A NOTE ON SOURCES

THE FOLLOWING ARE the major English-language secondary sources that I consulted, and the ones most relevant for those interested in further reading.

Serhy Yekelchyk’s Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation (Oxford University Press, 2007) provides a clear, even-handed overview of Ukraine’s fascinating yet complex history.

Hiroaki Kuromiya’s Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s–1990s (Cambridge University Press, 1998) tells the violent, painful story of the region that is now embattled eastern Ukraine. Willard Sunderland’s Taming the Wild Field: Colonization and Empire on the Russian Steppe (Cornell University Press, 2004) is a history of the “wild steppe” that stretches from Moldova to Kazakhstan, and that includes what is now eastern Ukraine. Peter Holquist’s “‘Conduct Merciless Mass Terror’: Decossackization on the Don, 1919,” Cahiers du monde russe 38 (1997), recounts the Bolshevik attempt to excise Cossacks from the Soviet Union. Terry Martin’s Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923–1939 (Cornell University Press, 2001) discusses the Soviet policy of “Ukrainization” in depth. Serhy Yekelchyk’s Stalin’s Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination (University of Toronto, 2004) analyzes the politics of memory and the “friendship of the peoples” under Stalin. Alexander Werth’s Russia at War: 1941–1945 (Dutton, 1964) provides an eyewitness account of the Second World War in the Soviet Union, including descriptions of several trips to Ukraine and Crimea.

John Armstrong’s Ukrainian Nationalism (Ukrainian Academic Press, 1990, originally published 1955) was the first detailed study of the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN) during the Second World War.

Amir Weiner’s Making Sense of War: The Second World War and the Fate of the Bolshevik Revolution (Princeton University Press, 2001) examines the experience and legacy of the Second World War in the central Ukrainian province of Vinnytsia. Kate Brown’s A Biography of No Place (Harvard University Press, 2004) explores the transformation of the multiethnic Ukrainian-Polish border zone into a mostly homogenous Ukrainian “heartland” between 1923 and 1953. Tarik Cyril Amar’s The Paradox of Ukrainian Lviv: A Borderland City between Stalinists, Nazis, and Nationalists (Cornell University Press, 2015) analyzes the transformation of Lviv from a multiethnic, east-central European border city into a Ukrainian urban center. The collection Shatterzone of Empires: Coexistence and Violence in the German, Habsburg, Russian and Ottoman Borderlands, edited by Omer Bartov and Eric Weitz (Indiana University Press, 2013), includes several articles on the clash of empires and communities in what is now Ukraine.

For an exploration of approaches to Ukrainian historiography, see the collection A Laboratory of Transnational History: Ukraine and Recent Ukrainian Historiography, edited by Georgiy Kasianov and Philipp Ther (Central European University Press, 2009). On post-Soviet Ukraine’s politics of national memory, see David Marples’s Heroes and Villains: Creating National History in Contemporary Ukraine (Central European University Press, 2007) and Marples’s article “Stepan Bandera: The Resurrection of a Ukrainian National Hero,” Europe-Asia Studies 58, no. 4 (2006). Eleonora Narvselius’s article “The ‘Bandera Debate’: The Contentious Legacy of World War II and Liberalization of Collective Memory in Western Ukraine,” Canadian Slavonic Papers 54, nos. 3–4 (2012), discusses Lviv’s historical theme restaurants, including Kryivka.

Serhy Yekelchyk’s articles “The Body and National Myth: Motifs from the Ukrainian National Revival in the Nineteenth Century,” Association for Slavic and East European Studies 7, no. 2 (1993), and “The Nation’s Clothes: Constructing a Ukrainian High Culture in the Russian Empire, 1860–1900,” Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas, new series 49, no. 2 (2001), explore the construction of Ukrainian national identity through clothing (notably the vyshyvanka, or Ukrainian embroidered blouse) in the nineteenth century. Serhii Plokhy’s Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History (University of Toronto Press, 2005) discusses Hrushevsky’s crucial role, in the early twentieth century, in creating modern Ukrainian national identity. Yekelchyk’s “Cossack Gold: History, Myth, and the Dream of Prosperity in the Age of Post-­Soviet Transition,” Canadian Slavonic Papers 40, no. 3–4 (1998), describes the moment when Ukrainians hoped to literally cash in on their history.

Catherine Wanner’s Burden of Dreams: History and Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998) offers an anthropological perspective on the formation of Ukrainian national identity in the aftermath of the Soviet collapse, including a discussion of nationalism in music festivals. On the role of music in the Orange Revolution, see Adriana Helbig’s “The Cyberpolitics of Music in Ukraine’s 2004 Orange Revolution,” Current Musicology 82 (2006).

Linguist Laada Bilaniuk’s Contested Tongues: Language Politics and Cultural Correction in Ukraine (Cornell University Press, 2005) discusses the history and politics of surzhyk, the mixture of Ukrainian and Russian. Serhy Yekelchyk’s “What is Ukrainian About Ukraine’s Pop Culture? The Strange Case of Verka Serduchka,” Canadian-American Slavic Studies 44 (2010), discusses the political valence of surzhyk in the performances of Ukraine’s transvestite Eurovision winner.

