Index

administrative organs, 23-4 administrative policies and practices,

5, 12

administrative reforms, 16 agricultural methods, 4, 6, 16, 23, 36,

63-6; adaptation of, 9, 15,16, 181; of Doukhobors, 68-70; of German colonists, 72-3; of Mennonites, 72, 121-2, OfMolokans, 68, 71, 85; of Nogai, 20, 33; of Orthodox state peasants, 26, 28-9, 63-4, 145-7 agricultural schools, 145-7 Agricultural Society, 74, 102, 105,

114, 119-22, 125-6, 128-30, 174 Akakievich, Akaky, 68 Akkermanvillage, 112-14, 121, 140,

168-70

Aknokas village, 168-70 alcoholism, 101, 121, 130-1 Aleksandrov, A.V., 12 Alexander I, Tsar, 28, 35, 38, 40-1,

73, 94, 96, 105, 116; religious tolerance of, 38, 93-4, 106

Ali (Nogai man), 53 Altona village, 8, 110, 138-9 anabaptism, 15, 105, 120 Andreevkavillage, 148

Andreevskii (Melitopol uezd procura­

tor), 100-1

anti-German sentiment in Russia, 107 Anwohner, 127, 174

Apanlee River, 167

Apostles (Doukhobor officials), 69­

70, 99

arson, 100

artels, 151-2

Astrakhan, 145

auls, 49-50

Avakumovic, Ivan, 37-8, 97, 100,

105

Azov, town of, 99

Azov Lowlands, 5-6, 33, 141

Azov Uplands, 5-6, 62

Baiazet Bey, 33-4

Balzer, Heinrich, 84, 109

Bauman, Wilhelm, 32, 71, 150-2,

155-8, 164, 184

Baurdakvillage, 170 beer brewing, 126 begging, 53

BerdaRiver, 33, 42, 112

Berdiansk, town of, 123-4, 133, 135­

6, 144, 151-2, 159

Berdiansk uezd, 21, 48, 134, 146,

156-7, 159, 160-1,166

Berestovavillage, 91, 147-9, 154, 184

Bessarabia, 12, 32 beys, 49-50, 57

Bible Association, 109

black fallow, 121-2

Black Sea, 19

Black Sea Lowlands, 6 blacksmiths, 150 blizzard of 1825, 112

Bludov, D.N., 95-6

Bluher, T.S., 122

Blumenortvillage, 138

Blumstein village, 117

Bogdanovka village, 97

Bogomils, 37

Bolotenko, George, 12, 24, 31

Bolshaia Znamenka village, 63

Bolshoi Tokmak village, 29, 32, 65,

89, 134-5, 149-54, 156-8, 164, 167, 184

Bolshoi Tokmakvolost, 155, 157, 182

Borozdin, A.I., 35

Botkin, Onisim, 97

brandy manufacturing, 126

Braun, David, 131

brick manufacturing, 3, 83, 136, 150, 152

butchers, 150

cabbage, 146 cameralism, 112-13

Canada, 93

candle making, 150, 152 capital punishment, 101 carriagemakers, 150

carrying capacity, 4, 46-8, 52, 64,162,

179

Caspian Sea, 145

Cathars, 37

Catherine II (the Great), Tsarina, 19­

20, 25, 32, 41, 171 cattle, 46-7 Caucasus, 30, 32, 34, 38, 69, 93, 96,

145

census, 31, 43, 76, 153; of 1808, 84; of

1817, 41; of 1835, 21,41,90

Central Asia, 185

Central Cholera Committee, 88 centre-periphery relations, 4, 15, 17,

19, 21-3, 27, 87, 94, 106, 185 Chernigov guberniia, 18, 31, 58 Chernigovkavillage, 148 Chingis Khan, 49 cholera edpidemic of 1830-1831, 87­

9, 91; mortality rates, 88

Christian School Association, 109-10 Chungul Creek, 157

civil society as understood by the state, 29, 32, 36-7, 57

Code of Laws of 1832, 11

College of the Economy, 30 colonialism, 15, 18-19, 41 colonization processes, 3, 15, 18-20,

