Theme 7. The Ruin of Hetmanshchyna between 1659 and 1687 and the Hetmanate of Ivan Mazepa (1687 - 1709)

The purpose of this theme lies in the study of the Ruin period (the second half of the 17^th century), throughout which Ukraine was split into the two parts, the Ukrainians waged war among themselves, and Ukrainian territories were divided between Poland and the Russian State.

The theme covers the following main topics: Hetmanshchyna; the Het- manate of Ivan Vyhovskyi (1657 - 1659); the Hetmanate of Yurii Khmel­nytskyi (1659 - 1663); the Ruin of Hetmanshchyna (Ukraine); the Hetmanate of Pavlo Teteria (1663 - 1665); the Hetmanate of Ivan Briukhovetskyi (1663 - 1668); the Russian-Polish Treaty of Andrusiv (1667); the Hetmanate of Petro Doroshenko (1665 - 1669); the Hetmanate of Demian Mnohohrishnyi (1669 - 1672); the Hetmanate of Petro Doroshenko (1669 - 1676); the Hetmanate of Ivan Samoilovych (1672 - 1686); the Eternal Peace of Russia and Poland (1686); the Second Hetmanate of Yurii Khmelnytskyi (1677 - 1681); the Bakhchysarai Peace between the Moscow State and Turkey (1681); the Het- manate of Ivan Mazepa (1687 - 1709).

Hetmanshchyna. Due to the National Liberation War (1648 - 1657) the Great Cossack State was founded in 1649. Later on, this State became known among historians as Hetmanshchyna. It included Kiyv voivodship, Chernihiv voivodship and Bratslav voivodship. In this State, peasants were not serfs, the Orthodox Church owned lands, the Cossack community was the group privileged, and the Cossack starshyna was the ruling class [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Ivan Vyhovskyi (1657 - 1659). In 1657 the

Cossack Rada voted to make Ivan Vyhovskyi the Hetman. He was a small nobleman. In 1657 - 1657 He suppressed the insurgency of Poltava colonel Martin Pushkar and Coshovyi otaman of Zaporozhian Sich Yakiv Barabash.

In 1658 Ivan Vyhovskyi concluded the Agreement with Poland in Hadiach. Hetmanshchyna was declared to be the Grand Duchy Ruthenian (GDR). This Duchy had to be the part of the Polish-Lithuanian Common­wealth as the state, which had the same rights as the other both states- members had. The Kingdom of Poland, the Grand Duchy Lithuanian and the Grand Duchy Ruthenian (Ukraine) agreed that the legislative power of the GDR (Ukraine) had to be provided by its National Assembly, the executive power in Ukraine had to be in the hands of the Hetman. The Hetman would be always elected by the Cossack Rada and approved by the King of the Commonwealth. The GDR kept its government, Court, Treasury and Army, which included 30 000 registered Cossacks and 10 000 mercenaries. The starshyna got the rights of Polish nobles. The Orthodox Church got the same rights, which the Catholic Church had. The Polish landlords returned into the GBR and renewed the serfdom in the country. Unfortunately, the above described Hadiach Agreement was never implemented.

Due to the Hadiach Agreement, Moscow proclaimed the war against Poland and the ruling of Ivan Vyhovskyi in Hetmanshchyna. In 1659 the army of Ivan Vyhovskyi crushed the Great Russian forces in the battle of Konotop. After this disastrous defeat Moscow inspired the plot of those Cossacks, who were the enemies of the Catholic Faith, and, hence, the Catholic Poland and Lithuania, the allies of Ivan Vyhovskyi [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Yurii Khmelnytskyi (1659 - 1663). The Orthodox Cossacks elected their own Hetman, whose name was Yurii Khmelnytskyi, the son of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi. Ivan Vyhovskyi fled to Poland. Later on, in 1664 he was shot by the Cossacks.

In 1659 Yurii Khmelnytskyi signed the Treaty with Moscow in Pere- iaslav, allowing to the Russian Army to be located in all the great towns of Hetmanshchyna (Pereiaslav, Nizhyn, Bratslav, Uman and Chernihiv). The Hetman Yurii Khmelnytskyi was obliged to make no foreign policy.

