NOTES

Chapter 1

1. See the photo album Studentska revoliutsiia na hraniti, ed. Oles Donii (Kyiv: Smoloskyp, 1995).

2. Marcel H. Van Herpen, Putin's Wars: The Rise of Russia's New Imperialism (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014), p.

3. “Address by President of the Russian Federation, March 14, 2014," President of Russia (http://eng.kremlin.ru/transcripts/6889).

Chapter 2

1. Oleksandr Kramar, “Nas bulo 52 mln: De podilysia 6,000,000?" tyzhden. ua, December 24, 2012 (http://mobile.tyzhden.ua/Society/39402); “Naselennia Ukrainy," Derzhavna sluzhba statystyky Ukrainy (http:// database.ukrcensus.gov.ua/MULT/Dialog/statfile_c.asp).

2. See the text of the 1996 Constitution as posted on the Ukrainian parliament's website: Konstytutsiia Ukrainy (http://zakon4.rada.gov. ua/laws/show/254%D0%BA/96-%D0%B2%D1%80).

3. See Taras Kuzio, Ukraine: State and Nation Building (London: Routledge, 1998), p. 158 (“Soviets"); Andrew Wilson, The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2000), p. 219.

Chapter 3

1. In 1904 the founder of modern Ukrainian historiography, Mykhailo Hrushevsky, famously compared the historical relations between Kyiv and what became the Moscow region to those between Rome and barbarian Gaul. See Serhii Plokhy, Unmaking Imperial Russia: Mykhailo Hrushevsky and the Writing of Ukrainian History (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005), pp. 108-10.

2. Serhy Yekelchyk, Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004), pp. 96-99.

3. Shaul Stampfer, “What Actually Happened to the Jews of Ukraine in 1648," Jewish History 17, no. 2 (2003): 218.

4. See Henry Abramson, A Prayer for the Government: Ukrainians and Jews in Revolutionary Times, 1917-1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999).

5. Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (London: Macmillan, 1985), pp. 100, 148.

6. S. Kulchytsky, “Teror holodom iak instrument kolektyvizatsii," in S. Kulchytsky, ed., Holodomor 1932-1933 rr. v Ukraini: prychyny i naslidky (Kyiv: Instytut istorii Ukrainy NANU, 1995), p. 34.

7. Terry Martin, The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939 (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2001), pp. 273-308.

8. Yekelchyk, Stalin's Empire of Memory, 48.

9. “The Righteous Among The Nations: Statistics," Yad Vashem (http:// www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/righteous/statistics.asp).

10. Timothy Snyder, “The Causes of Ukrainian-Polish Ethnic Cleansing, 1943," Past and Present 179 (May 2003): 202.

11. Vasyl Ovsiienko, “Pravozakhysnyi rukh v Ukraini (seredyna 1950- kh-1980-i roky)," in Ye. Yu. Zakharov, ed., Ukrainske hromadska hrupa spryiannia vykonanniu Helsinkskykh uhod (Kharkiv: Folio, 2001), vol. 1, p. 31.

Chapter 4

1. For an in-depth analysis of how and why voters from different regions voted the way they did in 1991, see Valeri Khmelko and Andrew Wilson, “Regionalism and Ethnic and Linguistic Cleavages in Ukraine," in Taras Kuzio, ed., Contemporary Ukraine: Dynamics of Post-Soviet Transformation (Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe, 1998), pp. 60-80.

2. “Budapest Memorandums on Security Assurances, 1994," Council on Foreign Relations: Primary Sources (http://www.cfr.org/arms-control- disarmament-and-nonproliferation/budapest-memorandums-security- assurances-1994/p32484).

3. Zbigniew Brzezinski, “The Premature Partnership," Foreign Affairs 73, no. 2 (1994): 80.

4. Paul D'Anieri, “Ethnic Tensions and State Strategies: Understanding the Survival of the Ukrainian State," in Taras Kuzio, ed., Democratic Revolution in Ukraine: From Kuchmagate to Orange Revolution

(New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 19-20.

5. “30 Parishes of the UOC (MP) Moved to the Jurisdiction of Kyiv Patriarchate," Religious Information Service of Ukraine, December 8,

2014 (http:/ / risu.org.ua/en/index/all_news/ confessional/orthodox_ relations/58421/).

