tion” of, 135, 151, 152, 330n2. See also prayers; synagogues

Renewed People, The (Zinger), 78 Ribnitsa, town of, 187

Right Bank Ukraine, 31, 38, 43, 49 ritual murder, 271

Rivelis, Feyge, 208, 302 Rivne, town of, xvii, 171 Rivne Province, xvii Romania and Romanians, 7, 54, 222, 233; brutality of gendarmes, 217; cooperation with Germans in Op­eration Barbarossa, 187; ghettos established by, 193-96; human­ity shown by gendarmes, 218, 220, 223-24, 227, 337n45; Jews executed by Romanians, 192, 193; pogrom refugees fleeing to, 37; response to typhus epidemic in ghettos, 208-12; retreat from Vinnytsya Province, 228, 229; Transnistria under rule of, xviii, xxxii, 161

Rosh Hashanah, 125, 135, 150, 151, 277; foods associated with, 152; Hasidic pilgrimage and, 287; Holocaust and, 195; Nazi massacres of 1941 and, 160 Rozen, Yosef Leibovich, 275 Rozenshteyn, Joseph, 246-47 Rozhansky, Mikhl, 123

Rubin, Chaim, 50-51, 53, 61; biography of, 302; on Passover food customs, 143, 146; on women's roles in syna­gogues, 127; on Yiddish-language schooling, 84-85

Rusakovskaia, Raisa, 247, 302

Russian Empire, xxii, 5, 25, 31. See also tsarist era

Russian language, xx, xxiii, xxxiii, 85, 121; on graves and memorials, 259, 260, 261, 262, 263-64; interviews in, xxix; mestechko, 5; as mother tongue of Jews, 324n14; in Red Army, 234, 236; spoken by Jews in contemporary Ukraine, 288; Yiddish combined with, 236

Russian Revolution (1905), 25

Russian Revolution (1917), 15, 31, 42-43, 58, 146

Russian-language schools, 90, 283, 294, 295, 301; antireligious propaganda in, 91; majority of Jewish children in, 100; as parents' preference, 81; Rus­sian children in, 87

Ruzhin dynasty, 28

Sabbath, xxvii, 65, 84, 129, 155; foods associated with, 138-40; heders and, 92; home customs of 1930s, 134-36; synagogue caretakers and, 126

Sabbatianism, 27

Sacks, Michael Paul, 321n9 Safran Foer, Jonathan, 2-3 St. Petersburg, city of, xiv, 3, 243 Samuel, Maurice, 1 Sapozhnik, Klara, 53, 91, 127, 192, 251, 303

Schreiber, Gerhard, 210-11, 337n38 Schweisser, Oberleutnant, 168 secret police, 49, 132 secularism, 154

Sefer hamidot (Nahman of Bratslav), 13 Sered, Susan Starr, 328n36, 330n6 sexuality, 94

“Shabes zol zayn” [Let there be Sab­bath] (song), 108

Shabetai Tsevi, 27

Shames (nee Goldes), Rakhil, 98, 127, 303 Sharhorod (Shargorod), town of, xvi, xix, 26-27, 61, 270; businesses in, 10; cemetery in, 9; electricity availabil­ity in, 44; ghetto under Romanian rule, 203, 206-208, 300; graves in cemetery of, 205, 256; Hasidism in, xviii; history of, 27-29; houses of, 44; Jewish population of, 68, 69, 69, 77; klezmer in, 104; as “Little Istanbul,” 27; map, 11; in Mogilev District, 310n12; postwar rebuilding in, 249-50; Sabbath customs in, 140; synagogues in, 8, 113, 115, 207; in Transnistria, 161, 187; Yiddish- Ianguage schools in, 105 Shekhtman, Elye, 4 Shmidel, Rabbi P. N., 272 Shneur Zalman of Liady, 24 Shoah Foundation, USC: interviews conducted by, 76, 106, 181, 182, 216, 238; Visual History Archive, xxiii, xxix, 314n35

