Cultural history
With regard to cultural history, the only general surveys devoted exclusively to Ukrainian Galicia are short encyclopedic essays by Omelian Terlets’kyi and Omelian Ohonovs’kyi, both of which dwell primarily on developments since the early nineteenth century.[137] Culture in Galicia is usually seen within the context of Ukrainian developments in general, and as such, western Ukrainian lands, including Galicia, are often given less attention than events in the Dnieper, or eastern Ukraine.
Ukrainian literary histories written by Galician authors, however, do dwell extensively on local developments, as in the multivolume work by Omelian Ohonovs’kyi and the shorter more interpretive study by Ivan Franko.[138] Soviet Marxist scholarship has also dealt with Galician cultural history in the larger Ukrainian context, although the eight-volume Soviet history of Ukrainian literature includes several sections devoted exclusively to Galician-Ukrainian writers and movements, especially between the 1830s and 1945.[139] The history of printing in Galicia has also been the subject of attention, from the 1838 history of Galician printing houses by Denys Zubryts’kyi to later surveys and studies on individual printing houses by Ivan Ohiienko, liarion Svientsits’kyi, and several Soviet writers.[140]Literature dealing with the history of cultural and educational institutions in Galicia is much better developed. The oldest of these was the Stauropegial Brotherhood, later Stauropegial Institute, founded in L’viv in the late sixteenth century. There exist several collections of documents dealing with its earliest years,[141] as well as a popular history by Bohdan Didyts’kyi, a scholarly monograph by A. Krylovskii, and two collections of essays on various aspects of the institute’s activity.[142] L’viv was also the home of the Ossoliriski National Institute, or Ossolineum as it was best known, which was the main center of Polish cultural life in the province from its establishment in 1817 until its transfer westward to Wroclaw in 1945.
There is a collection of documents concerning the Ossolineum,[143] a bibliography of works on the activity of the institution before 1939,[144] and general introductory histories by Adam Fischer and Jan Trzynadlowski.[145]The second half of the nineteenth century witnessed the establishment of several cultural organizations representing the Ukrainian population in Galicia. The first of these were the Galician Rus’ Matytsia (est. 1848) and the National Home (est. 1864), each of which have descriptions of their founding and subsequent activity.[146] Among the most influential of organizations was the Shevchenko Scientific Society (est. 1873), whose wide range of scholarly activity made it an unofficial Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Despite its importance, there are not yet any scholarly histories of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, only several surveys, the most comprehensive of which are by Volodymyr Doroshenko.[147] Even more important at the popular level were the Prosvita Society (est. 1868) and the Kachkovs’kyi Society (est. 1874), both of which worked directly with the peasantry to disseminate literacy and culture as well as to assist in economic and social matters. Literature on the Kachkovskii Society is limited to one general article.[148] Although there are no scholarly histories of the Prosvita Society, there are several popular histories; the most important are by Mykhailo Lozyns’kyi and Volodymyr Doroshenko.[149] Ilarion Svientsits’kyi has provided a history of one of the last organizations to be founded and of which he was director-the Ukrainian National Museum (est. 1906).[150]
While there are excellent studies on certain periods,[151] a general history of education in Ukrainian Galicia remains to be written. The Polish scholar Mieczy- slaw Baranowski surveyed briefly the development of elementary education for the whole province of Galicia.[152] As for specifically Ukrainian educational developments, there are only general encyclopedic articles covering the period since 1772,[153] as well as studies on certain periods in the history of Ukrainian elementary schools,[154] on church-sponsored seminaries and other educational centers,[155] and on specific schools.[156]
The most important educational institution in Galicia was the University of L’viv, which in the second half of the nineteenth century established several chairs for Ukrainian studies.
A monumental two-volume history of the university was written by Ludwik Finkel and Stanislaw Starzynski; it contains valuable data on Ukrainian as well as Polish faculty members.[157] The Soviets have more recently published a history that stresses the Ukrainian aspect of the institution and in particular its development since 1945.[158]Regional and urban history
Interest in regional and urban history has produced a rich literature for various parts of eastern Galicia.[159] Beginning already in the nineteenth century, Polish writers prepared histories and encyclopedic-type guides for the regions (powiat, wojewodztwo) of Kaminka Strumylova,85 Krosno,86 L’viv,87 Sanok,88 Sniatyn,89 Sokal’,90 Stanyslaviv,91 Ternopil’,92 Terebovlia,93 and Turka.94 The Carpathian area along the southern border of Galicia has also been the focus of much scholarly attention, although mainly for its linguistic and ethnographic aspects. The Hutsul region is described in the now classic multivolume ethnographic study by Volodymyr Shukhevych and in a history of the region still being published in the West.95 Past research on the Boikian region is outlined in a monograph by the Soviet scholar Roman Kyrchiv, while two encyclopedic works on all aspects of