6. Anders Äslund, How Ukraine Became a Market Economy and Democracy (Washington, DC: Peterson Institute for International Economics, 2009), pp. 107-8.

7. John Lough and Vladimir Dubrovskiy, “Are Ukraine's Anti­Corruption Reforms Working?" Chatham House: The Royal Institute of International Affairs, November 2018, p. 3 (https:// www.chathamhouse.org/publication/are-ukraines-anti-corruption- reforms-working/2018-11-19-ukraine-anti-corruption-reforms-lough- dubrovskiy.pdf).

8. James T. Hitch III and Yuliya Kuchma, “Ukraine's New Anti-Corruption Law: Will It Really Stop Corruption in Ukraine?" International Lawyer 45, no. 3 (Fall 2011): 839-55, here 841-42.

9. See “Corruption Perception Index 2012," Transparency International (https://www.transparency.org/cpi2012/results), and Viktor Tkachuk, “People First: The Latest in the Watch on Ukrainian Democracy," Kyiv Post, September 30, 2012 (https://www.kyivpost.com/article/opinion/ op-ed/people-first-the-latest-in-the-watch-on-ukrainian-democracy-6- 313710.html?cn-reloaded=1).

10. See Margarita M. Balmaceda, The Politics of Energy Dependency: Ukraine, Belarus, and Lithuania between Domestic Oligarchs and Russian Pressure (1992-2012) (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2013).

Chapter 5

1. Timothy Snyder, “Ukraine, Russia, and the Central Significance of Civil Society," A lecture at Charles University, Prague, January 27,

2015 (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yoUkoGn7cRU); Ilya Gerasimov, “Ukraine 2014: The First Postcolonial Revolution," Ab Imperio, no. 3 (2014): 22-44.

2. Andrew Wilson, Ukraine's Orange Revolution (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), p. 53.

3. Andy Cohlan, “Skin Growths Saved Poisoned Ukrainian President," New Scientist, August 7, 2009 (http://www.newscientist.com/article/ dn17570-skin-growths-saved-poisoned-ukrainian-president.html#. VMnHiWjF9qU).

4. Andrei Illarionov, “Putin schitaet, chto chast Ukrainy dolzhna prinadlezhat Rossii," Ukrainskaia Pravda, January 10, 2015 (http:// www.pravda.com.ua/rus/articles/2013/10/10/6999733/).

5. Dominik Arel [Dominique Arel], “Paradoksy Pomaranchevoi revoliutsii," Krytyka 9 (April 2005): 2-4.

6. Joint Statement by President George W. Bush and President Viktor Yushchenko, April 4, 2005, US Government Publishing Office (http:// www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/WCPD-2005-04-11/pdf/WCPD-2005-04-11- Pg557.pdf).

7. Mustafa Nayem, “Uprising in Ukraine: How It All Began," Voices, April 4, 2014 (http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/voices/ uprising-ukraine-how-it-all-began).

8. “Vid Maidanu-taboru do Maidanu-Sichi: Shcho zminylosia?" Kyivskyi mizhnarodnyi instytut sotsiolohii, February 6, 2014 (http:// www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=226&page=1&y=201 4&m=2).

9. “Russian TV Announces Right Sector Leader Led Ukraine Polls," Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, May 26, 2014 (http://www.rferl.org/ content/russian-tv-announces-right-sector-leader-yarosh-led-ukraine- polls/25398882.html).

10. As suggested by Radoslaw Sikorski, the former Polish foreign minister and mediator in the talks between the Ukrainian opposition and Yanukovych, in his interview with the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, January 24, 2015 (http://www.faz.net/aktu- ell/politik/ausland/ ukraine-konflikt-sikorski-putin-verlangte-einsatz-von-gewalt-13388656. html).

11. Paul D'Anieri, “The Last Hurrah: The 2004 Ukrainian Presidential Elections and the Limits of Machine Politics," in Paul D'Anieri and Taras Kuzio, eds., Aspects of the Orange Revolution, vol. 1: Democratization and Elections in Post-Communist Ukraine (Stuttgart: Ibidem, 2007), p. 169; Wilson, Ukraine's Orange Revolution, 183-89.