30-2

comedy troupes, 134 commerce, 77

commons, 20, 57-8, 65, 141, 151, 153,

156-8, 161-3, 167 communal sheep farm, 126, 175 Communalism, 185 conscription, 29, 42, 98 Constantinople, 35 Contenius, Samuel, 30, 44, 72-4, 112,

117

coopers, 150

Corinthians, 37

Cornies₁Johann Sr, 54, 124 Cornies, Johann, 15, 35, 40, 50-1, 74,

79-80, 89, 107-8, 110-11, 117, 120-3, 125,127,129,131-2, 137, 140, 143, 147, 152, 155, 164, 176-8, 180, 182-4; and agrarian reform, 55, 64, 70, 73, 119, 121; and Doukhobors, 99, 105; death of, 132, 142, 168; and education, 54, 110-11; and forestry, 74, 114, 116, 145, 157; and industrialization, 119; and Molokans, 102; and Nogai, 32, 51, 54-8, 64, 70, 88, 112-14, 116, 137, 139-40; personal philosophy of, 58, 107, 111-12, 120, 126, 128­9; and reform, 16, 119 corruption, 12 Cossacks, 19, 36, 54, 113 cottage industry, 127, 151, 176 cotton, 134 Council of Ministers, 39 counterfeit money, 100 craftsmen, 11-12, 14, 42, 77, 81, 126,

153, 181 credit institutions, 129 Crimea, 36, 50, 63, 134, 171 Crimean Khanate, 19, 29 Crimean tatars, 170; exodus to

Turkey, 170-1 CrimeanWar, 170, 176 crop yields, 7, 122

Danzig, 42, 81, 109 daughter colonies, 142, 172,177 Dchambuiluk horde, 33 Demaison, Graf, 34, 51-2, 54-6;

Nogai accusations against, 36, 50 demographic processes, 4-5, 14, 16,

19-21, 29, 31, 33, 35, 39, 41, 49, 76,

82, 85, 87, 90, 93, 125, 127, 141, 144, 164, 179-80, 182 de-peasantization, 13-14, 17 Dneprovsk uezd, 46, 63 Dnieper River, 5 Doukhobor Commonwealth, 40, 71,

93, 96, 104, 106, 181, 186 Doukhobor Molokans, 40 Doukhobors: in Canada, 70; charter

of, 38; conversion to Orthodoxy, 95-98, 100, 104, 182; Council of Elders, 99; defiance of state, 38;

exile to Caucasus, 38, 69, 88-9, 92­106, 149, 180-1, 183, 185; internal administration, 69-70; persecution of, 38, 94, 106, 155; Proclamation ofExile (1841), 104; religious prejudice against, 38,101, 106 drought, 62-4, 87, 125, 140.

Great Drought of 1832-4 Druzhinin, N.M., 12

Druzhinina, E.I., 11, 21 Dyck, Harvey L., 142

economic assessment methods, 5, 25 economic differentiation, 14; of

Doukhobors, 70, 85; of German colonists, 4; of Mennonites, 4, 16,

75, 77-9, 81, 83-6, 132-4, 141, 164, 172-8; ofMolokans, 85; of Nogai,

50, 53-4, 56-7, 67, 141, 169; of Orthodox state peasants, 67-8, 85, 150-1, 153

economic peasants, 29 economic stagnation, 4, 16, 144, 150 education, 37, 109, 129

Einwohner, 174 Ekaterinoslav, city of, 37, 44, 98, 147 Ekaterinoslav guberniia, 19, 151

Elbing, 42, 81 elders (starosti), 23, 54 elections, 131

Elkington, Joseph, 103 emancipation edict of 1861, 128, 172 England, 183

environment, 3-9, 14-15, 48, 61, 144, 146, 158, 163, 179; adaptation to, 5, 44-5, 47-9, 66-7, 71, 75; and agricultural production, 61, 146, 166-7, 178; attempts to transform,

3, 68, 73, 76; degradation of, 48, 51-2, 121, 157, 161-3, 167, 177; historiography of, 9-10; impact of settlement on, 3-4; limitations of,

