On the eve of World War I, the Ukrainian inhabitants of the Austro- Hungarian Empire numbered some four million.

They were divided among the Austrian provinces of Galicia (3,380,000) and Bukovyna (300,000), and the Kingdom of Hungary (470,000).¹ In each of these three territories the Ukrainians lived under quite different conditions.

The official designation for the East Slavic inhabitants of the Habsburg Empire was “ Ruthenians ” (die Ruthenen); in their own language they called themselves rusyny. Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the Galician and Bukovynian Ruthenians began to favour the adoption of a new national name—“Ukrainians”—which finally prevailed.