12. “Oliver Stone on Ukraine Protests: ‘The Truth Is Not

Being Aired in the West,' " Hollywood Reporter, December

30, 2014 (http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/ oliver-stone-ukraine-protests-truth-760755).

Chapter 6

1. “Kto sprovotsiroval voinu v Donbasse?" Korrespondent.net, January 18, 2015 (http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/ 3467784-kto-sprovotsyroval-voinu-na-donbasse).

2. “Putin: Kharkov, Donetsk, Lugansk, Kherson, Nikolaev, Odessa ne vkhodili v sostav Ukrainy," Segodnia, April 17, 2014 (http://www. segodnya.ua/politics/pnews/putin-harkov-lugansk-doneck-herson- nikolaev-odessa-ne-vhodili-v-sostav-ukrainy-513722.html).

3. David Kashi, “This Gallup Poll Shows Crimeans Had Very Different Ideas about Russia Last Year," International Business Times, March 17, 2014 (http://www.ibtimes.com/gallup-poll-shows-crimeans-had- very-different-ideas-about-russia-last-year-1561821).

4. “Dynamika stavlennia naselennia Ukrainy do Rosii ta naselennia Rossii do Ukrainy," Kyivskyi mizhnarodnyi instytut sotsiolohii, March 4, 2014 (http://www.kiis.com.ua/?lang=ukr&cat=reports&id=236&page=1).

5. Maksim Tovkailo and Margarita Liutova, “Raskhody biudzheta na Krym uzhe prevysili 100 milliardov rublei," Vedomosti, May 20, 2014 (http://www.vedomosti.ru/flnance/news/26692171/ 100-mlrd-ne-hvatit#ixzz3Iqu5jG8P).

6. Bohdan Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (London: Macmillan, 1985), p. 42.

7. Hiroaki Kuromiya, Freedom and Terror in the Donbas: A Ukrainian-Russian Borderland, 1870s-1990s (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 41.

8. Krawchenko, Social Change, 194, calculated from table 5.9.

9. See “Kto sprovotsiroval voinu na Donbasse," Korrespondent.net, January 18, 2015 (http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/3467784-kto- sprovotsyroval-voinu-na-donbasse); and Paul Chaisty and Stephen Whitefield, “Support for Separatism in Southern and Eastern Ukraine Is Lower Than You Think," The Monkey Cage Blog at Washington Post online, February 6, 2015 (http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/ monkey-cage/wp/2015/02/06/ support-for-separatism-in-southern- and-eastern-ukraine-is-lower-than-you-think/).

10. “Strelkov prizval grazhdan DNR stat na zashchitu Rodiny," Vzgliad, May 18, 2014 (http://vz.ru/news/2014/5/18/687248.html).

11. Nan Tian, Aude Fleurant, Alexandra Kuimova, Pieter D.

12. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, “Ukraine: Situation Report No. 28 as of 20 February 2015" (http:// reliefweb.int/report/ukraine/ukraine-situation-report-no28-20- february-2015); Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung, February

8, 2015 (http://www.faz.net/aktuell/politik/ausland/ukraine- sicherheitskreise-bis-zu-50-000-tote-13416132.html).

13. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Report on the Human Rights Situation in Ukraine, November 16, 2019 to February 15," (https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/UA/ 29thReportUkraine_EN.pdf).

14. “FMS: Okolo 265 tysiach ukraintsev poluchili ubezhishche v Rosii," MK, February 16, 2015 (http://www.mk.ru/politics/2015/02/16/fms- okolo-265-tysyach-ukraincev-poluchili-ubezhishhe-v-rossii.html).

Chapter 7

1. “Russia Was Ready to Put Nuclear Forces on Alert over Crimea, Putin Says," CNN News, March 16, 2015 (http://www.cnn.com/2015/03/ 16/europe/russia-putin-crimea-nuclear/).

2. OSCE Special Monitoring Mission to Ukraine, “Status Report as of 6 April 2020," Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, April 10, 2020 (https:// www.osce.org/ special-monitoring-mission-to-ukraine/ 449965?download=true).