Sholem Aleichem, 2, 4, 21-22, 62, 85 Shor, Grigorii, 118, 119, 122; biography

of, 303; on Passover food customs, 147; on Sabbath customs, 136, 141 Shor, Liudmila, 107, 108, 118, 303 Shor, Naftoli, 79, 80, 82, 84, 97; biog­raphy of, 303; death of, 286; prayers and songs recited by, 94-95; religious education of, 95, 99; on Sabbath cus­toms, 92, 140

Shor, Pinhas, 95 Shoykhetman, Ron, 274, 304 shoykhets (kosher butchers), 125-26,

149, 202, 253; antireligious cam­paigns and, 112, 119; murdered in Holocaust, 228; targeted in Great Terror, 142

Shpykiv, town of, 10, 11, 144, 249, 251 Shtern, Der (newspaper), 105 Shternshis, Anna, 142 Shtetlekh: rayze bilder [Shtetls: Travel

Portraits] (Gordon), 4 shtetls: in American Jewish culture

and imagination, xiv, 1-3; definition of, 4-5; as foil to Jewish modernity, xiv; houses of, 9-10, 15, 44, 152, 320n22; industrialization of 1930s, 63; Jewish population of, 5-6, 68-70, 69; nostalgic image of, xiv, 2, 4; number of Jews living in, 5; postwar revival of life in, 248-50; poverty in, 38-41, 46-47; as realms of memory, xxii, 1; in Soviet Jewish imagina­tion, 3-4; as ur-homeland of Jewish people, xiii

Shvartzbroit, Etia, 83, 135, 138, 144, 276, 304

Shveibish, Rita, 210, 211, 213, 258; biog­raphy of, 304; on kindness of Ukrai­nians, 218; on shoykhet of Tulchyn, 272

Siberia, xv, 49, 58, 179

Sikor, Chaim, 249

Simon Wiesenthal Center, 286

Skliarskii, Shloyme, 68, 101, 183, 184; biography of, 304; death of, 286; on Ilnytsya massacre, 174-82, 334n22; luck and agency in survival of, 284

Skliarskii, Yasha, 179-80, 182, 184

Skoblitsky, Chaim, 40, 60, 61, 99; bi­ography of, 304-305; death of, 286; on heder education, 96-97; as Red Army soldier, 237; on women's lives, 72; on Yiddish-language schooling, 84

Slezkine, Yuri, xiv smiths, 21, 28, 29, 61, 64

Smolenskin, Peretz, 23

Snyder, Timothy, xvi, 310n10

Sobol, Molke, 251, 305

Sobolivka, town of, 67, 101-102; Ger­man capture of, 166; Jewish com­munity destroyed in Holocaust, 243; map, 11; memorial to Jewish victims, 263; Nazi murder of Jews in, 168; synagogue attendance in, 119; syna­gogue in, 120-21

Society for the Promotion of Enlight­enment Among the Jews of Russia, 92

Sokal, town of, 159-60

songs, xxi, xxiii, xxvii, 226; antireli­gious, 107-109, 111; from Bershad

ghetto, 197-205; at Jewish weddings, 252-53; in Pechera concentration camp, 225-26; on poverty and desti­tution, 46-47; religious, 94-95 source monitoring, of memories, xxiv Sovetish heymland [Soviet Homeland]

(journal), 4

Soviet and Kosher (Shternsis), 142 Soviet Union, xiv, 238; antireligious campaigns in, xxxi; campaign against artisans, 61-64; collapse of, xxv, 15, 103, 134, 222, 287; ethnic diversity of, 137; Extraordinary State Commissions, xxx-xxxi, 176, 281, 333n18, 334n22; Finnish wars, 169; Holocaust eclipsed in war narrative of, 230-31, 256; Jewish experience suppressed in history of, xxix, 270, 273-74; Jewish identification with, 238, 277-78; Nazi invasion of, xiv, 158-60; occupations targeted for elimination in, 62; paranoia in pub­lic discourse, 37-38; roads and rail­ways in, 64; seven-year schools in, 80, 324n3; state-sponsored Yiddish education in, 80; transformation to planned economy, 73-76 Soviet-German Nonaggression Pact, 158