Vyacheslav Likhachev examines Right Sector’s role in Maidan in his article “The ‘Right Sector’ and Others: The Behavior and Role of Radical Nationalists in the Ukrainian Political Crisis of Late 2013–Early 2014,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 48 (2015).

Anton Shekhovtsov has written a number of articles about Ukraine’s far right, including “The Creeping Resurgence of the Ukrainian Radical Right? The Case of the Freedom Party,” Europe-Asia Studies 63, no. 2 (2011), on Svoboda, and, with Andreas Umland, “Ukraine’s Radical Right,” Journal of Democracy 25, no. 3 (2014). Alina Polyakova has also written several articles on the subject, including “From the Provinces to the Parliament: How the Ukrainian Radical Right Mobilized in Galicia,” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 27 (2014). Andrew Wilson’s Ukrainian Nationalism in the 1990s: A Minority Faith (Cambridge University Press, 1997) explores the phenomenon of Ukrainian nationalism in the years immediately following the fall of the Soviet Union.

Pavlo Zaitsev’s Taras Shevchenko: A Life, first published in 1955, is an engaging, if somewhat hagiographic, biography of Ukraine’s national poet. It is available in an abridged English translation (University of Toronto Press, 1988). George Grabowicz’s introductory essay in the catalogue Taras Shevchenko: Poet, Artist, Icon, 1814–1861 (Ukrainian Museum, 2014) provides a shorter biographical sketch of the poet, with discussion of his importance for Ukrainian national identity. The collection Shevchenko and the Critics: 1861–1980 (University of Toronto Press, 1980), edited by George Luckyj, shows how interpretations of Shevchenko’s life and legacy have changed over the decades.

Yuri Slezkine’s The Jewish Century (Princeton University Press, 2004) includes a chapter on the position of Jews in the Russian Empire and Soviet Union. Zenon Kohut’s “The Khmelnytsky Uprising, the Image of Jews, and the Shaping of Ukrainian Historical Memory,” Jewish History 17 (2003), analyzes the evolving image of the Jew in early modern Ukrainian historical narratives, focusing on interpretations of ­seventeenth-century Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky’s anti-­Polish uprising and anti-Jewish pogroms. Rodger Kamenetz’s Burnt Books: Rabbi Nachman of Bratslav and Franz Kafka (Nextbook, 2010) discusses Rabbi Nachman’s pact with God.

Andrei Zorin’s By Fables Alone: Literature and State Ideology in Late-Eighteenth-Early-Nineteenth-Century Russia (Academic Studies Press, 2014) includes chapters on Catherine the Great’s “Greek Project” and annexation of Crimea. Greta Lynn Uehling’s Beyond Memory: The Crimean Tatars’ Deportation and Return (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) is an ethnography of Crimea’s Tatar minority. On the Black Sea region, see Charles King’s The Black Sea: A History (Oxford University Press, 2004) and Neal Ascherson’s Black Sea: The Birthplace of Civilization and Barbarism (Vintage, 1996). Gwendolyn Sasse’s The Crimea Question: Identity, Transition, and Conflict (Harvard University Press, 2007) explores Crimea’s political history.

George Young’s The Russian Cosmists: The Esoteric Futurism of Nikolai Fedorov and His Followers (Oxford University Press, 2012) explores Fyodorov’s wild theories and their influence. Irina Masing-Delic’s Abolishing Death: A Salvation Myth of Russian Twentieth-Century Literature (Stanford University Press, 1992) includes a chapter on Fyodorov in the context of a detailed discussion of the “immortality myth” in twentieth-century Russian literature. Nikolai Krementsov’s A Martian Stranded on Earth: Alexander Bogdanov, Blood Transfusions, and Proletarian Science (University of Chicago Press, 2011) examines the life and work of the Marxist polymath.

On the struggle between Russia’s imperial secret police and revolutionaries, see Jonathan Daly’s Autocracy Under Siege: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1866–1905 (Northern Illinois University Press, 1998) and The Watchful State: Security Police and Opposition in Russia, 1906–1917 (Northern Illinois University Press, 2004). Gabor Rittersporn’s Anguish, Anger, and Folkways in Soviet Russia (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2014) examines the Soviet predilection for conspiracy theories. On the Soviet approach to addiction, see Alisher Latypov, “The Soviet Doctor and the Treatment of Drug Addiction: ‘A Difficult and Most Ungracious Task,’” Harm Reduction Journal 8, no. 32 (2011).

Charlotte Douglas’s Malevich (Harry N. Abrams, 1994) includes a sketch of Kazimir Malevich’s biography. The Guggenheim Museum’s Kazimir Malevich: Suprematism, edited by Matthew Drutt (2003), is a collection of essays on his art and writing. Boris Groys’s The Total Art of Stalinism: Avant-Garde, Aesthetic Dictatorship, and Beyond (Princeton University Press, 1992) includes a discussion of Malevich’s ideas and their reception.

The Ukrainian-born writer Konstantin Paustovsky’s memoir The Story of a Life, quoted here, was translated into English by Joseph Barnes (Pantheon, 1964). Passages quoted from The Odyssey are from Robert Fagles’s translation (Penguin, 1996).