Contents
PREFACE
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF MAPS
Part One: Introduction and Pre-Kievan Times
1 Ukraine’s Geographic and Ethnolinguistic Setting 3
Territory and geography
Climate
Natural resources
Administrative and ethnolinguistic divisions
Population
Nomenclature
2 Historical Perceptions 12
The Russian historical viewpoint
What is eastern Europe?
The Polish historical viewpoint
The Ukrainian historical viewpoint
Kostomarov on Ukrainians, Russians, and Poles
The Soviet historical viewpoint
3 The Steppe Hinterland and the Black Sea Cities 25
The steppe hinterland
Nomadic civilizations on Ukrainian territory
The nomads of the steppe hinterland
The Greeks of the coastal region
The Pax Scythica, the Sarmatians, and the Pax Romana
Scythian customs
The Byzantines and the Khazars
The Slavs and the Khazars
36
The origins of the Slavs
The original homeland of the Slavs
The migrations of the Slavs
The Antes
Archaeology in Ukraine
The Pax Chazarica
The Slavic tribes in the shadow of the Khazars
Part Two: The Kievan Period
5 The Rise of Kievan Rus' 51
The origin of Rus'
The great debate: The origin of Rus'
Europe in the ninth century
The Varangians in the east
The era of growth and expansion
6 Political Consolidation and Disintegration 65
Volodymyr the Great
The meaning of Rus'
Christianity and the baptism of Rus'
Christianity in Ukraine
laroslav the Wise
The Kievan system of political succession
The conference of Liubech and Volodymyr Monomakh
The era of disintegration
7 Socioeconomic and Cultural Developments 83
Demography and social structure
The ruling social strata
The social structure of Kievan Rus’
The subordinate social strata
Other social strata
The legal system
The economic order
The voyage from Kiev to Constantinople
Byzantine cultural influences
The Byzantine Empire and its attitude toward Kievan Rus'
Kievan Rus' architecture
Kievan Rus' language and literature
What was the language of Kievan Rus' ?
The ‘Lay of Ihor’s Campaign ’
8 The Mongols and the Transformation of Rus' Political Life 105
The rise of the Mongols
The Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
The Golden Horde
The Pax Mongolica and Italian merchants
9 Galicia-Volhynia 114
Galicia and Volhynia before their unification
The unification of Galicia and Volhynia
The metropolitanate of Rus'
The demise of Galicia-Volhynia
Part Three: The Lithuanian-Polish Period
10 Lithuania and the Union with Poland 127
The consolidation of the Lithuanian state
The Polish-Lithuanian connection
Muscovy and the Polish-Lithuanian union
11 Socioeconomic Developments 138
Lithuania’s social structure
Lithuania’s administrative structure
Poland’s social and administrative structure
Peasants, nobles, and Jews
The manorial estate
The coming of Jews to Ukraine
The realignment of international trade patterns
Poland’s economic and cultural revival
12 The Orthodox Cultural Revival 151
The Metropolitanate of Kiev
The Metropolitanate of Kiev and All Rus'
The monastic movement
The role of townspeople and magnates
L'viv’s Stauropegial Brotherhood
13 Reformation, Counter Reformation, and the Union of Brest 160
The Protestant Reformation
The Counter Reformation and Orthodox Ukraine
The Union of Brest
The views of Prince Kostiantyn Ostroz'kyi
The Union of Brest
14 The Tatars and the Cossacks 170
The Cossacks and the steppe
The name ‘Ukraine’
The Crimean Khanate
Crimean socioeconomic life
Duma about the Lament of the Captives
The rise of the Cossacks
The Cossacks of Zaporozhia
The Cossacks in Polish society
Social estates in sixteenth- and early seventeenth-century Ukraine A male-dominated society ?
The international role of the Cossacks
The Cossacks and Orthodoxy
Orthodox versus Uniate
The calm before the storm
Part Four: The Cossack State, 1648-1711
15 Khmel'nyts'kyi and the Revolution of 1648 195
Khmel'nyts'kyi’s early career
The revolution of 1648
Khmel' nyts’ kyi and the fews
Khmel'nyts'kyi as a national leader
16 Muscovy and the Agreement of Pereiaslav 207
The rise of Muscovy
Muscovy, Poland, and Ukraine
Khmel'nyts'kyi and Pereiaslav
The agreement of Pereiaslav
17 The Period of Ruin 217
Changing international alliances
The Cossack turn toward Poland
The Union of Hadiach
Anarchy, ruin, and the division of Ukraine
18 The Structure of the Cossack State 229
Registered and unregistered Cossacks
Internal administration
What to call the Cossack state"?
