Index

The article ‘al-’, diacritics, the letters 'ayn and hamza as well as ‘b’ are disregarded in the alphabetical order. The letter t following an entry indicates a page with a table.

Aban b.

al-'Abbas b. 'Abd al-Muttalib, 57

'Abd 'All Sayf al-Din b. 'Abd al-Tayyib Zaki al-Din, 23

'Abd al-Hamid b. 'Abd al-'Aziz (Abü Khazim), 205, 207

'Abd al-Husayn, 140, 145

Abü 'Abdallah al-Basri, al-Husayn b. 'Ali b. Ibrahim, 11, 225

Abü 'Ali b. Abi Hurayra, al-Hasan b. al-Husayn, 213, 215

Abü Basir, Layth b. al-Bakhtari al-Muradi, 136n, 137n

Abü Hanifa, Nu'man b. Thabit, 207, 209

Abü l-Husayn al-Basri, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. al-Tayy- ib b. al-Husayn, 11

Abü Khazim see 'Abd al-Hamid b. 'Abd al-'Aziz

Abü Salama, 'Abdallah b. 'Abd al-Asad, 217

Abü Talib Yahya b. al-Husayn al-Harüni al-Natiq bi- l-Haqq, 11

Abü Yüsuf, Ya'qüb b. Ibrahim al-Ansari, 53

'Adud al-Din al-Iji, 'Abd al-Rahman b. Ahmad, 193

Äghä Buzurg al-Tihrani, Muhammad Muhsin b. 'Ali al-Munzawi, 140

al-Ahadith al-mustahsana (Ibn al-Wazir, Ahmad b. 'Abdallah b. Ibrahim b. Muhammad), 169

Ahl al-bayt (People of the House, the), 5, 8-10, 19, 168, 219, 255

Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, 215, 221

Ahmad b. al-Mahdi b. 'Izz al-Din, 191

al-Ahsa’i, Ahmad b. Zayn al-Din, 60

Ahwal al-din fi sharh Nahj al-mustrashidin fi usül al-din (al-Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

al-Ahwari, Muhammad b. Ahmad, 239

'Ä’isha, 207, 217

akhbar (Imams’ statements), 5, 25, 30, 31, 33, 38, 109, 140, 141

al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, Jamal al-Din b. 'Abd al-Nabi al-Nisabüri al-Khurasani, 33-4, 38, 139-41, 145, 147-65; see also Fath al-bab ila l-haqq wa-l-sawab

Akhbarism (and Akhbari), 30-2, 33-4, 45, 46, 60, 95, 107, 111n, 139, 145

al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 139-41 al-Astarabadi, Muhammad Amin, 30-2, 61, 95 al-Bahrani, Yüsuf b.

al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin, 45-6, 57, 107

al-Tüni, 32, 111n

al-Äkhünd al-Khurasani, Mulla Muhammad Kazim, 35

al-'Alawiyya Hadiyya bt. 'Ali b. al-Murtada, 60

'Ali b. Abi Talib, 3-4, 5, 6, 147, 151 ambiguities, 159 ijma', 205, 207, 209 ijtihad, 209, 211 legal authority, 4, 8-9 opinions, 205-11 taswib doctrine, 211

'Ali b. Hanzala al-'Ijli al-Kufi, 161

'Ali b. Hatim al-Hamidi, 239

'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Salama b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 20, 238-9; see also Mukhtasar al-usül

al-'Allama al-Hilli, Jamal al-Din al-Hasan b. Yüsuf b. 'Ali b. Muttahar, 24, 27, 31, 32, 57, 121

fisq, 125, 127

Khuldsat al-rijal, 114, 125, 135 Mabadi l-usül, 28, 29

Nahj al-mustarshidin, 114 al-Nihaya, 79, 81, 135 solitary reports, 119

Tahdhib al-wusül, 29, 65, 69, 79, 81 transmitters, appraisal, 129, 135 universal statements, 69, 79, 81 ambiguities, 153, 155, 159, 161 al-Ämidi, Sayf al-Din 'Ali b. Abi 'Ali, 193 al-'Ämili, Husayn b. Shihab al-Din, 32 Ämina Begum bt. Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi, 45 Aminji b. Jalal b. Hasan, 21

Ämir bi-ahkam Allah, Abü 'Ali al-Mansür, 238 analogy see qiyas

al-Ansari, al-Shaykh al-Murtada, 34-5, 95 al-Aqiq al-Yamani (al-Damadi, 'Abdallah b. 'Ali), 191

'aql (reason; sanity), 4, 30, 38, 115, 121

al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al-Hasan b. Murtada, 33, 37, 60-1, 67-91, 107; see also al-Wafi fi sharh al-Wafiya

Asas al-taWil (al-Qadi al-Nu'man), 247 al-Ash'ari, 'Abü l-Hasan 'Ali b. Isma'il, 221 al-Astarabadi, Muhammad Amin, 30, 31, 32, 61, 95

Badr al-Din Hasan b. Idris, 20-1

al-Baha’i, Baha’ al-Din Muhammad b. Husayn al-'Ämili, 29, 30, 46, 51, 113; see also Zubdat al-usül

al-Bahlüli, al-Qadi Ja'far, 12

Bahr al-'Ulüm, Muhammad Mahdi, 33, 60 al-Bahrani, Yüsuf b. Ahmad, 32, 33, 60

Banü Faddal, 119

al-Baqir see Muhammad al-Baqir

al-Baydawi, 'Abdallah b.