In 1660, when the Russian army had been beating by the Poles, Yurii Khmelnytskyi concluded with Poland the Slobodyshche Treaty, according to which Ukraine as autonomy was returned under the authority of Poland. Then, pro-Russian starshyna forced Yurii to refuse the title of the Hetman and became a monk. After the Hetmanate of Yurii Hetmanshchyna was split into the Left-Bank (Eastern Part) and the Right-Bank (Western Parts) ones [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Ruin of Hetmanshchyna (Ukraine). The period after the first Het- manate of Yurii Khmelnytskyi is considered by historians to be the beginning of the period known as Ruin (1659 - 1687). The Ruin was the period of internal wars, the split of Hetmanshchyna into the Left-Bank one and the Right-Bank one, and the invasions of armies of other states into Ukrainian territories [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Pavlo Teteria (1663 - 1665). The Hetman of the Right-Bank was elected Pavlo Teteria (1663 - 1665), who previously was the Cossack Clerk and a Volhynia noble. Between 1663 and 1664 he attempted to possess the Left-Bank Hetmanshchyna, but was defeated by the Russian- Cossack army at Hlukhiv. Shortly after in the Right-Bank the revolts started. It forced P. Teteria to flee to Poland and, then, to Moldavia, where he was poisoned by insurgents [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Ivan Briukhovetskyi (1663 - 1668). While P. Tete- ria had been ruling the Right-Bank, the Hetman of the Left-Bank was Ivan Briukhovetskyi. He was elected by the Chorna Rada (the Council of ordinary Cossacks) at Nizhyn under supervision of Moscow officers.

In 1663 he signed the Baturyn articles. According to them, the govern­ment of Left-Bank Hetmanshchyna had to make supplies for the Moscow army, which was located in Ukraine.

The Russian-Polish Treaty of Andrusiv (1667). In 1667 Russia and Poland signed the Andrusiv Treaty for terms of 13,5 years. According to the Treaty, the Russia got the Left-Bank Ukraine, and Poland possessed the Right-Bank Ukraine. The both states got the right to govern the Zaporozhian Sich, but actually it was in the sphere of influence of Russia [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Petro Doroshenko (1665 - 1669). In 1665 the Staro-dubian Polkovnik (Polkovnik meaning the Colonel and Governer) Petro Doroshenko was elected the Hetman of the Right-Bank Ukraine. In 1668, the next year after the year of the Andrusiv Truce, Petro Doroshenko at the head of the Cossack-Tatar army seized the Left-Bank Ukraine and killed Ivan Briukhovetskyi. In 1669 Petro Doroshenko was forced to return into the Right­Bank Ukraine because there a Cossack rebellion raised. Before he had departed, he appointed Demian Mnohohrishnyi the Hetman of the Left Bank [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Demian Mnohohrishnyi (1669 - 1672). In 1669 Demian Mnohohrishnyi started his own policy, betraing P. Doroshenko. He signed the Hlukhiv Articles with Moscow and made Baturyn his own capital. The Moscow Voivods were forbidden by the Articles to gather taxes. The Articles established the Left-Bank Ukrainian army - 30 000 registered

Cossacks and 1 000 mercenaries.

The Hetmanate of Petro Doroshenko (1669 - 1676). Meanwhile, ha­ving returned to the Right-Bank Ukraine in 1669, P. Doroshenko suppressed the revolt and started a number of reforms. In particular, he established the regular army manned from mercenaries, who were known as serdiuks. He also created the Customs system and started the own coinage. In 1669 P. Doroshenko signed the Korsun Articles with Turkey. The Turks agreed that the Hetman should be elected for his lifetime; Hetmanshchyna would annexed Halychyna, on the west, and the Sloboda Ukraine, on the east. The Orthodox Church was proclaimed independent from the Moscow Patriarchate. In turn, the Cossacks were obliged to help Turkey in its wars.

After the singing of the Korsun Articles, P. Doroshenko met a strong opposition among the Cossacks, who hated Islam because of their previous wars with the Muslim Crimean Khanate. The opposition was led by the Uman Colonel Khanenko and the Otaman of Sich Ivan Sirko, the leader of 60 victorious battles against the Turks and the Tatars [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Ivan Samoilovych (1672 - 1686). In 1674 Petro Doroshenko had a conflict with Ivan Samoilovych, who had been shortly before elected by the Cossacks the Hetman of the Left-Bank Ukraine. At the same time Russia and Poland proclaimed the war against P. Doroshenko. In 1676 I. Samoilovych at the head of the Cossack-Russian army invaded the Right-Bank Ukraine and forced P. Doroshenko to refuse the title of the Hetman.