3. Amy MacKinnon, “Counting the Dead in Europe's Forgotten War," Foreign Policy, October 25, 2018 (https://foreignpolicy.com/2018/ 10/25/counting-the-dead-in-europes-forgotten-war-ukraine-conflict- donbass-osce/); “Chto na samom dele uvidel Aleksandr Hug is OBSE na Donbasse," StopFake.org, October 29, 2018 (https://www.stopfake. org/ru/chto-na-samom-dele-uvidel-aleksandr-hug-iz-obse-na- donbasse/).

4. “Ukraine Premier Starts ‘Kamikaze Mission' as Crimea Erupts," Bloomberg, February 28, 2014 (http://www.bloomberg.com/news/ articles/2014-02-27/ukraine-premier-starts-kamikaze-mission-as- crimea-anger-flares).

5. Oleg Varfolomeyev, “Ukrainian President's Political Ally Implicated in Scandal over Murky Defense-Sector Supply Chains," Jamestown Foundation's Eurasia Daily Monitor, February 28, 2019 (https:// jamestown.org/program/ukrainian-presidents-political-ally- implicated-in-scandal-over-murky-defense-sector-supply-chains/).

6. Oleksandr Holubov, “Vtrachenyi chas: Borotba z koruptsiieiu za prezydenta Poroshenka," DW Ukraine, March 15, 2019 (https://p.dw. com/p/3F0Lx).

7. “Poroshenko pokhyzuvavsia prohresom u borotbi z koruptsiieiu," Ukrainska Pravda, April 15, 2019 (https://www.pravda.com.ua/news/ 2019/ 04/15 / 7212267/). I have corrected 145th in the article to 144th as per the Transparency International data.

8. “Ukraine Ratifies Landmark Agreement with European Union," CBC News, September 16, 2014 (http://www.cbc.ca/m/touch/world/story/ 1.2767449).

9. Cory Welt, “Ukraine: Background, Conflict with Russia, and U.S. Policy." Updated September 19, 2019. Congressional Research Service Report R45008, p. 30 (https://crsreports.congress.gov/product/pdf/ R/R45008).

10. Simon Ostrovsky, “Ukraine Lawyer Seeks Probe of Alleged Hacked Texts of Manafort's Daughter," CNN, March 11, 2017 (https://www. cnn.com/2017/03/10/politics/ukraine-manafort-hacked-texts/index. html).

11. Kenneth P. Vogel and David Stern, “Ukrainian Efforts to Sabotage Trump Backfire," Politico, January 11, 2017 (https://www.politico.com/ story/2017/01/ ukraine-sabotage-trump-backfire-233446).

12. “Posol SShA v Ukraini vyslovylasia za zvilnennia ochilnyka SAP Kholodnytskoho," Radio Svoboda, March 3, 2019 (https://www. radiosvoboda.org/ a/news-yovanovych-holodnytskiy/29805179.html).

13. “Gontareva stala liderom narodnogo nedoveriia (issledovanie)," Finance.UA, March 5, 2016 (https://news.finance.ua/ru/news/-/ 370557/gontareva-stala-liderom-narodnogo-nedoveriya-issledovanie).

14. “Vybory Prezydenta Ukrainy 2019," Tsentralna vyborcha komisiia (https:// www.cvk.gov.ua/pls/vp2019/wp300pt001f01=720.html).

15. “TsVK opratsiuvala 100% protokoliv," Ukrainska Pravda, July 26, 2019 (https:// www.pravda.com.ua/news/2019/07/26/7221983/).

16. Tracy Wilkinson, “Ukrainian Official: We Tried to Correct Trump's ‘Negative Impression,'" Los Angeles Times, October 6, 2019 (https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-06/ ukrainian-official-false-stories-threatened-us-ukraine-relations).

17. Edward Lucas, The New Cold War: Putin's Russia and the Threat to the West (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008); Mark A. MacKinnon, The New Cold War: Revolutions, Rigged Elections, and Pipeline Politics in the Former Soviet Union (New York: Basic Books, 2007).

18. “Statement by Former US Ambassadors to Ukraine," Atlantic Council, May 26, 2020 (https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/ukrainealert/ statement-by-former-us-ambassadors-to-ukraine/?fbclid=IwAR2EkxC_ q1uI88ypDxYJ1_tCwLIIulrScagjZGFUZ-6vPQH6ORd6yjztFo0).