al-Bayan fi usül al-fiqh (al-Bahlüli, al-Qadi Ja'far), 12

Bektash Khan Gorji, 113

al-Bihbahani, Muhammad Baqir, 32-3, 34, 60, 95 Bohras, 20, 21, 22

bulügh (adulthood), 115, 119, 121, 123

al-Burhan fi usül al-fiqh (Abü l-Ma'ali al-Juwayni), 179

certainty, 26-8, 37, 38, 147, 161, 199, 225, 251, 259 al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 140-1, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161

Akhbarism 141, 145

'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Sala­ma b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 259

al-Ansari, al-Shaykh al-Murtada, 35

Ibn al-Wazir, Ahmad b. 'Abdallah b. Ibrahim b.

Muhammad, 181

Isma'ili legal school, 6

al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin, 107, 109

al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 213, 227, 233

Twelver legal school, 6, 30, 140-1, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161

Usüli movement, 140-1, 145, 153, 155, 159 community, 1-3, 5-8, 10, 119, 131, 192, 203 al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 149 Akhbarism, 31 disagreements, 219, 231

al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Ahmad, 53, 57

al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 39, 192, 197, 199, 201, 203

Companions of the Prophet, 3, 8, 9, 55, ijma', 193, 201, 203, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 217, 221, 229

ijtihad, 209, 211, 213

qawl al-sahabi, 207, 209

consensus see ijma'

Consultation Verse, 51, 53, 55 contradictions, 38, 115, 151, 161, 163, 233, 251

Da'a’im al-islam (al-Qadi al-Nu'man), 19-20 dabt (accuracy), 115, 119, 127, 129 da'i mutlaqs (representatives of the Imam), 16-17,

23

da'iship, 238, 239, 240, 249, 251, 253, 259 Fatimid period, 19

Indian subcontinent period, 22-4 titles, 21

Yemeni period, 19, 20-2 da'iship, 238, 239, 240, 249, 251, 253, 259; see also da'i mutlaqs

al-Damadi,'Abdallah b. 'Ali, 191 al-Darari al-mudP (al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah al-Din Salah

b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi), 169

da'wa (proselytising mission), 238, 239

Dawabit al-usül (al-Qazwini, Ibrahim b.

Baqir), 34

al-Dhari'a (Äghä Buzurg al-Tihrani), 140 al-Dhari'a ila usül al-shari'a (al-Sharif al-Murtada),

27, 29, 65, 87, 89, 114

al-Diraya (al-Shahid al-Thani), 28-9, 127 dissimulation see taqiyya diya (compensatory payment), 221 al-Durüs (al-Shahid al-Awwal), 114

Durüs fi 'ilm al-usül/Halaqät (Muhammad Baqir al- Sadr), 35

al-Fa’iq fi usül al-fiqh (al-Rassas, Husam al-Din al- Hasan), 12

Fara’id al-usül/al-Rasa’il (al-Ansari, al-Shaykh

al-Murtada), 34-5

fasiq (a person with incorrect beliefs i.e., non­Twelver), 119, 121, 123, 125, 127, 131 fasting, 177, 183, 185, 187, 188

Fath al-bab ila l-haqq wa-l-sawab (al-Akhbari, al-

Mirza Muhammad), 33-4, 140-2 ambiguities, 153, 155, 159, 161 certainty, 140-1, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161

contradictions, 161, 163 insidad bab al-'ilm theory, 140, 141, 145, 147 manuscript folios, 142-4 manuscript sources, 141

text, 145-65

Fath al-bab ila tariq al-haqq wa-l-sawab (al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad) see Fath al-bab ila l-haqq wa-l-sawab

Fath 'Ali Shah Qajar, Baba Khan b. Husayn Quli ’ Khan, 139-40

Fathiyya, the, 123

Fatima (daughter of Muhammad), 4, 5, 147

Fatimids, 17-19, 20, 23,' 238 fatwas, 140, 215 al-Fawd’id al-'aliyya fi sharh al-Ja'fariyya (al-Kazimi,

Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

al-Fawd’id al-hd’iriyya (al-Bihbahani, Muhammad Baqir), 33

al-Fawd’id al-jadida (al-Bihbahani, Muhammad Ba- qir), 33

al-Fawd’id al-madaniyya fi l-radd 'ala man qala bi-l-ij- tihad wa-l-taqlid fi l-ahkdm al-ilahiyya (al-As- tarabadi, Muhammad Amin), 30

al-Fawd’id al-qadima (al-Bihbahani, Muhammad Ba- qir), 33

al-Fawd’id al-usüliyya (Bahr al-'Ulflm, Muhammad Mahdi), 33

fiqh (Islamic law), 1, 11, 17, 21, 33, 239, 240 Akhbarism, 32

'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Sala­ma b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 241

al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al-Hasan b. Murtada, 60 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Ahmad, 46 al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b.