The Cossack state administration
International status
19 Mazepa and the Great Northern War 238
The image of Mazepa
The rise of Mazepa
Mazepa as hetman: The early phase
Mazepa during the Great Northern War
Mazepa’s defection
Mazepa and Ukraine after Poltava
20 Socioeconomic and Cultural Developments in the Cossack State 249
Social structure
Social estates in the Cossack state
Economic developments
Church and state
Cultural developments
The transformation of Ukraine after 1648
Part Five: The Hetmanate and the Right Bank in the Eighteenth Century
21 Ukrainian Autonomy in the Russian Empire 263
Muscovy becomes the Russian Empire
Sloboda Ukraine
Zaporozhia
The Hetmanate
Centralization and the end of Ukrainian autonomy
22 Socioeconomic Developments in the Hetmanate 277
The changing social structure
Economic developments
International trade and commerce
23 Religious and Cultural Developments 283
The integration of the Orthodox church
Education
Architecture and painting
Literature and history writing
24 The Right Bank and Western Ukraine 290
The return of Polish rule in the Right Bank
Social protest and the haidamak revolts
Uman as a symbol for Ukrainians, Poles, and Jews
The Partitions of Poland
Part Six: Ukraine in the Russian Empire
25 Administrative and Political Developments in Dnieper Ukraine 305
Territorial divisions
Administrative structure
Administrative structure in Dnieper Ukraine before the 1860s
Administrative structure in Dnieper Ukraine after the 1860s
The evolution of the Russian Empire, 1814-1914
26 Socioeconomic Developments in Dnieper Ukraine 316
Social estates before the 1860s
Social estates in Dnieper Ukraine
The reforms of the 1860s
Economic developments
27 The Peoples of Dnieper Ukraine 331
The Russians
The Poles
What Ukraine means for Poland
The Jews
Memories of the ‘shtetl’
Pogroms
The Germans and Mennonites
The Crimean Tatars
The Romanians
Other peoples
28 The Ukrainian National Renaissance in Dnieper Ukraine
before the 1860s 351
The idea of nationalism
What is a nationality ?
The phenomenon of multiple loyalties
The early histories of Ukraine
The belief in mutually exclusive identities
29 The Ukrainian National Movement in Dnieper Ukraine
after the Era of Reforms 365
The Right Bank and the ‘khlopomany’ movement
Ukrainianism in St Petersburg and the renewal of the organizational stage
Russian reaction to the Ukrainian movement
The Valuev decree
Schools in Dnieper Ukraine
The Ems Ukase
The church in Dnieper Ukraine
The return to the heritage-gathering stage
The beginnings of the political stage
Part Seven: Ukraine in the Austrian Empire
30 The Administrative and Social Structure of Ukrainian Lands in the Austrian Empire before 1848
Austria acquires Ukrainian lands
The structure of the Austrian Empire
The demographic and administrative status of Galicia and Bukovina The economic status of Galicia before 1848
Other peoples in eastern Galicia
31 The Ukrainian National Awakening in the Austrian Empire before 1848
The Austrian government and the Ukrainian national awakening The heritage-gathering stage in Galicia
Bukovina and Transcarpathia before 1848
32 The Revolution of 1848
The revolution in Austria
The revolution in Galicia and the Ukrainians
The Supreme Ruthenian Council
The Galician-Ukrainian national movement: The organizational stage The revolution of 1848 in Bukovina and Transcarpathia
33 The Administrative and Socioeconomic Structure of Ukrainian Lands in the Austrian Empire, 1849-1914
Administrative structure
International developments and Austria’s internal politics
Austria’s parliamentary structure
Social structure and economic developments
The problem of statistics
The Ukrainian diaspora Other peoples in eastern Galicia and Bukovina
Ukraine’s other diasporas
34 The Ukrainian National Movement in Austria-Hungary,
i849~1914
In search of a national identity
Old Ruthenians, Russophiles, and Ukrainophiles
Language as the symbol of identity
The national movement in Galicia: The organizational stage
The national movement in Galicia: The political stage
Independence for Ukraine
At the bottom of the pecking order
The national movement in Bukovina
The national movement in Transcarpathia