Soyfer, David, 146, 246, 267-68, 305

SS (Schutzstaffel), 170, 193, 227 Stalin, Joseph, xv, xvi, 29; admiration for, 238; death of, 279; “dekulakiza­tion” campaign, 49; Great Terror un­leashed by, 77; pact with Hitler, 158, 159; as Pharaoh, 150; Second World War and, 158, 230

Stalingrad, Battle of, 221, 236, 239, 277, 293, 296

Stalinism, xxv, 78

Stanislavchyk, town of, 68

Star of David: badges worn during Ho­locaust, 167, 189, 191, 195; on graves and memorials, 257, 263, 266; as Zi­onist symbol, 203, 205

Stempenyu (Aleichem), 104 Sternhartz, Natan, 12, 13, 21, 24, 125;

father-in-law of, 27; grave of, 173 stonemasons, 57 subjectivity, xxv

Succoth festival, 152-53, 170

Suceava (Bukovina), town of, 161, 188, 206

Sumy Province, xvii

Svoboda (Freedom) Party, 287, 288 synagogues, xxi, xxix, 8, 68, 83, 155; an­tireligious propaganda and, 112-13; in Berdichev, 40; in Bershad, 79, 113, 126, 269-70; in Bratslav, 12-13, 173; closure/confiscation of, 113, 116-22; dvatsatki (groups of twenty) con­trol of, 110; “fortress synagogues,” 8; generations and, 156, 284; heders in, 96-97; Jewish identity and, 108; postwar rebuilding of, 184, 254, 256, 266-72; segregation by trade and, 63, 113-16, 114, 267; in Sharhorod, 26-27, 113, 115; as “showpieces” under Soviet rule, 17; in Teplyk, 22; in Tulchyn, 25, 117; women's role in, 126-32

tailors, 21, 28, 60, 61, 249; in artels, 63; collectivization and, 75; Nazi oc­cupation and, 176; reputation of, 64; synagogues of, 114, 116; in town and village, 68; in Tulchyn ghetto, 210; women as, 73

Tajikistan, 165

Talmud, 17, 82, 96, 97, 121

Talmud Torah (Jewish public school), 19, 27, 96

Tashkent, evacuation to, xvi, 164-65, 240, 245, 246

Tatars, 8, 76 teachers, 26, 73 Teich, Meir, 206, 207

Teller, Adam, 5

Teplitskaia, Raisa, 147, 305

Teplyk (Teplik), town of, xvi, 5, 20-23, 91; artisans in, 60; cemetery in, 255; collectivization in, 75-76; entertain­ment in, 105; famine in, 52-53; Ger­man capture of, 166; ghetto under Nazi occupation, 167; houses of, 7; klezmer in, 104; kosher meat in, 142; map, 11; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161, 167-68; return to, af­ter the war, 242; in Uman District, 310n12

Teplyk, My Shtetl (Tshernovetski), 20-21

Ternivke, town of, 147, 168 Ternopil, town and province of, xvii Tevye the Dairyman (Aleichem), 2 theater, 103, 104 Tighina Treaty, 222 tinsmiths, 60, 70, 76, 168, 297 Tiraspol, town of, 161, 187 Tishah b'Av, 79, 92, 153 Tkach, Anna, 228, 305

Todt, Fritz, and Todt project, 167 Toldot Yaakov Yosef, 27 Tomashpil (Tomashpol), town of, xvi, 10, 44; famine in, 53; German capture of, 191-92; ghetto under Romanian rule, 195, 220, 302; Jew­ish population of, 68, 69, 77; Jews murdered in, 187; map, 11; memorial to Holocaust victims, 257; return to, after the war, 242; Sabbath customs in, 135; in Transnistria, 161, 187, 195; in Tulchyn District, 310n12