Forgiveness Verse, 51, 53, 55

Four Books (al-kutub al-arba'a), 31 al-Fusül al-gharawiyya (al-Isfahani al-Ha’iri, Muham­mad Husayn), 34

al-Fusül al-lu’lu’iyya (al-Wazir, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim b. Muhammad), 7, 12, 14, 15t, 168, 173, 193 commentary, 168, 169, 173, 178-88, 192 manuscript sources, 168, 169-73

al-Ghada’iri, Ahmad b. al-Husayn, 135 Ghayat al-mdmül fi sharh Zubdat al-usül (al-Kazimi,

Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 32, 114-15

commentary, 119-35

manuscript folios, 116-18

manuscript sources, 115

Ghayat al-su’ül fi 'ilm al-usül (al-Husayn b. al-Imam al-Qasim), 12, 15t

al-Ghazali, Abfl Hamid Muhammad b. Muhammad, 67, 69, 177, 179

Ghunyat al-nuzü' (Ibn Zuhra al-Halabi), 27 God, 155, 151, 203

al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 155, 157, 159 'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Sala­ma b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 245, 247, 249, 251, 253, 255, 257 al-Baha’i, Baha’ al-Din Muhammad b. Husayn

al-'Amili, 51

Book of God, 10, 18, 25, 109

Companions of the Prophet, 203, 217 existence, 219

Forgiveness Verse, 51, 53, 55 ijtihdd, 53, 55

Imams, 18, 24

Ja'far al-Sadiq, 24, 25, 149, 151, 155, 163 al-Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131, 133

law of, 1, 2, 26, 27, 201

al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin, 101, 103, 105

al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 199, 203

Muhammad al-Baqir, 165

Muslims, 203 prophethood, 4, 5, 10, 245, 247 qiyds, 177

salvation, 247, 249 understanding of, 249

worship of, 249

al-Hadd’iq al-nddira fi ahkdm al-'itra al-tdhira (al-

Bahrani, Yflsuf b. Ahmad), 32 Hadawi legal school, 10, 11 Hafiz 'Abd al-Majid, 238 al-Hakim al-Kabir, Muhammad b. Muhammad b. Ah­

mad b. Ishaq, 223

Halaqdt/Durüs fi 'ilm al-usül (Muhammad Baqir al- Sadr), 35

al-Hamidi, Hatim b. Ibrahim b. al-Husayn, 238-9 Hanafi legal school, 3, 53, 177, 179, 183, 187, 188 Hanbali legal school, 3, 53

Hasan 'ala dhikrihi al-salam (Hasan II), 16 al-Hasan b.

al-Hasan b. al-Shahid al-Thani (Sahib al-Ma'alim),

29, 30, 32, 34, 46, 145, 151 al-Hasan b. Yahya, 9 Hdshiyat al-Fusül al-lu’lu’iyya (Ibn al-Wazir, Ahmad

b. 'Abdallah b. Ibrahim b. Muhammad), 169, 173, 177, 178-88

manuscript folios, 174-5 manuscript sources, 169-70

Hdshiyat 'uddat al-usül (al-Qazwini, Mulla Khalil), 32 Hashwiyyas, the, 240, 251, 257

al-Hdwi li-haqd’iq al-adilla al-fiqhiyya (Yahya b.

Hamza al-Mu’ayyad), 13

heretics (maldhida), 240, 253, 259; see also unbeliev­er

Hiddyat al-abrdr (al-'Amili, Husayn b. Shihab al-Din),

32

Hidayat al-afkar ila mädni l-azhar (al-Wazir, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim b. Muhammad), 192

Hidayat al-mustarshidin (Muhammad Taqi al-Is- fahani), 34

Hidden Imam, 6, 17, 111n

al-Hilli, ‘Amid al-Din ‘Abd al-Muttalib b. Muham­mad, 29

al-Hilli, Diya’ al-Din ‘Abdallah al-A‘raji al-Husayni, 29

al-Hilli, Fakhr al-Muhaqqiqin Muhammad b. al- Hasan, 29

al-Himyari, ‘Abd allah b. Jafar, 153

Hisham b. al-Hakam, 26, 157

HudHd al-ma'rifa fi tafsir al-Qur’dn wa-l-tanbih 'ala l-taWil (al-Qadi al-Nu‘man), 247

hujja (proof), 157, 197, 213, 215, 217, 221, 223, 227 Abü Hanifa, Nu‘man b. Thabit, 209 al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 149, 155 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, 151

God, 155

ijma', 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 221, 223 hujjiyya (probative force), 8, 38, 115, 193, 245 al-Hurr al-‘Ämili, Muhammad b. al-Hasan, 31-2 Husayn ibn ‘Ali, 5

al-Husayn b. al-Imam al-Qasim, 12, 15t

Ibn Aktham, Yahya, 71

Ibn Babawayh, Muhammad b. ‘Ali see al-Sadüq

Ibn Bukayr, ‘Abdallah, 119

Ibn Fürak, Abü Bakr Muhammad b. al-Hasan b. Fürak, 215

Ibn Ghaylan, Ghaylan b. Salama al-Thaqafi, 77, 79, 89

Ibn al-Hajib, ‘Uthman b.‘Umar, 11, 53, 185, 193, 199

Ibn Idris al-Hilli, Muhammad b. Idris, 27

Ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Abü Ja‘far Muhammad b. Jarir, 217