Part Eight: World War I and the Struggle for Independence
35 World War I and Western Ukraine 461
The outbreak of World War I
The Russians in Galicia and Bukovina
Ukrainian political activity in Vienna
36 Revolutions in the Russian Empire 468
Russia’s first revolution of 1917
Revolution in Dnieper Ukraine
The Central Rada
First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada
The Bolshevik Revolution
Third Universal of the Ukrainian Central Rada (Preamble)
The Ukrainian National Republic
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
yj The Period of the Hetmanate 488
The establishment of the Hetmanate
Authoritarian in form, Ukrainian in content
The fall of the Hetmanate
38 The Directory, Civil War, and the Bolsheviks 494
The Directory of the Ukrainian National Republic
The Bolsheviks
The peasant revolution
The White Russians
The Entente
The West Ukrainian National Republic and Dnieper Ukraine Poland and Dnieper Ukraine
The revolutionary era and Dnieper Ukraine’s other peoples Petliura and the pogroms
Mennonites caught in the revolution
39 The West Ukrainian National Republic 512
Austria’s Ukrainians prepare for their postwar future
West Ukrainian independence and war
The West Ukrainian government-in-exile
Bukovina and Transcarpathia
The Ukrainian revolution: Success or failure?
Part Nine: The Interwar Years
40 The Postwar Treaties and the Division of Ukrainian Lands 523
The Paris Peace Conference
Soviet Ukraine and the Soviet Union
Treaty of Union between the Russian SFSR and the Ukrainian SSR
41 Soviet Ukraine: The Struggle for Autonomy 529
The government of Soviet Ukraine
The Communist party (Bolshevik) of Ukraine
The policy of Ukrainianization
Communism and the nationality question
Ukrainianization, the governing elite, and demographic change
Ukrainianization
Ukrainianization and the return of the emigres
Ukrainianization in education
Ukrainianization in the arts
Religion
Ukrainianization in the era of transition
42 Soviet Ukraine: Economic, Political, and Cultural Integration 548
War communism and the New Economic Policy
NEP in Soviet Ukraine
The end of NEP
Central planning and industrialization
The collectivization of agriculture
Dekulakization and the Great Famine
Ukraine’s Holocaust: The Great Famine of 1933
The apogee and the decline of Ukrainianization
The end of Ukrainianization
Purges and integration
The purges
43 Minority Peoples in Soviet Ukraine 572
Nationality administration in the Soviet Union
The Russians
The Jews
The Poles
The Germans
The Tatars
The Greeks
44 Ukrainian Lands in Interwar Poland 583
The administrative status of Ukrainian-inhabited lands
The economic status of Ukrainian-inhabited lands
Poland’s initial policies and Ukrainian reactions
The cooperative movement
Women and the Ukrainian national ethos
Ukrainian political parties, schools, and churches
Armed resistance and pacification
45 Ukrainian Lands in Interwar Romania and Czechoslovakia 599
Ukrainians in Romania
The Rusyns/Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia
Part Ten: World War II and the Postwar Years
46 The Coming of World War II 611
Germany and the ‘new order’ in Europe
Autonomy for Carpatho-Ukraine
The fall of Poland
The ‘reunification’ of western Ukraine
The Generalgouvernement
47 World War II and Nazi German Rule 622
The German and Romanian invasions of Ukraine
Nazi rule in Ukraine
Nazi racial policies and the Holocaust
Thou shalt not kill
Nazi policies toward Ukrainians
Resistance to Nazi rule
48 Soviet Ukraine until the Death of Stalin 638
Wartime destruction and territorial expansion
Voluntary reunification, Soviet style
The minority question
Industrial and agricultural reconstruction
The nationality question
Western Ukraine
49 From Stalin to Brezhnev 652
Ukraine under Khrushchev
The sixties phenomenon
Economic developments
Brezhnev and the era of stability
National repression in Soviet Ukraine Urbanization and the new Ukraine
50 From Devolution to Independence 666
The Gorbachev revolution
The Soviet heritage in Ukraine
‘Glasnost1’ in Ukraine
The road to sovereignty and independence
Declaration of Independence
NOTES 677
FOR FURTHER READING 685
INDEX
727