Tonkin, Elizabeth, xxv

Torah/Torah scrolls, 16, 27, 96, 118, 121, 155; Sabbath customs and, 135, 136; smuggled by Christian into Pechera, 221

Torgsin stores, 37, 54 Transcarpathian Province, xviii translation, xxxiii-xxxiv

Transnistria, xviii, xxxii, 161, 183; camps and ghettos in, 186, 193-96; establishment of, 187; German incursions into, 222-24; Jewish population of, 187, 335n3; Jews ex­pelled from Romanian territories to, 187-88, 196-97, 335n4; Jews mas­sacred in, 208; kindness of non-Jews in, 220-22; liberated by Red Army (1944), 232; liquidation of ghettos in, 208-12; map, 161; Romanian policy in, 187-88. See also Pechera concentration camp; Romania and Romanians

trauma, anthropology of, xxv travel accounts, xxxi

Trhovitse, Yitzhak Ber Meir, 21 Trostyanets, town of, 11, 15

Trotsky, Leon, 42

tsadiks (righteous ones), 126, 132, 292; of Breslov Hasidism, 12, 24; graves of, xviii, 205, 255-56

tsarist era, xvii-xviii, 32, 92-93. See also Russian Empire

Tshernovetski, Valentin (Velvl), 7, 20-23, 104

Tulchyn (Tulchin), town of, xvi, xix, 10, 23-26, 30, 251; artisans in, 58; bypassed by railroads, 25, 64; elec­tricity availability in, 44; “face to the shtetl” movement in, 67; famine in, 52; German capture of, 189-90; ghetto under Romanian rule, 194-95, 284-85; Holocaust survi­vors in, 231; houses of, 44; Jewish population of, 69, 77, 186; Jews under Bolshevism of 1920s, 42; krishmeley- enen in, 123; liberated by Red Army (1944), 227; liquidation of ghetto in, 208-12; map, xvii, 11; musicians in, 71; pogroms in, 33-34, 319n5; rebuild­ing of synagogue in, 268; return to, after the war, 241; Russian-language education in, 88-89; Second World War in, 162; synagogues in, 115, 117; in Transnistria, 161, 187, 188, 194; in Tulchyn District, 310n12; wedding in, 104

Tulchyn District, xvi, 133, 310n12; industrial workers in, 60; map, 59; Yiddish-language schools in, 80, 93 Tumarkin, Nina, 230 Turkmenistan, 165

Turks, 27 “Twenty Years of Jewish Statehood in

Ukraine, 1918-1938” (Bilokin), 288 Two Hundred 'Thousand (Aleichem), 85 Tzevi, Dovid, 27

Ukraine, xv, 3; Great Terror in, 77; Holocaust memorials absent from, 183; Jewish cemeteries in, 255; Jew­ish population of, 42, 77, 287, 332n4; map, xvii; number of Jews mur­dered by Nazis in, 160-61; Orange Revolution, 286; partisans in, 181; post-Soviet, 145; Red Army victory in eastern part of, 42; Soviet an­nexation of eastern Poland and, 158; synagogues in, 117; war following Russian Revolution, 31-32; Yiddish language in, xix, xxvii, xxxiii, 80, 89, 325n20; Zionist movement in, 93 Ukrainian Directorate, 32 Ukrainian language, xx, xxxiv, 14, 85, 265-66, 324n14

Ukrainian nationalists, 20, 30-31, 33, 55 Ukrainian-language schools, 79, 89, 91, 294, 303, 305, 306; antireligious propaganda in, 91; majority of Jewish children in, 100; teachers transferred from Yiddish schools, 88; Ukrainian children in, 81, 87

Ukrainians, 81, 90; deported to Ger­many as laborers, 184; as famine victims, 53; Jews aided during

Holocaust by, 205-206, 217-22; move from countryside to city, 77; as Nazi collaborators, 216; pogroms carried out by, 226; police under Nazi oc­cupation, 167, 168, 172, 175; tensions with Jews, 99; Victory Day celebra­tions and, 278; Yiddish spoken by, 100. See also peasants, Christian Uman, city of, xvii, 3, 183; German cap­ture of, 170; Hasidism in, 12, 124-25, 126; map, xvii; postwar building of synagogue in, 271; in Reichskommis- sariat Ukraine, 161