By this time Ivan Samoilovych had signed with Moscow the Konotop Articles (1672).

The Eternal Peace of Russia and Poland (1686). In 1686 Russia and Poland made the Eternal Peace. These states again divided Ukraine by the border along the Dnieper. Poland got the Right Bank, Russia took the Left Bank, Slobozhanshchyna and Zaporizhzhia, where the Cossack Sich was. Also, Poland and Russia started war against Turkey [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

In 1687 Ivan Samoilovych, leading the Cossacks, took part in the major campaign of Russian army against the Crimean Khanate, a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire (Turkey). The campaign came to failure. Ivan Samoi- lovych was accussed of the treason and exiled to Siberia.

The Second Hetmanate of Yuriy Khmelnytskyi (1677 - 1681). In the meantime, in 1677 Turkey, having annexed Podillia, appointed Yurii Khmel­nytskyi as the Hetman of Podillia. Shortly before, Yurii Khmelnytskyi had been captured by the Tatars and was forced to serve for the Turkish Sultan. Yurii Khmelnytskyi at the head of the Turkish-Tatar army made two failed attempts to seize Chyhyryn (in 1677 and 1678) [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Bakhchysarai Peace between the Moscow State and Turkey (1681). In 1681 Turkey and Russia made the Peace. It was signed in Bakh­chysarai, the Capital of the Crimean Khanate. Shortly after the making Pe­ace, the Turks executed Yurii Khmelnytskyi, the son of the prominent Ukra­inian hero Bohdan Khmelnytskyi [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

The Hetmanate of Ivan Mazepa (1687 - 1709). In 1686 in Kolomak the Cossack Rada elected Ivan Mazepa the Hetman. He signed the Kolomak Articles with Moscow. The Kolomak Articles prohibited the Ukraininan mer­chants to trade with Moscow and Crimea.

Ivan Mazepa was known as the patron of the Ukrainian arts. He spon­sored the building of churches and schools in the Baroque Style.

In 1704 Mazepa, having joined his forces with the Poles, suppressed the Cossack uprising in the Right-Bank Ukraine. During this campaign Ivan Mazepa annexed the whole Kyiv region, most part of Volhynia, and Bratslav region. Hence, the most part of Ukraine came under ruling of Ivan Mazepa.

At the beginning of the Great Northern War (1700 - 1721) with Sweden, the Russian Tsar Peter I, wanting to get support of the Polish King August I, promised him some towns of the Left-Bank and the Northern Ukraine. In addition, it is known now that Peter I planned to liquidate the autonomy of Hetmanshchyna and the Cossack order in Ukraine.

Little wonder that in some years of the Northern War, in 1707, the Hetman Ivan Mazepa supported Sweden. In return, the Swedish King Karl XII promised Ivan Mazepa to make Hetmanshchyna independent, as soon as the Russia had been defeated by the Sweden.

After Ivan Mazepa with Zaporozhian Otaman Kost Hordiienko had turned to alliance with Sweden, the Russian Tsar Peter I ordered to ruin Baturyn, the capital of Hetmanshchyna, and the Cossack Sich, which was in the Dnieper Island Chortomlyk.

In 1709 the Swedish forces were crushed by the Russian army in the battle of Poltava, in Ukraine. Ivan Mazepa and nearly 5 000 Cossacks retreated to Moldova. In 1710 Ivan Mazepa died.

The Mazepa's ally Otaman Kost Hordiienko with a lot of the Zaporo- zhian Cossacks established the Oleshkivska Sich, nearby the modern town of Kherson, on the territory of the Crimean Khanate. This Sich existed until 1734 year, when the Cossacks had left their fortifications and returned into Russian Ukraine [3; 5; 6; 8; 10; 12; 15; 17; 18; 24; 28; 30; 32; 34; 38; 39].

Questions

1. Describe the terms of the Hadiach Agreement.

2. What consequences did the Hetmanate of Yurii Khmelnytskyi have for Ukraine?

3. What significance did the Hetmanate of Petro Doroshenko have?

4. What role did Ivan Mazepa play in the Ukraininan national-liberation movement of the early 18^th century?

5. What was the "Ruin"?