85 Bronislaw Falinski, Powiat Kamionka Strumillowa (Kaminka Strumylova: Koto T-wa Rozwoju Ziem Wschodnich 1935).
86 Monografia powiatu Krosnienskiego (Przemysl 1938); lllustrowana monografia powiatu krosnienskiego (Krosno: Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-krajoznawcze 1957).
87 Fr. Jaworski, Przewodnik po Lwowie i okolicy z Zolkwiq i Podhorcami (L’viv: B. Poloniecki [1907]); Marceli Proszyriski, Powiat Iwowski (L’viv: Towarzystwo Szkoly Ludowej 1911); J. Piotrowski, Lemberg und Umgebung (Zoikiew, Podhorce, Brze'zany u.a.): Handbuch für die Kunstliebhaber und Reisende (L’viv 1916).
88 A. Bozemski, Powiat Sanocki w cyfrach: Studium statystyczne (Sanok 1904). See also the yearbook, Rocznik Sanocki (Cracow 1963-present), irregular.
89 Ksawery Mroczko, “Sniatyhszczyzna (przyczynek do etnografii krajowej),” Przewodnik Naukowy iLiteracki, XXV (L’viv 1897), pp. 193-207, 290-304, 385-402, 481-498, 577-595.
90 Bronislaw Sokalski, Powiat Sokalski pod wzgl^dem geograficznym, etnograficznym, historycznym i ekonomicznym (L’viv: Wl. Dzieduszycki 1899).
91 A. Szarlowski, Stanislawow i powiat Stanisiawowski pod wzgl^dem historycznym i geograficzno-statystycznym (Stanyslaviv: Wh Dobuszyriski 1887); Przewodnik iiustrowany po wojewodztwie Stanistawowskiem, ed. R. Dubrowski (Stanyslaviv 1930).
92 Wladyslaw Satke, Powiat Tarnopolski pod wzglfdem geograficzno-statystycznym (Ternopil’ 1895); Aleksander Czolowski and Bohdan Janusz, Przeszlosc i zabytki wojewodztwo Tarnopolskiego (Ternopil’: Powiatowa Organizacija Narodowa 1926); Wojewodztwo Tarnopolskie: monografia zbiorowa (Ternopil’: Komitet Wojewodzkiej Wystawy Rolniczej i Regionalnej 1931); T. Kunzek, Przewodnik po wojewodztwie Tarnopolskim: Monografia krajoznawcza (Ternopil’: Podolskie T-wo Krajoznawcze [1936]).
93 J. A. Bayger, Powiat Trembowelski: szkic geograficzno-historyczny i etnograftczny (L’viv 1899).
94 Wl. Pulnarowicz, U zrodet Sanu, Stryja i Dniestru: historja powiatu Turczanskiego (Turka 1929).'
95 Volodymyr Shukhevych, Hutsul’shchyna, 5 vols, Materiialy do ukrains’koi etnolohii, vols I-V (L’viv: Etnohrafichna komisiia NTSh 1899-1908), in Polish translation as Wlodzimierz Szuchiewicz, Huculszczyzna, 4 vols (Cracow: Muzeum im. Dzieduszyckich we Lwowie 190208); Mykola Domashevs’kyi, ed., Istoriia Hutsul’shchyny, vol. I (Chicago: Hutsul’s’kyi doslidnyi instytut 1975). See also Jan Falkowski, Zachodnie pogranicze Huculszczyzny, Prace Etnograficzne Towarzystwa Ludoznawczego, vol. Ill (L’viv 1937); idem, Pobiocno-wschodnie pogranicze Huculszczyzny, Prace Etnograficzne Towarzystwa Ludoznawczego, vol.