Uman District, xvi, 70, 310n12 United States, xiii, 156; emigration to, xvi, xxi, 20, 28-29, 37, 287, 288; Ho­locaust survivors in, 186; relatives of shtetl Jews in, 86; Soviet Jews seen as agents of, 279

United States Holocaust Memorial

Museum (Washington, D.C.), 186, 314n35

Utesov, Leonid, 71

Uzbekistan, 165, 279, 306, 307

Vainer-Shpak, Nekha, 148, 153, 157, 242,

305-306

Vaisman (nee Rainsdorf), Beyle, 39, 40, 116, 123, 139, 149, 306

Vaisman, Abram, 10, 61-62, 205-206,

306

Vaisman, Isaak, 38-40, 103-104, 123, 235> 306

Valles, Margot, xix Vanshelboim, Moyshe, 60, 106; at Ber-

dichev mass grave site, 265-66; bi­ography of, 306-307; on synagogues by trade, 115; on Yiddish-language schooling, 85

Vapnyarka, town of, 11, 69, 69,161, 211 Varshavskay, Minna, 83

Vaynman, Klara, 242, 263, 274, 276, 307 Veidlinger, Jeffrey, 114

Victory Day (Den Pobedy), 277-78

Vilna (Lithuania), city of, 92 Vinnytsya, town of, xvi, 43, 131; Jewish Women's Choir, 107-109, 291, 292; map, 11; matzo from, 147, 276; in Reichskommissariat Ukraine, 161; in Vinnytsya District, 310n12

Vinnytsya District, 58, 59, 70, 310n12

Vinnytsya Province, xvi, xvii-xviii, 68, 187, 288; antireligious propaganda in, 111-12; factory workers in, 66; under German occupation, xxxi- xxxii; Holocaust in, 160, 193; Jewish population of cities in, 70; Jewish religious education in, 93; liberated by Red Army (1944), 227-28, 232; map, xvii, 11; memorial books in, 6; number of Jews murdered by Nazis in, 161; partisans in, 181; Romanian retreat from, 228, 229; shtetls of, xxi, 77; survivors of Holocaust in, 183; synagogues in, 16, 271

Vinokur, Lt. Col. Leonid, 236 Vishkivtsi, village of, 219

Vishnia, Ostap, 246

Vitebsk (Belarus), city and province of, 72, 132

Vitniatski, Khotskl, 75

Volhynia, 31

Volyn Province, xvii Voronovitsa, town of, xvi, 168 Vygodner, Efim, 15, 16, 17, 114, 269-70

War Communism, 41-42, 62 war medals, xxi, 236, 238, 278, 338n2 Warsaw Ghetto Monument, 259 watchmakers, 28, 29, 64 weddings. See marriage and weddings Wehrmacht (German army), xv, 159, 169

Weiner, Amir, xvi

“What Have You Given Us, Hitler?” (song), 202-205

White Guard, 32 white-collar occupations, 60, 78

Wiesel, Elie, 1-2, 183 wine, 141-42 women: choir, 107-109; domestic re­ligion and, 155, 156; food customs and, 136-37, 330n6; literacy rate, 90; mikveh (ritual bath), 125, 328n34; Nazi murder of, 160; occupations of, 72-73; postwar gender ratio and, 251; in Red Army, 297; religion of the home and, 135-36; synagogue roles of, 126-32 workers' clubs, 120

World War, First (Great War), xiv, 32, 36, 102, 187

World War, Second, xxv, xxxi-xxxii, 7, 89, 287; end of, 229; evacuation of Jews, 162-66, 332n4; German retreat and capitulation, 221, 227-28, 232-34, 236-38; “Great Patriotic War” as Soviet cult, 230, 231, 236; Jews as prisoners of war, 170, 331n13; murder of Jews during, 101; Nazi invasion of Soviet Union, 158-60; orphans of, 107; religious observance and, 157; Transnistria in, xviii

