role of Defensins in hiv pathogenesis and transmission
Reported in vivo levels of defensins vary most likely due to the individuals studied and the analytic methods used. In addition, defensins have been found to interact with other cellular proteins in plasma [105, 123, 124], which may affect the quantitation of defensins by ELISA.
In healthy donors, the plasma concentrations of HNPs1-3 range from ~150-500 ng/ml [125]. The levels of defensins in the plasma or at the mucosal surface are frequently elevated in patients with infections or diseases [83, 126]. For example, defensin levels in plasma from patients with sepsis reach 900-170,000 ng/ml [127]. Using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, the levels of HNPs in the saliva from healthy donors range from 1 to 10 ug/ml, whereas the level of HBDs 1-2 range from undetectable to 33 ng/ml [128]. The level of HNPs in cervicovaginal fluid from healthy women ranges from 250 ng/ml to 5 μg∕ml [31, 129].
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