4, 14, 50, 146; perceptions of, 3, 15, 44-5, 59, 68, 92, 115, 149

environmental history, 9-10 Epp, David H., 110, 125 estates, 83, 174 Evpatoria, 25 exports, 133; laws governing 28; of grain, 28

factories, 11

Fadeev_jAleksander, 44, 102, 118, 130, 140

fairs, 133-5, 153

famine, 26, 63, 149, 163 famine of 1833-4, 15-16, 87, 89 Fast, Bernhard, 109, 111, 119 Fast, Cornelius, 120 Fast, Jacob, 109 Fatsenko, Demid, 152 Feodosia, 25, 46, 99 field layouts, 66 field rotations, 59-60, 66, 121-2, 156-8

Fietz, Helena, 152

Fifth Department of the tsar’s

personal chancery, 91, 95 fifty-men (piatidesiatskie), 23, 54 Finland, 38

Fitzpatrick, Anne Lincoln, 134 flax, 124

Flemish congregation, 108-11 flood plain, 6-7, 31, 39, 46, 63, 65-6,

75, 85, 126, 141, 157,163, 166,168 fodder, 6, 8-9, 47, 79, 140, 162, 167 food supply commission, 25 forestry, 73-4, 76, 145, 157; Menno-

nite role in, 73-4, 115-17 forestry institute, 145-6 ForestrySociety, 74, 114-16, 119-20,

130

forests, 58-9

Forstmeister, 73

French peasants, planned coloniza­

tion, 34

Friesen, David, 173-4

Friesen, P.M., 107, 172

Frisian congregation, 108-11 full-farms, 127, 174, 182

Gankin, Fomin, 98, 100

Gankin, Iosif, 98, 100 gardens and gardening, 20, 27, 58,

63-4, 66-9, 71, 85, 144, 148, 156-7 Gebietsamt, 23, 126, 176

Gemeinde, 23

Ghengis Khan.

Gogol, Nikolai, 66

Golden Horde, 32 Golenkin (land surveyor), 148 grain production, 25, 50, 60-1, 72,

135, 159 grain reserves, 23, 25-6

Great Drought of 1832-4, 32, 84, 87­91, 102, 104, 117-18, 142, 149, 165, 180

groundwater availability, 7

Guardianship Committee for Foreign Settlers in New Russia, 24, 30, 44, 73, 74, 79, 110, 112, 114-15, 119, 121, 125, 127-8, 130-1, 155, 164, 173, 183

Hagar, 49

Hahn, Evgenii von, 131 hail, 62

Halbstadtvillage, 126 half-farms, 127-8, 172, 177 harvest failure, 4, 6, 26, 62; of 1821,

25, 27, 63; of 1832-4, 26, 87; of 1839, 26, 105, 146; of 1847-8, 16, 26; of 1862,172

harvest reports, 25, 165 hatmakers, 150

Haxthausen, Baron August Freiherr von, 59, 97, 99-100

hay, 46, 58, 79, 121

Hiese₁ Heinrich, 111

Hoch₁ Steven L.₁ 21, 101

Holland, 83

Holy State Synod, 95 hordes, 49 horses, 46-7, 71, 85 hundred-men (sotskie), 23, 54

Hutterites₁ 120

Ialanzachskaia volost, 51

Ikonobors₁ 94 immigration, 20, 30-2, 44; of Bulgar­ians, 165, 171, 175, 178; of Doukhobors, 20, 38, 40, 68, 93; of German colonists, 20, 41-3, 75, 112; ofMennonites, 34, 41-3, 68, 75, 77, 83,108-10, 112, 125, 167, 175; ofMolokans, 41; of Nogai, 20, 32-4, 68; of Orthodox state peasants, 20, 29-31, 58, 68, 92, 172, 182

India, 88

industrial revolution, 129, 143 industrialization, 4, 119, 136, 142, 144, 164, 175

inflation, 171, 176 inheritance systems, 42, 77 Inspector of Colonies, 24 intervillage disputes, 8

Inzov, I.N., 73, 118, 130-1 irrigation, 46-7, 79, 121 irruptive oscillation, 47-8 Isaac, Franz, 173, 176