IV (L’viv 1938).that area have been recently published.96 The westernmost extension of Ukrainian territory-the Lemkian region-has been accorded the most attention, however, and there are histories representing the Ukrainian, Polish, and local Russophile orientations.97 There is also a history of the San region and a solid historico- demographic study of the whole Galician Carpathian region by Stepan Kopchak.98 Ukrainian emigre scholars from Galicia living in the West have in the past two decades published a series of multiauthorized memorial books devoted to their native regions. Although these vary in quality, all of them nonetheless contain a vast quantity of factual information. Their formats are for the most part similar: histories of the region, followed by chapters on political, cultural, and economic organizations, schools, literature, music, sports, biographies of famous sons, and memoirs. Among the best in this genre are the volumes on the Stanyslaviv, Buchach, Terebovlia, Zbarazh, Berezhany, and Pidhaitsi regions." Others have
96 R.F. Kyrchiv, Etnohrafichne doslidzhennia Boikivshchyny (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1978); Myron Utrysko, ed., Boikivshchyna: monohrafichnyi zbirnyk materiialiv pro Boikivshchyna z heohrafi'i, istorii', etnohrafii i pobutu, NTSh, Ukrains’kyi arkhiv, vol. XXIV (Philadelphia and New York 1980); lurii H. Hoshko, ed., Boikivshchyna: istoryko-etnohrafichne doslidzhennia (Kiev: Naukova dumka 1983).
97 The best introduction to the Lemkian problem is Mykola Andrusjak, “Der westukrainische Stamm der Lemken,” Sudost-Forschungen, VI, 3-4 (Leipzig, 1941), pp. 536-575.
The Ukrainian view is best represented in the popular history of luliian Tarnovych, lliustrovana istoriia Lemkivshchyny, Biblioteka Lemkivshchyny, no. 1 (L’viv: Na storozhi 1936; reprinted New York: Kul’tura 1964) and in the historical memoirs of Stepan Shakh, Mizh Sianom i Dunaitsem: spomyny (Munich: ‘Khrystyians’kyi holos’ 1960).
The Polish view is in Krystyna Pieradzka, Na szlakach Lemkowszczyzny (Cracow: Nakladem Komitetu do Spraw Szlachty Zagrodowej na Wschodzie Polski 1939).
See also the more scholarly ethnographic work of Jan Falkowski and Bazyli Pasznycki, Na pograniczu lemkowsko- bojkowskiem: zarys etnograficzny, Prace Etnograficzne Towarzystwa Ludoznawczego, vol. II (L’viv 1935).The local Russophile view is in Y.F. Lemkyn, Ystoryia Lemkovyny (Yonkers, NY: Lemko Soiuz 1969).
See also chapter 9, notes 8-10.
98 Petro Oryshkevych, Ukraintsi Zasiannia: heohrafichno-istorychnyi narys (Munich and Philadelphia: Ukrains’kyi Vil’nyi Universytet 1962). reprinted from B. Zahaikevych, Peremyshl’: zakhidnyi bastion Ukrainy (New York and Philadelphia: Peremys’kyi vydavnychyi komitet 1961), pp. 110-150; Stepan I. Kopchak, Naselennia ukrai'ns'koho Prykarpattia: istoryko-demohrafichnyi narys (L’viv: Vyshcha shkola 1974).
99 Bohdan Kravtsiv, ed., Al'manakh stanyslavivs'ko'i zemli, NTSh Ukrains’kyi arkhiv, vol. XXVIII (New York, Toronto, and Munich 1975); Buchach i Buchachchyna: istorychno- memuarnyi zbirnyk, NTSh Ukrains’kyi arkhiv, vol. XXVII (New York, London, Paris, Sidney, and Toronto 1972); Ivan Vynnyts’kyi et al., eds, Terebovel’s'ka zemlia: istorychno- memuarnyi zbirnyk, NTSh Ukrains’kyi arkhiv, vol. XX (New York, Paris, Sydney, and Toronto 1968); Zbarazhchyna: zbirnyk spomyniv, stattei i materiialiv, NTSh Ukrains’kyi also been completed for the Drohobych, Uhniv, Horodenka, and Chortkiv regions as well as for several individual villages.[160] [161]