Ibn Khaldün, Wali al-Din ‘Abd al-Rahman b. Muham­mad, 2

Ibn Killis, Ya‘qüb, 19, 20

Ibn al-Murtada, Ahmad b. Yahya b. al-Murtada, 12, 15t

Ibn Qiba al-Razi, Abü Jafar Muhammad b. ‘Abd al- Rahman, 151

Ibn Tawüs al-Hilli, Jamal al-Din Ahmad b. Müsa, 31

Ibn al-Wazir, Ahmad b. ‘Abdallah b. Ibrahim b. Muhammad, 169, 173; see also Hashiyat al- Fusül al-lu’lu’iyya

Ibn Ziba‘ra, ‘Abdallah 109

Ibn Zuhra al-Halabi, Hamza b. ‘Ali, 27

Ibrahim al-Nazzam, Abü Ishaq b. Sayyar b. Hani’, 201

Ibrahim b. Sulayman, Ibn ‘Ubaydallah al-Nahmi, 135

Ibrahim Wajih al-Din, Ibn Sayyid ‘Abd al-Qadir, 22 al-Idah (al-Qadi al-Nu‘man), 18-19

Idris ‘Imad al-Din b. al-Hasan al-Qurashi, 20

ihdäth qawl thalith (introduction of a third opinion), 227, 229, 231

al-Ihkam (al-Ämidi, Sayf al-Din), 193

ijma' (consensus), 8, 111n, 191, 192-3 absolute, 217

arguments against, 197, 199, 201, 203 community disagreements, 219, 231

Companions of the Prophet, 193, 201, 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 217

constituency membership, 227 contradictions, 233

contraventions, 231

deviant beliefs, 219

ihdäth qawl thalith, 227, 229, 231 ijma' suküti, 213, 215

inqirad al-'asr, 215, 217, 221 introduction of a third piece of legal reasoning, 229, 231

al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 191, 192-3, 197-233

mujtahids, 197, 199, 201, 217, 227 objections, 223, 225

proof (hujja), 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215, 217, 221, 223

Prophets, descendants, 203, 205 qawl al-sahabi, 207, 209 qiyas, 207, 209, 223

Qur’an, 201, 203, 223, 229, 231

rejection, 233 rightly-guided caliphs, 207 sabil al-mu’minin, 223

specific, 197

textual sources, 201, 203, 225, 227

Twelver legal school, 8, 111n two opinions, 219, 221 zanni, 199

ijma' suküti (tacit consensus), 213, 215

ijtihad (legal expertise; personal juristic reasoning), 7, 24-5, 28-9, 30, 37, 223, 229

Companions of the Prophet, 209, 211, 213 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Ahmad, 46, 53, 55, 57-8

al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin, 101, 103

al-Mirza al-Qummi, Abü l-Qasim b. Muhammad Hasan, 33

al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 39, 192, 223, 229

ijtihad (contd)

Muhammad, Prophet, 46, 53, 55, 57, 58 taswib doctrine, 209, 211

Ikhtilaf usül al-madhahib (al-Qadi al-Nu'man), 18, 240, 255

'ilm (certain knowledge), 24, 26, 27, 28, 30 al-Ansari, al-Shaykh al-Murtada 35

Imams, 3, 5, 6, 10, 18, 23, 149, 238, 239-40 akhbar, 25, 31

al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 33-4, 141, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161, 163 al-Akhbariyya movement, 30-2, 33-4

'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Sala­ma b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 39, 245, 247, 249, 251, 255, 257, 259

Hidden Imam, 6, 17, 111n

Isma'ili legal school, 16 legal authority, 4, 37, 140 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin, 101, 108, 109

Musta'li-Tayyibi Isma'ilism, 16

Nizari Isma'ilism, 16 al-Sharif al-Murtada, 151 succession, 6

Twelfth Imam, 6, 23, 24, 38, 141, 145, 147, 163 Twelver legal school, 24-5, 26, 30-1, 33, 34, 55, 153

Zaydi, 7, 8, 9-10, 11, 24

see also Companions of the Prophet; da'i mutlaqs iman (belief, faith), 38, 101, 115, 119, 123 inqirad al-'asr (the epoch has passed in relation to consensus), 215, 217, 221

insidad bab al-'ilm (door to knowledge is closed) the­ory, 140, 141, 145, 147

Iraq, 32-3

Irshad al-fuhül ila tahqiq al-haqq min 'ilm al-usül (al-

Shawkani, Muhammad b. 'Ali), 13 al-Isfahani al-Ha’iri, Muhammad Husayn, 34 Islamic sects, division into, 240, 245, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259

parable of the, 255, 257, 259

Isma'il b. Ja'far, 6 al-Isma'ili, Sham'fln b. Ahmad al-Ghflri, 20-1 Isma'ili legal school, 4, 6, 240, 255, 259 da'wa, 238 usül al-fiqh, 16-24, 239-40

i'tikaf (retreating to a mosque to perform voluntarily worship), 177, 183, 185, 187, 188

Ja'far b. Muhammad see Ja'far al-Sadiq

Ja'far al-Sadiq, 6, 24, 149, 151, 155, 157, 159, 161, 163

al-Jafariyya (al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki), 114

Jam' al-jawdmi' (al-Subki, Taj al-Din), 168 jarih (critic discrediting a transmitter), 119, 133, 135 al-Jawad see Muhammad al-Jawad, Muhammad b.