Ya'akov Yosef of Polonne, 27 Yablonsky, Shloyme, 176 Yad Vashem (Jerusalem), 182, 314n35 Yakuta, Maria, 45, 52, 60, 125, 282; bi­ography of, 307; on collectivization in Teplyk, 75; on klezmer in Teplyk, 104; on newspapers in Yiddish, 105; on Passover food customs, 148; re­ligious faith and identity of, 131-32; on Soviet education, 82, 90-91; on Tishah b'Av, 153; Ukrainian identity of, 288; on women's roles in syna­gogues, 127-28

Yampil (Yampol), town of, xvi, 120, 270, 271; Jewish population of, 69; map, 11; rabbi of, 272

Yanukovych, Viktor, 286 Yarmulnik, Sonia, 253, 307

Yatskova (nee Kremer), Dora, 88, ιoo, 118-19, 3o7

yeshivas, 88, 132, 272, 288; in Shar- horod, 27; underground or clandes­tine, 96, 297; in Warsaw, 39

Yiddish language, xiii, 129, 156, 281; abandonment of, xxi; American Jew­ish culture and, 2; anti-Nazi songs in, 197-2o5; antireligious propagan­da in, 11o-11; dialectological data on, xxi; disappearance of, 14; on graves and memorials, 257, 261, 262; Hebraic roots of words and expressions in, 83, 93-94; interviews in, xix, xx, xx­vii; judicial courts using, 67; literacy in, 86; literature in, 13; memory and, xxiii, xxvii-xxviii; as mother tongue of Jews, 87; postwar antisemitism and, 247-48; Russian combined with, 236; songs in, 1o7-1o9; spoken by non-Jews, 1oo, 222; translation from, xxxiii

Yiddishist intellectuals, 1o3 Yiddish-language schools, xv, 84-87, 97, 98, 283, 293, 3o1; lack of higher educational institutions, 89-9o; non­Jews in, 99-1oo; parents and, 87-9o; percentage of Jewish children in, 87; secular curriculum of, 82; seven-year schools, 1o5; Soviet education policy, 81-84, 91; teachers in, 88, 324n17

Yidishe glikn [Jewish Luck] (film, 1925), 8

yidishkayt (Jewishness), 135 yizker bikher (memorial books), 6, 317n27

yizkor (memorial service for the dead), 122, 254

Yom Kippur, 112, 15o-52, 194, 244, 268; fasting on, 273-74; mourning in month of Elul and, 258; Nazi massa­cres of 1941 and, 16o yortsayt (anniversary of a death), 122, 125, 135

Young, Glennys, 156

Young Pioneers, 99, 12o Yudovin, Solomon, 61 Yurkovetsky, Nisen, 3o-31, 33-34, 42;

biography of, 3o7-3o8; on circumci­sion, 123-24; on famine, 53-54; on kindness of Ukrainians, 221-22; on liquidation of Tulchyn ghetto, 2o9; on Pechera concentration camp, 218; on postwar life, 25o; on synagogues by trade, 115

Yushchenko, Viktor, 286

Zakarpat Province, xvii Zamoyski, Jan, 27

Zaporizhzhya Province, xvii Zavalinsky (Ukrainian police captain), 176

Zborowski, Mark, 3

Zhabokrich, village of, 193 “Zhankoye” (song), 2oo

Zhmerynka (Zhmerinka), town of, xvi, 68, 88, 243, 249; evacuation of Jews in Second World War, 163, 294; Jew­ish population of, 69; map, xvii, 11; synagogues in, 271; in Transnistria, 187

Zhornishche, town of, 68, 1o1, 177; Ger­man capture of, 175; Nazi murder of Jews from, 175-78, 334n2o; in Reichs- kommissariat Ukraine, 161

Zhovtis, Mikhail, 3o8

Zhvanets, town of, 69

Zhytomyr, town of, 4o, 183; map, xvii;