The Soviets have also produced regional encyclopedias as part of the twenty- six volume history of all the oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR. Three of these (L’viv, Ivano-Frankivs’k, and Ternopil’) cover most of what was former eastern Galicia. These volumes are extremely useful for more recent data and all follow the same format: a history of the oblast as a whole followed by histories of each of the districts (raiony) with briefer histories and descriptions of the major towns and villages.[162] For those Ukrainian-inhabited areas of Galicia that are today part of Poland, there exists a smaller scale encyclopedic coverage for the region around Przemysl.[163]
There also exist several studies devoted to the general history of individual cities in eastern Galicia. As might be expected, the most extensive research has been devoted to the cultural and administrative capital of the province-L’viv. In fact, some of the first historical writings emanating from Galicia were actually devoted to L’viv, as in the early nineteenth-century works by the Pole Ignacy Chodynicki and the Ukrainian Denys Zubryts’kyi.103 These works and the subsequent rich literature about the city have been analyzed in a historiographic study by Lucja Charewiczowa.104
There are several detailed scholarly monographs and collections of documents dealing with specific periods in L’viv’s history (to be discussed in the appropriate sections below),105 and there are also a few general histories as well. The latter have been written by Ukrainian or Polish authors, each of whom see L’viv as part of their own national and cultural patrimonies. As a result, they dwell almost exclusively on the Ukrainian or Polish aspects of the city’s past. The Ukrainian interpretation is best represented in a short history by Ivan Kryp’ ’iakevych and in two collections of essays devoted to varied aspects of the city.105 Historically oriented descriptions by Kryp”iakevych and Olena Stepaniv are also useful for understanding the “Ukrainian sections” of L’viv, especially in the twentieth century.107 The Polish view is outlined in a comprehensive history by Fryderyk Papee and in shorter more recent studies by Jozef Rudnicki and Stefan M?- karski.108 Soviet writers reject for the most part what they consider to be “bour-
103 X. Ignacy Chodynicki, Historya stolecznego krolestw Galicyi i Lodomeryi miasta Lwowa od zatozenia jego az do czas6w teraznieyszych (L’viv: Kardl Boguslawa Pfaff 1829); Dyonizji Zubrzycki, Kronika miasta Lwowa (L’viv: p.a. 1844).
104 See chapter 1, n. 42.
105 See chapter 3, n. 50; chapter 4, notes 29-37, 88; chapter 5, notes 15-17, 26; chapter 6, notes 22, 228-229, 239, 242; chapter 7, n. 17; chapter 8, n. 11; chapter 10, notes 16-17, 45, 63, 88.
106 Ivan P Kryp”iakevych, L'viv: ioho mynuvshyna i teperishnist’ (L’viv: L’vivs’ka Rus’ 1910); Nash L’viv: iubileinyi zbirnyk 1252-1952 (New York: Chervona Kalyna 1953); and Vasyl Mudry, ed., L’viv: A Symposium on its 700th Anniversary (New York: Alumni Institutions of Higher Education in L’viv 1962).
See also the shorter collection of essays on all aspects of the city by Gregor Prokoptschuk, Das ukrainische Lwiw-Lemberg: kulturpolitische Betrachtung (Munich: Vlg. Ukraine 1953) ‘ and the historical memoirs of Stepan Shakh, L’viv-misto moiei molodosty, 2 vols (3 pts) (Munich: Khrystyians’kyi holos 1955-56).
107 Ivan Krypiakevych, Istorychni prokhody po L’vovi, Vyd. TP, no. 771 (L’viv 1932); Olena Stepaniv, Suchasnyi L'viv (Cracow and L’viv: Ukrains’ke vyd. 1943), 2nd ed. (New York: Hoverlia 1953).
108 Fryderyk Papee, Historia m. Lwowa w zarysie (L’viv: Gmina Krol. Stol. Miasta Lwowa 1894), 2nd ed. (L’viv and Warsaw 1924); J6zef Rudnicki, A Page of Polish History: Lwow (London: Polish Research Centre 1944); Stefan Mfkarski, Lw6w: karta z dziejdw Polski, 2nd ed. (London: Kola Lwowian 1962).