Islamic law, 113 isolation ofMolochna region, 14, 28,

48, 74, 83, 144, 179

Iushanlee Estate, 116, 147, 151-2, 168, 185

Iushanlee River, 5-7, 33-4, 52, 80, 109, 111-12, 141, 178

izbas, 35

Jewish merchants, 134

Jewish settlers, 125

Jews, 150

Judaizers₁ 94

Judenplan₁ 125 justice, perceptions of, 5,13-14, 16-17

Kabuzan₁ V.M., 21

Kaisak River, 33

Kakbas village, 88

Kalmykov, Ilarion, 95, 99

Kalmykov, Vasilii, 95, 99

Kapustin, Savelii, 69-70, 94 Karakulakvillage, 157-8 Karasubazar, 25

Kharkov, 134

Khazanov, A.M., 34

Kherson gubemiia, 59

Kherson, 18, 134

KhortitsaAgricultural Society, 132

Khortitsa Mennonite Settlement, 72, 114, 132

Khortitsa village, 109

khutors, 31-2, 148-50, 154, 161-2, 182

Kiev guberniia, 125

Kiselev, P.D., 12, 26, 28, 91-2, 102, 128, 145

Klassen cloth factory, 126, 175

Kleine Gemeinde, 83-4, 110

Koppen, Petr, 40, 66, 95-6,101-3, 105, 145

Kolosov (DistrictAdministrator), 69-70, 95-7, 101-3

Konskaia River, 34

Kuban, 32

Kulman (Nogai sharecropper), 55-6 kurdiuch sheep, 55, 64-5, 72, 135, 139-40

Kurushan River, 7, 33, 52

Kuznetsov (land surveyor), 148

labour absorption rates, 81-2

labour markets, 81-3, 126, 151-3, 176 labourers, 11, 151-3

land allocation and tenure practices, 5, 20, 65, 68; of Doukhobors, 39­40, 68-70, 80, 95, 102-4; of German colonists, 42-3, 68, 72, 81- 2, 85; OfMennonites, 16, 42-3, 68, 72, 74-8, 80-1, 85, 120-1, 127, 142, 153-4, 163, 174-6, 181-2, 184; ofMolokans, 41, 68, 71, 80; of Nogai, 33-6, 50, 57, 85, 147, 171; of Orthodox state peasants, 23, 58­9, 67, 76, 85, 149-50, 153-4,163, 182; of the tsarist state, 18-20, 29­31, 33, 35-6, 39-42, 67, 91-3, 144­5, 149

land lease practices, 40, 78-82, 89, 93, 103, 105, 138, 162, 165, 167-9, 173, 175

land redistribution, 142, 154

land repartition, 4, 16, 58, 91-2, 141, 144, 147-61, 163, 165, 167, 180, 184-5

land shortages, 88, 91-2, 149, 179, 183; OfMennonites, 120, 124-5, 182, 184; ofMolokans, 41, 80, 91; of Nogai, 52, 141; of Orthodox state peasants, 16, 58, 66, 80, 85, 91-3, 104, 147-51, 153, 163, 182; tsarist state policy, 91, 103-4, 121 Land Survey Department, 20, 25, 48, 67

land surveys, 8, 19-20, 35, 67, 147-9, 154-5

land value, 171

landlessness, 75, 77-8, 81-6, 124-8, 133, 137-9, 142, 153-4, 165, 168­70, 172, 175-6, 178; crisis, 4, 16, 74, 81, 127, 133, 165, 172-8

landlords, 11, 16

Landskrone village, 121 Langeron, L.A., 94, 98

Large Flemish Congregation, 83-4, 110, 130-2

legal rights of settlers, 18 linen industry, 124 literacy, 15, 109

Lithuania, 12

Litiachin (Russian merchant), 153 livestock diseases: 158; epidemic, of 1833-4, 90; of 1847-8, 16, 165, 168, 177; population, 47, 52, 54, 64, 78, 85, 90, 144