'Ali

Jawami' al-adilla (Abü Talib Yahya b. al-Husayn al- Harüni al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq), 11

Jawharat al-usül wa-tadhkirat al-fuhül (al-Rassas, Ah­mad b. Muhammad), 12, 15t

al-Jubba’i, Abü 'Ali Muhammad, 213, 215, 217

al-Kaf f 'ilm al-din (al-Kulayni), 46, 153, 157 al-Kafil (Muhammad b. Yahya b. Muhammad

Bahran), 12, 15t

Kanz al-fawa’id (al-Karajaki, Abü l-Fath), 26 al-Karajaki, Abü l-Fath Muhammad b. 'Ali b.

'Uthman, 26 Karbala, 32-3 Kashf al-ghita’ 'an mubhamat al-shari'a al-gharrd’

(Kashif al-Ghita’, Ja'far b. Khidr), 33 Kashif al-Ghita’, 'Ali b. Ja'far b. Khidr, 94 Kashif al-Ghita’, Ja'far b. Khidr, 33, 140 Kashif al-Ghita’, Muhammad Husayn Äl Kashif al-

Ghita’, 140

Kashif al-Ghita’, Müsa b. Ja'far b. Khidr, 94, 140 Kawashif al-hujub 'an mushkilat al-kutub (al-

Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin), 34, 94-5, 98

manuscript folios, 96-8 manuscript sources, 95 text, 99-109

al-Kazim see Müsa al-Kazim, Müsa b. Ja'far al-Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah, 32, 113-14; see also

Ghayat al-mdmül fi sharh Zubdat al-usül khabar al-wahid (pl. al-akhbar al-ähäd, isolated re­

ports), 3, 27, 28, 38, 115, 151, 227 Khuldsat al-rijdl (al-'Allama al-Hilli), 114, 125, 135 Kifayat al-usül (al-Äkhünd al-Khurasani), 35 Kitab al-ahkam (Yahya al-Hadi ila l-Haqq), 10 Kitab al-hawashi (Aminji b. Jalal), 21 Kitab al-muntakhab (Yahya al-Hadi ila l-Haqq), 10 Kitab al-su’al wa-l-jawab, 20 Kitab al-su’äl wa-l-jawäb/Masä’il Aminji b. Jalal

(Aminji b. Jalal), 21 al-Kulayni, Muhammad b. Ya'qüb, 46

Lofgren, Oscar and Traini, Renato, 169, 170-3 Luqmanji b. Habiballah, 22-3

Lutfallah b. Muhammad al-Ghiyath, 169

Ma'alim al-usul (al-Hasan b. al-Shahid al-Thani), 29,

32, 34, 46

Ma'drij al-usül (al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli), 28, 32

Mabddi l-usül (al-'Allama al-Hilli), 28, 29

Madelung, Wilferd, 17-18 madhdhib (schools of law), 16 al-Madkhal fl usül al-fiqh (al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah,

Ahmad b. Sulayman), 11, 12 madrasas (seminaries), 2, 29, 45

Mafdtih al-usül (al-Tabataba’i, Muhammad b. 'Ali), 34

al-Mahdi li-Din Allah, Ahmad b. Yahya b. al-Mur- tada, 179

al-Mahsül fi Ilm usül al-fiqh (al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al- Hasan b. Murtada), 61, 69

Majlisi I (Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi), 45, 46 Majlisi II (Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi), 45

Majmü' Wajhi fi add’ al-zakdt (Luqmanji b.

Habiballah), 23

Majmü'at al-ad'iya (al-Mu’ayyad fi l-Din al-Shirazi), 249

Malik Ibn Anas, 205

Maliki legal school, 3, 53, 177, 185 al-Mankhül (al-Ghazali), 69

Mansflr bi’llah, 'Abdallah b. Hamza, 11

Mansflr bi’llah al-Qasim b. Muhammad, 12, 15t manuscript variants, 36, 50n, 115, 241 al-Mar'ashi al-Najafi, Shihab al-Din, 114 marriage, annulment of, 227, 229

al-Masd’il al-Sayfiyya ('Abd 'Ali Sayf al-Din), 23 al-Masd’il al-Sham'üniyya/Kitdb al-su’dl wa-l-jawdb

(Badr al-Din Hasan b. Idris), 20-1 al-Masd’il al-Zayniyya ('Abd 'Ali Sayf al-Din), 23 Masdlik al-afhdm ild dydt al-ahkdm (al-Kazimi, Jawad

b. Sa'dallah), 114

matn-sharh relationship, 12, 36, 37 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Ahmad, 32,

45-6; see also Sharh Zubdat al-usül al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad

Muhsin, 34, 94-5, 99; see also Kawdshif al-hujub 'an mushkildt al-kutub

Minhdj al-wusül ild 'ilm al-usül (al-Baydawi, 'Abdallah b. 'Umar), 193, 203, 215, 217, 227, 235n

Mirqdt al-usül (Mansflr bi’llah al-Qasim), 12, 15t

Mirza Muhammad al-Akhbari see al-Akhbari, al- Mirza Muhammad

al-Mirza al-Qummi, Abfl l-Qasim b. Muhammad Hasan, 33

Mi'ydr al-'uqül fi 'ilm al-usül (Ibn al-Murtada), 12, 15t mu'addil (critic appraising uprightness of a transmit­ter), 119, 133, 135

Mu'alla b. Khunays, 163 al-Mufid, Muhammad b. Muhammad b. al-Nu'man

al-'Ukbari, 26-7, 28, 29

al-Mu’ayyad, Yahya b. Hamza, 13 al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 13, 14,