See also the comprehensive pre-World War I guidebooks to the city by Jozef Wiczkowski, Lwow: jego rozwoj i stan kulturalny oraz przewodnik po miescie (L’viv: Wydzial Gospodarczy X. Zjazdu Lekarzy i Przyrodnikow Polskich 1907) and to the city and region, n. 86 above; and the more popular collections of essays by Franciszek Jaworski, Lwow stary i wczorajszy (L’viv: ‘Kurjer Lwowskiego’ 1910); idem, O szarym Lwowie (L’viv and Warsaw: geois-nationalist’ ’ Ukrainian and Polish writings and have instead offered their own syntheses, which stress the economic growth and class conflict that had supposedly always existed in the city until the coming of Soviet rule. Their revisionist views appear in two multiauthored histories issued in 1956 in connection with the 700th anniversary of the issuance of L’viv’s city charter.[164] [165]
Besides L’viv, there are general histories of other cities and towns in eastern Galicia. Among these, Przemysl has received the most attention. Recently, Polish scholars produced a comprehensive two-volume history covering events in Przemysl from earliest times to the present.[166] A memorial book produced by Ukrainian emigres and an older Polish historical guide and demographic study are also valuable sources of information on Przemysl.[167]
Each of the other major cities, towns, and even some villages in eastern Galicia have at least one study devoted to them.[168] Already in the second half of the nineteenth century, Venedykt Ploshchans’kyi wrote a series of historical descriptions of thirty-one Galician-Ukrainian towns and villages.[169] Since then, there have also appeared histories, encyclopedic surveys, or documentary collections for Belz,[170] Berezhany,[171] Boryslav,[172] Brzozow (Bereziv),[173] Buchach,[174] Cher- nykhiv,[175] Chortkiv,[176] Drohobych,[177] Horodok,[178] Hrymaliv,[179] laslys’ka,[180] lavoriv,[181] lezupil’,[182] Jaroslaw,[183] Jaslo,[184] Kaminka Strumylova,[185] Kolo-
myia,130 Lishna,131 Novovolyns’k,132 Radymno,133 Sambir,134 Sanok,135 So- kal’,136 Stryi,137 Stanyslaviv,138 Ternopil’,139 Tyriava Sil’na,140 Zboriv,141 Zhovkva,142 and Zolochiv.143
130 Leopold Waigel, Rys miasta Kolomyi (Kolomyia, 1877); Zynovii Knysh, ed., NadPrutom u luzi: Kolomyia v spohadakh (Toronto: Komitet Pokutian 1962).
131 Ivan Fylypchak, “Z istorii sela Lishni,” Zapysky NTSh, CXLIX (L’viv 1928), pp. 85- 116.
132 B.M. Popov and I.V. Spodarenko, Novovolyns’k-misto shakhtariv (L’viv: Knyzhkovo- zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1962).
133 A. Prochaska, “Radymno, miasteczko i klucz biskupdw przemyskich,” Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki, XIX (L’viv 1891); K. Gottfried, “Z przeszlosci Radymna,” Rocznik Przemyski, X, 3 (Przemysl 1965).
134 Aleksander Kuczera, Samborszczyzna: ilustrowana monografia miasta Sambora i ekonomii samborskiej, 2 vols (Sambor: Ksi^garnia Nauczycielska 1935-37).
135 M.K. Ladyzhynskii, “Sianok i ego okresnosti,’’ Sbornik Galitsko-russkoi Matitsy, VII (L’viv 1930), pp. 81-84; Stefan Stefanski, Sanok i okolice (Sanok: Polskie Towarzystwo Turystyczno-krajoznawcze 1974).
136 Fryderyk Papee, “Skole i Tucholszczyzna,” Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki. XVIII (L’viv 1890), pp. 448-456, 633-642, 741-747, 820-838, 923-937, 1016-1026, 1140-1164, also separately as Skole i Tucholszczyzna: monografia historyczna (L’viv: Gubrynowicz i Schmidt 1891); Mykola Holubets’, Z istorii mista Sokalia (L’viv: Nedilia 1929); M.P. laremchuk, and A.I. Bil’chenko, Sokal’ (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1961).
137 Ferdynand Bostel, “Z przeszlosci Stryja i starostwa stryjskiego,” Przewodnik Naukowy i Literacki, XIV (L’viv 1886), pp. 600-615, 691-720; Antoni Prochaska, Historia miasta Stryja (L’viv: Nakl. Miasta Stryja 1926); Μ.Μ. Levyts’kyi and V.le. Batos’kyi, Stryi (L’viv: Knyzhkovo-zhurnal’ne vyd-vo 1962).
138 S. Bargcz, Pamicttki miasta Stanislawowa (L’viv 1858).
139 P. Bilenskii, Ternopol’ y ieho okolytsia, 2 pts (Ternopil’ 1895-96).
140 Ivan Fylypchak, “Narys istorii Tyriavy Sil’noi,’’ Zapysky NTSh, CLIV (L’viv 1937), pp. 115-139.
141 Ivan P. Kryp”iakevych, Korotka istoriia Zborova, Nash ridnyi krai, no. 5 (L’viv 1929).
142 Sadok Bargcz, Pamicttki miasta Zdlkwi (L’viv 1852), 2nd rev. ed. (L’viv 1877); Marjan Osinski, Zamek w Zoikwi (L’viv: Towarzystwo Opieki nad Zabytkami Sztuki i Kultury we Lwowie 1933).
143 Lucja Charewiczowa, Dzieje miasta Ztoczowa (Zolochiv 1929).