loans, to Mennonites, 129; to Nogai, 168; to settlers, 30, 182

locusts, 62-3

Loewen, Peter, 139, 176

Lukianov, Evdokim, 97

Malaia Znamenka village, 63 manuring, 59, 121 maps and mapping, 19-20, 34, 67, 147

marital problems, 121

Mariupol, 46

markets, 4-5, 14-15, 48, 53, 59-60, 62, 65, 81, 83, 122-3, 133-8, 161, 177, 179; attitudes towards, 16, 45, 61, 64, 68; international, 63, 122-3, 137, 140

mayors (Schultze), 23

McGrew, Roderick E., 88-9 Mecklenburg, 42

Melitopol, 136, 151

Melitopol uezd, 21, 33, 47, 50, 61-3, 91, 96, 134, 146, 156, 159-61, 166

Mennonite Charter OfPrivileges, 41, 116, 142, 178

Mennonite commonwealth, 164, 177, 186

Mennonites, agricultural reputation, 108; class conflicts, 172; internal administration, 108, 117-18, 128, 130, 163, 181, 184; political

disputes, 108, 117-18, 129-32, 142, 163-4, 182; as record-keepers, 14-15; relations with secular authorities, 108, 119; religious disputes, 74, 83, 107, 109-11, 117, 130-2, 142,183, 185; seculariza­tion, 120, 181; world view, 119, 149, 172, 175, 184, 186 merchant guilds, 28 merchants, 11-12, 174 merino sheep, 55-7, 64-5, 69, 72, 85,

117, 136, 139-41, 160, 162 migratory labour markets, 13, 152 military deserters, 95, 98 military settlers, 30 millers, 150 mills, 83, 149

Ministry of Internal Affairs, 18, 25, 30,

44, 91, 93, 103, 145,148-9, 153 Ministry of State Domains, 12, 41, 44,

56, 87, 91-2, 95-6, 103, 105, 107,

116,144-7, 150, 154-5, 158, 170-1, 180

model villages, 54, 112-13 Molochna Estuary, 5, 38, 84 Molochna Mennonite Settlement, 114 Molokans, exodus to Caucasus, 92;

internal administration, 71; religious prejudice against, 102; request for more land, 93, 103 Molotschna village, 81 money reserves, 26 moral economy paradigm, 13-14, 163 Moratkeres, Sultan, 35 Mordvinov, M.S., 92 Moritz, Johann, 110 Moscow, 88,122, 134 Miinster, 105 Miinsterberg village, 122-3 murder, 95-101, 105 murzas, 49-50, 57, 171

Muslims, 4

nachal’nik (chief) of Nogai, 24, 33-5,

54

Nalimskii, Father, 94

Nassau, 42

Negreev, Pavl, 98 Negreev, Semen, 97

Nemanikhin, Grigorii, 99 Nemanikhina, Agafia, 99-100 Neuhalbstadtvillage, 126-7, 175 Nicholas I, Tsar, 38, 40, 91, 93-4, 96,

100-1, 103, 105, 146; reactionary policies of, 94, 106

Nikolaevkavillage, 91, 147-8, 154 Nizhnii Novgorod, 134

Nogai, and cholera epidemic, 111;

discontent, 35; economic develop­ment, 137,152, 177; exodus to Turkey, 1861, 16, 165, 170-2, 176, 178; internal administration of, 49, 54, 57; land grant, 33; threatened exodus, 1815, 54

Nogaisk, 54 nomadism, 20, 32-6, 49-50, 54, 57-8,

141

Novitskii, Orest, 96-7, 100 Novogrigor’evka village, 148 numeracy, 109

obshchina, 23-4, 32, 54, 58-9, 70, 85, 149, 151, 153, 155, 158, 161

Obytochna River, 33

Odessa, 131

Odinets, Ilia, 152

Odintsov (land surveyor), 148 official nationality, 94, 101, 103, 106 Ohrloff Secondary School, 109