169, 191-3; see also Qantarat al-wusül ild 'ilm

al-usul

Mughni dhawi l-'uqül fi ma'rifat qawd'id al-usül (al­Tabari, 'Ali b. Salah), 12, 13, 15t

Muhammad, Prophet, 3, 155, 157, 159, 165, 247 descendants and ijmd', 203, 205

Ibn Ziba'ra, 109 ijtihdd, 46, 53, 55, 57, 58 pilgrimage, 55, 57 al-thaqalayn, hadith of, 109

Muhammad b. 'Abdallah Abfl l-'Allama, 191

Muhammad b. 'Abdallah b. Muhammad, 192

Muhammad b. 'Ali see Muhammad al-Baqir

Muhammad al-Baqir, 6, 159, 165

Muhammad Baqir al-Majlisi see Majlisi II

Muhammad al-Jawad, Muhammad b. 'Ali, 60, 71

Muhammad Taqi al-Majlisi see Majlisi I

Muhammad b. Yahya b. Muhammad Bahran, 12, 15t al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli, Ja'far b. al-Hasan, 24, 27, 28, 29, 32, 114, 121

solitary reports, 119, 123, 125, 127 transmitters, appraisal, 129

al-Muhaqqiq al-Karaki, 'Ali b. al-Husayn b. 'Abd al­Ali, 114

mujtahids (legal experts; scholars), 7, 28-9, 30, 31, 33-4

ijmd', 192, 197, 199, 201, 203, 205, 209, 217, 227, 234n

non-believers, 95, 99-105

taswib doctrine, 7-8, 37, 46, 209, 211, 225 al-Mujzi fi usül al-fiqh (Abfl Talib Yahya b. al-Husayn al-Harflni al-Natiq bi-l-Haqq), 11

mukhatti’a, the, 177; see also takhti’a; Twelver legal school

Mukhtasar al-dthdr (al-Qadi al-Nu'man), 20

Mukhtasar al-muntahd al-usüli/Mukhtasar al-muntahd l-su’al (Ibn al-Hajib), 11, 193, 199, 203

Mukhtasar al-usül ('Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Salama b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Ab- shami al-Qurashi), 20, 238, 239, 240-1

Imams/prophethood, 245, 247, 249, 251, 255, 257

manuscript folios, 242-4

manuscript sources, 241 salvation, 247, 249, 251 sects, division into, 240, 245, 251, 253, 255, 257, 259

sects, parable of the, 255, 257, 259

text, 245-59

Mukhtasar Wajihiyya fi l-td'a wa-l-qabül lil-amr wa-l- nahy (Luqmanji b. Habiballah), 22-3 al-Muntakhaba al-Wajihiyya (Ibrahim Wajih al-Din), 22

al-Muqaddimdt (al-Bahrani, Yflsuf b. Ahmad), 32 al-Muqni' fi usül al-fiqh (al-Da'i Yahya b. al-Muhsin b.

Abi l-Fawaris Mahfüz), 13

Müsa al-Kazim, Müsa b. Ja'far, 6, 165

Musannaf al-wazir (Ibn Killis), 20

musawwiba, the, 177; see also taswib; Zaydi legal school

al-Musta'li, Abü al-Qasim Ahmad b. al-Mustansir, 238

Musta'li-Tayyibi Isma'ilism, 16-17, 19-23, 238, 240, 255,' 259

da'iship/da'wa, 16-17, 19-23, 238, 239, 240, 249, 251, 259

Mustansir bi’llah, Abü Tamim Ma'ad, 238 al-Mu'tamad fi usül al-fiqh (Abü l-Husayn al-Basri), 11

al-Mu'tasim (al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al-Hasan b. Mur­tada), 61

al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah, Ahmad b. Sulayman, 11 Mu'tazili legal school, 3, 4, 11, 12, 240

usül al-fiqh, 7

al-Mu’yyad fi l-Din al-Shirazi, Hibatallah b. Abi 'Im­ran b. Dawüd al-Shirazi, 249

al-Muzaffar, Muhammad Rida, 35

Nahj al-balagha (Abü l-Hasan Muhammad b. al- Husayn al-Sharif al-Radi), 205

Nahj al-mustarshidin (al-'Allama al-Hilli), 114 al-Najashi, Ahmad b. 'Ali, 135 al-Nihaya (al-'Allama al-Hilli), 79, 81, 135

Nizam al-fusul (al-Hasan b. 'Ali b. Muhammad al- Jalal), 169

Nizar ibn al-Mustansir, 238

Nizari Isma'ilism, 16, 19 non-believers, 95, 99-105 al-Nu'mani, Muhammad b. Ibrahim, 153

particular/universal statements, 67-91 pilgrimage, 55, 57

Poonawala, Ismail K., 17, 18, 19 prayer, 183, 185, 187, 188 prophethood, 245, 247, 249, 251, 257

al-Qadi al-Nu'man, al-Nu'man b. Abi 'Abdallah Muhammad b. Mansür, 17, 18-20, 240, 247, 255

Qantarat al-wusul ila 'ilm al-usul (al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah al-Din Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi), 13, 14, 191, 192, 193

community, 197, 199, 210, 203 ijma', 191, 192-3, 197-233 manuscript folios, 194-6 manuscript sources, 192 text, 197-233