Nazi SS headquarters in, 17o; rab­binical school in, 92; in Reichskom- missariat Ukraine, 161

Zhytomyr Province, xvii, xvii Zinger, Lev, 78, 323n45 Zinger, Sh., 249

Zionism, xvii, 20, 23; Hanukkah and, 154; Hebrew language and, 85, 93; heder reform and, 93; self-defense brigades and, 19; songs, 200; Soviet opposition to, 82, 102-103, 112; youth movement, 26

Zipperstein, Steven, 3

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A typical “Jewish” house in Tomashpil, 2007. Residents commonly ascribed ethnicity to the houses in the shtetl. Photo by Artur Fragzak.

A typical “Jewish” house in Sharhorod, 2002. Photo by Jeffrey Veidlinger.

A view down Karl Marx Street from the main square of Sharhorod, 2002.

After services in the synagogue of Berdichev. Isaak Vaisman leans forward second from left. Moyshe Vanshelboim stands at far right. Photo by Artur Frayzak.

(above) “We are Jews and we must thank God and believe in God and one must not forget God.” Pesia Kolodenker and Nisen Kiselman, 2009. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

(right) “There were woodchoppers, there was a little synagogue for goose butchers, every trade had its own synagogue.” Nisen Yurkovetsky, 2007. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

Alexei Futiran showed us where his name is tattooed on his arm: “During the war, before battle,” he explained, “in case we were killed, so that our name would be known,” 2007. Photo by Artur Fniczak.

“When they set up the ghetto, goyim immediately took our house.

Immediately.” Klara Katsman, 2009. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

(above) Dov-Ber Kerler and I interview Nukhim Gvinter in 2005 in his Bershad home and workshop. Partially finished leather boots that Gvinter makes are visible behind him to his left.

(below) 'The research team in 2009 interviewing Alexei Futiran on the streets of Tomashpil. Artur Fraςzak is videotaping Dov-Ber's conversation with Futiran. Pearl Gluck films Artur. Our graduate student Anya Quilitzsch stands to the side with me. Four of us are wearing hats that we had just purchased from Futiran's home workshop. Photo by Margot Valles.

(right) “There will come a time when all the Jews will be free, and then we will sing a new song.” Yosl Kogan reading from his poetry notebook, 2009. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

(below) “The more I studied the more I learned. And the deeper I studied, the more I was drawn into it.” Aba Kaviner in his

Khmelnytskyy home, 2007. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

(above) “The war began and the Jewish boys left. Then very many of them were killed.” Klara Sapozhnik in Tomashpil, 2007. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

(left) Frida Pecherskaia in her Tulchyn home, 2009. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

Shloyme Skliarskii reads from the note he wrote to remember the Messiah's message to him. He credits his life-saving decision to hide in the field instead of the forest during the war to a mysterious voice from the Messiah. Photo by Artur Fmczak, 2009.

“Our children’s children’s children’s children must know!” Moyshe Kupershmidt in 2002. Photo by Pawel Figurski.

Sasha Kolodenker and Rita Shveibish in the forest clearing by the site of the mass grave near Pechera in 2009. Photo by Artur Fragzak.

(above) “They forced my father to bury the dead people.” Yente Kolodenker in 2009. Photo by Artur Fragzak.

(right) “My mother didn’t sing. She would cry. She would cry over the world she had lost so young.” Khayke Gvinter in 2005.

“I remember in the evening the whole street of boys and girls would come and he would play and they would dance.” Moyshe Vanshelboim in 2007. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

“We lived in the same courtyard. Now he complains to me. Why? Because before the war, I didn't support him: ‘You lived well, so why didn't you?'” Beyle Vaisman and her husband Isaak in 2009. Photo by Artur Fraczak.

JEFFREY VEIDLINGER is Joseph Brodsky Collegiate Professor of History and Judaic Studies at the University of Michigan. He is author of The Moscow State Yiddish Theater (IUP, 2006) and Jewish Public Culture in the Late Russian Empire (IUP, 2009).