Ohrloff village, 6, 35, 110

oil presses, 150

Old Flemish Congregation, 110-11,

119

orchards, 116, 148, 185

Orekhov volost, 63, 156

Organization for the Improvement of

Sheep Breeding, 73-4

orphans’ home, 70, 99

orthodox state peasants, internal administration, 58-9, 67, 154, 164, 184

Ostrikova village, 158

Ottoman Empire, 19, 29-30 out-migration, 125-6 output/seed ratios, 36, 50,122, 158 overgrazing, 48

pacifism, 37, 40, 106, 108

Pallas, P.S., 20, 33-4

pastoralism, 4, 13, 33-6, 49-52, 57, 59, 64, 67, 69-70, 72, 85, 141,144, 165, 177, 179; and culture, 53, 55, 58

pastureland requirements, 64 paternalism, 19, 25, 29

Paul I, Tsar, 23, 25

Paul the Apostle, 37 peasant commune, 23 peasantization, 13-14, 17 peasants, definitions of, 11-12 Perekop, 25

petitions, 24, 34, 36, 39

Petropavlovka village, 148

Petrovskoe village, 21, 101

Petzholdt, Alexander, 170 physiocratic population theories, 20 pietism, 109, 111

Pinkerton, Robert, 69

Pinter, Walter McKenzie, 21

Plaksin, Petr, 98

Plan concerning the distribution of state lands in New Russia (1764), 20, 30, 41

Plett, Delbert, 83-4

Poland, 15

Poltava gubemiia, 30

Pomerania, 42

Popovkavillage, 91, 147-9, 154, 184 populationist policies, 20, 41 Postnikov, V.E., 59, 157

potatoes, 121, 145-6

Potemkin, Prince Gregory, 32 potters, 150

poverty, among Mennonites, 84; among Nogai, 4-5, 67 precipitation levels, 4, 6-8, 66 prices, of grain, 27, 61-2; of meat, 27 Prishib village, 81, 126

procuracy, 25

project for the correct economic distribution of land in State Peasant villages in the southern guberniias (1843), 155-8 proletariat, 174 property rights, 11

Prussia, 15, 42, 78, 82-3

quarter-farms, 127, 172, 177

Razumov (land surveyor), 147 redistributive mechanisms, 13-14 Reformation, 113

Regier_lJohann, 117, 130-1

Regier, Peter, 138

religious discrimination, 93-5, 101-2, 106

religious practice and belief, of Doukhobors, 37-40, 46, 68, 70-1, 102, 104-6; of German colonists, 42, 68; of Mennonites, 43, 46, 68, 83-4, 86, 108-10, 113-15, 119-20, 130, 142, 180-1; of Molokans, 37, 40, 46, 68, 71, 102, 105; of Nogai, 55, 113

Rempel, David G., 10, 172 reserve land, 43, 79-80,120, 126,

154, 172, 175, 177

reservoirs, 157

Richelieu, Emmanuel, Due de, 30, 35,

72

robbery, 95, 100

Rosen, Baron von, 92, 145-6 Roshchvei, Olga, 152

Rowney, Don Karl, 21 Rubenovskavillage, 18

runaway serfs, 100 Russian Orthodox Church, 37

Russo-Turkish War (1787-1794), 32

St Petersburg, 24-5, 35, 44, 68, 88,

95, 105, 107, 115-16, 122, 145, 147, 152, 185

salt trade, 36, 54

Sarsakaev (Nogai merchant), 36 Schlatter, Daniel, 51-4, 89

Schmidt, Peter, 174 schools, 54

Scott, James C., 13, 14, 163 Sea of Azov, 5, 6, 32-4, 146

Sedentarization, 35-6, 57 self-adminstrative practices, 15, 19,

45; of Doukhobors, 46, 70; of German colonists, 46; of Menno- nites, 46, 78, 128; of Molokans, 46; of Nogai, 46, 54; of Orthodox state peasants, 46, 58-9

Senate, 24-5, 101, 147

Serebrennikov, Archbishop Amvrosii,

37

Seregozskavillage, 18

serfs, 11, 13, 21

Sergeev, A.A., 168

Sevastopol, 171 sharecropping, 55-7, 64, 69, 102,

137-42, 168-70, 178 sharedfarms, 127-8, 182 sheep husbandry, 28, 46 sheep society, 114, 117, 121 shepherds, 151

Shmidt, A., 59

shoemakers, 150

Shuiut Dzhuret village, 169

Siberia, 38, 185

silk production, 74, 115, 122

Simferopol, 18, 20, 25, 92, 98, 147

Simons, Menno, 7

Siniaia Gora (Blue Mountain), 6

SkaΓkovskii, A.A., 69, 162

Skovoroda, Georgii, 37

Smolensk guberniia, 29-30

social tensions, 16

Society for the Effective Propogation of Afforestation. See Forestry Society

Society for the Improvement of Agriculture and Trade.

soil conditions, 4, 6, 8, 31, 33, 75, 166, 168

Sokolovskii (District Court Judge), 98

Starr, S. Frederick, 24

state peasants, 11-12, 21

subsidies, 5, 27, 42, 76, 85, 182 suicide, 101

surplus land, 42, 75-6, 80-2, 86, 120, 125, 163, 175, 183-4

tailors, 150

tallow, 136, 150, 152-3

Tambovguberniia, 21, 101

tanners, 150

Tashchenak estate, 80, 125

tatars, 19, 113, 134

Tavria guberniia, 18-20, 25, 62, 90-1, 95, 105, 145, 147, 159, 166

taxation, 5, 29, 63, 105, 114, 128, 148-9, 168-9; exemptions, 30, 42, 182

temperature patterns, 8-9 tenants, 11

ten-men (desiatskie, Zehnmanner), 23, 54

Terpenie village, 70, 99, 146-7 textile manufacturing, 3, 83, 134 Tiege village, 131

Toews (assistant to district mayor), 130

Toews, Peter, 131

Tokmak River, 6-7, 33-4, 126, 150 IopographyofMolochna, 6-8, 168 torture, 95

trades, 182

transportation costs, 28, 61-2

Trans-Volga region, 32 treasury office, 25

Troitskoe village, 8

tsarist administrative policies, 3-5, 15, 22-5, 43-4, 54; agricultural, 25, 27, 29, 44, 50, 72-3; and security, 33, 37-8; of wardship, 19, 25-6, 28-34, 38, 41, 44, 66, 87

tsarist reform policies, 12, 91-2, 94, 180

Turkey, 16, 35, 170

uezd courts, 25

Ukraine, 88, 122

Ukrainian Crystalline Shield, 5 ungulate irruption, 47, 52

United States, 83

Urry,James, 10, 107, 119, 172

Verigan, Lukian, 69

village layout, of Mennonites, 117; of

Orthodox peasants, 29, 31, 65, 113 vinegar manufacturing, 126 Vistula-Nogat Delta, 42, 73, 75, 125 Voikin, Semon, 97

Voikin, Stepan, 97

Volga River, 88

Volyniia guberniia, 125

Voronov, Ivan, 97

Voronova, Elisaveta, 95, 97, 99

Vorontsov, M.S., 69, 95, 97, 148-9 Voth, Tobias, 109, 111

voting rights, 43, 154

wages, 11, 14, 50, 53, 151-3, 176 Wagner, Moritz, 103

Waldheimvillage, 121 wardship policies, 19, 25, 28-30,

33-4, 38, 41, 44, 87

Warkentin affair, 132, 187 Warkentin₁Jacob, 110, 130-2, 155,

182

watchmakers, 150

watermills, 150

weavers, 150

Wedel, Peter, 109, 119

wells, 18, 55-8, 99, 121, 167, 178

Wiebe, Peter, 174

Wiens, Gerhard, 138

Wiens, Heinrich, 138 windmills, 148, 150, 154

winter homes (zimovniki), 34

Witte, LU., 59-60, 65

Wolf, Eric, 12, 14

Woodcock, George, 37-8, 97, 100,

105

wool, 46, 72-3, 134, 166

work seasons, 66, 80, 151-2

Worster, Donald, 9-10

Wiirttemberg, 42, 112

xenophobia, 107

Yaney, George L., 92

Yedichkul horde, 33

Yedissan horde, 33

yurta (nomadic tents), 33, 35

Zemstvos, 59

Zieber (Inspector of Colonies), 72