Qasidat al-Burda (al-Bflsiri), 46

qat' (definitiveness), 27

al-Qawa'id wa-l-fawa’id (al-Shahid al-Awwal), 28

Qawanin al-usül/al-Qawanin al-muhkama fi l-usül (al- Mirza al-Qummi), 33

qawl al-sahabi (opinion of a Companion), 207, 209 al-Qazwini, Mulla Khalil, 32

al-Qistas al-mustaqim (al-Mahdi li-Din Allah, Ahmad b. Yahya b. al-Murtada), 179

qiyas (analogy), 3, 8n, 10, 165, 179

al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al-Hasan b. Murtada, 91

Ibn al-Wazir, Ahmad b. 'Abdallah b. Ibrahim b. Muhammad, 177, 179-88

ijma', 207, 209, 223

invalid (batil), 10

qawl al-sahabi, 207, 209

qiyas al-'aks (co-absence), 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187

qiyas al-dalala (inferred occasioning factor), 181 qiyas al-'illa (explicit occasioning factor), 181, 187, 188

al-qiyas al-iqtirani (conjunctive syllogism), 181, 183

qiyas al-talazum (conditional hypothetical syllo­gism), 181, 183

qiyas al-tard (co-presence), 177, 179, 181, 183, 185, 187

tafri', 26

Twelver legal school, 24, 92n, 177, 179 al-Wazir, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim b. Muhammad, 177, 179-88

Zaydi legal school, 8n, 10, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187

al-Qummi, Mulla Muhammad Tahir, 31-2 al-Qummi, Sa'd b. 'Abdallah al-Ash'ari, 165 Qur’an, the, 149, 157, 245, 249

Ahl al-bayt, 255

authority, 165

Consultation Verse, 51, 53, 55

different understandings, 251, 253

Forgiveness Verse, 51, 53, 55

ijma', 201, 203, 223, 229, 231

prima facie sense, 95, 105-9, 251

prophethood, 247

rationalist approach, 253

Reliability Verse, 119, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131 Qutbuddin, Tahera, 19-20

al-Radd 'ala muqaddimat al-Hada’iq (al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al-Hasan b. Murtada), 60

al-Rasa’il/Fara’id al-usul (al-Ansari, al-Shaykh al-Murtada), 34-5

al-Rassas, Ahmad b. Muhammad, 12, 15t al-Rassas, Husam al-Din al-Hasan, 12 al-Rassi, al-Qasim b. Ibrahim, 9, 10, 12 ra’y (opinion), 3

Twelver legal school, 24, 26, 27 al-Razi, Fakhr al-Din, 69, 71, 79, 81, 183, 185 rejection of, 233

Reliability Verse, 119, 123, 125, 127, 129, 131 Rightly-guided caliphs, 207

Risala fi hujjiyyat al-zann (al-Bihbahani, Muhammad

Baqir), 33

Risala fi l-ijtihad wa-l-akhbar (al-Bihbahani, Muham­mad Baqir), 33

al-Risala al-waziriyya (Ibn Killis), 19

Risalat al-bayan wa-mudhidat al-buhtan ('Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Salama b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi), 239 Risalat Wajihiyya fi tartìb al-din wa-tabyin fard shahr

Ramadan (Luqmanji b. Habiballah), 22

sabil al-mu’minin (way of the believers), 223 al-Sadiq see Ja'far al-Sadiq al-Sadflq, Ibn Babawayh, Muhammad b. 'Ali, 153,

165

al-Saffar al-Qummi, Muhammad b. al-Hasan, 153 Safwat al-ikhtiyar fi usül al-fiqh (al-Mansflr bi’llah,

'Abdallah b. Hamza), 11, 12

Sahib al-Ma'alim see al-Hasan b. al-Shahid al-Thani Sahib al-Riyad (al-Tabataba’i, al-Sayyid 'Ali), 33 Sahifat al-safa (al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad),

139

Sama'a [b. Mihran], 119, 165 al-Sara’ir (Ibn Idris al-Hilli), 27 al-Shafi'i, Muhammad b. Idris, 53, 67, 213, 221 universal statements, 69, 71

Shafi'i legal school, 3, 53, 177, 179, 185, 187 al-Shahid al-Awwal, Shams al-Din Muhammad al-

'Amili, 28, 114

al-Shahid al-Thani, Zayn al-Din 'Ali b. Muhammad al-'Amili, 28-9, 127, 145

shakk (doubt), 35

Shams al-Din Muhammad al-'Amili see al-Shahid al-Awwal

Sharaf al-Din Yahya b. Shams al-Din, 168

Sharh ba'd al-mu'ammayat wa-l-alghaz (al-Kazimi,

Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh al-Durüs al-shar'iyya fi fiqh al-imamiyya (al-

Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh al-Fusul (Lutfallah b. Muhammad al-Ghiyath),

169

Sharh Khulasat al-hisab (al-Kazimi, Jawad b.

Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh Kitab surkhab fi 'ilm al-raml (al-Kazimi, Jawad

b. Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh Risalat fi nisbat tadaris al-ard (al-Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh Risalat al-samadiyya fi l-nahw (al-Kazimi,

Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh Tashrih al-aflak (al-Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

Sharh Zubdat al-usül (al-Mazandarani, Muhammad

Salih), 32, 46

commentary, 51-8

manuscript folios, 48-50

manuscript sources, 47

shari'a (God’s law), 1, 30, 247, 255, 257 Akhbarism, 145

'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Sala­ma b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 240, 245, 247, 251, 253, 255, 257

Isma'ili legal school, 16, 19, 23, 259

Twelver legal school, 27

al-Sharif al-Murtada, Abfl l-Qasim 'Ali b. al-Husayn, 27, 29, 114, 151

universal/particular, 65, 67, 69, 85, 87, 89, 91 Sharif al-'Ulama’ al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Sharif b. Hasan 'Ali, 94, 103

Sharih al-Burhan, Abfl l-Hasan 'Ali b. Isma'il al-

Abyari, 69

al-Shawkani, Muhammad b. 'Ali b. 'Abdallah, 13

Shifa’ al-ghalil (al-Ghazali, Abfl Hamid Muhammad b. Muhammad), 179

solitary reports (khabar al-wahid), 115, 119, 121-35 al-Subki, Taj al-Din 'Ali b. 'Abd al-Kafi, 168 Sunni Islam, 5, 7, 8, 11, 157

al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 163

'Ali b. Muhammad b. Ja'far b. Ibrahim b. Abi Sala­ma b. al-Walid al-Anf al-'Abshami al-Qurashi, 20, 240, 255

ijma', 207

legal authority, 115, 121

madhahib, 16n

al-Qadi al-Nu'man, criticism, 18

qiyas, 179

Twelver legal school, 28, 35

sunna, 5, 18, 157, 192, 201, 207

al-Akhbari, al-Mirza Muhammad, 161 al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Muhammad Muhsin, 107, 109

Zaydi legal school, 8, 10

Tabaqat al-Zaydiyya al-kubra (Ibrahim b. al-Qasim al-

Shahari), 168

al-Tabari, 'Ali b. Salah, 12, 13, 15t

al-Tabasi, Muhammad b. Mahmfld b. 'Ali, 115 al-Tabataba’i, al-Sayyid 'Ali see Sahib al-Riyad al-Tabataba’i, Muhammad b. 'Ali, 34, 140

al-Tadhkira fl usül al-fiqh (al-Mufld, Muhammad b. Muhammad), 26-7, 28

tafri' (technical legal derivation from fundamental cases [usül] to dependent cases furü']), 26

Tafsir 'Ali b. Ibrahim ('Ali b. Ibrahim al-Qummi), 153 Tahdhib al-wusül (al-'Allama al-Hilli), 29, 69, 79, 81 takhti’a (only one of them is correct) doctrine, 7, 8 taklif (the capacity to be held accountable), 121 Ta'liqa 'ala Khulasat al-rijal (al-Kazimi, Jawad b. Sa'dallah), 114

Tamhid al-qawa'id (al-Shahid al-Thani), 28-9

tanqih al-manat (honing down the basis for any par­ticular law), 65, 89, 91

taqiyya (dissimulation), 38, 141, 155, 157, 159 taqlid (requisite following), 28

al-Taqrib fi usül al-fiqh (al-Bahlüli, al-Qadi Ja'far), 12 tark al-istifsal (seeking clarification), 37, 67, 69, 73, 75, 77

taswib (the truth is with one of them) doctrine, 7-8, 46, 209, 211, 257

TaWil al-da'a’im (al-Qadi al-Nu'man), 247

Tayyib Abü l-Qasim, 238

concealment, 16, 19, 238

tazkiya (appraisal), 129, 131 al-thaqalayn (hadith of), 109 transmitters

appraisal, 115, 119, 129

solitary reports, 115, 119, 121-35

al-Tüni, 'Abdallah b. Muhammad, 32-3, 61; see also al-Wafiya

al-Tüsi, Muhammad b. Hasan, 27, 32, 29, 114, 119 solitary reports, 123, 125, 135 transmitters, appraisal, 135

Twelver legal school, 4, 6, 23-4, 53, 255

certainty, 140-1, 145, 147, 151, 153, 155, 159, 161 ijma' doctrine, 8, 111n qiyas, 24, 92n, 177, 179 solitary reports, 115, 119, 121-35 takhfia position, 8 transmitters, appraisal, 129-35 usül al-fiqh, 24-35

'Uddat al-usül (al-Tüsi, Muhammad b. Hasan), 27, 32, 125

unbeliever (kafir), 233; see also heretics universal/particular statements, 67-91 uprightness ('adl), 115, 119, 123-33 al-Urmawi, Siraj al-Din Mahmüd b. Abi Bakr, 185 usül al-fiqh (usül) (Islamic legal theory), 1-3, 4, 5, 199, 239-40

al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al-Hasan b. Murtada, 60-1

Isma'ili, 16-24, 239-40

al-Mazandarani, Muhammad Salih b. Ahmad, 45, 46

al-Mu’ayyadi, Salah b. Ahmad b. al-Mahdi, 193

Twelver, 24-35

Zaydi, 7-15, 173, 181

Usül al-fiqh (al-Muzaffar, Muhammad Rida), 35 Usüli movement, 30, 31, 32, 34-5

al-Bihbahani, Muhammad Baqir, 32-3

certainty, 140-1, 145, 153, 155, 159 contradictions, 161, 163

insidad bab al-'ilm theory, 140, 141, 145, 147 jurisprudence, 95

al-Mujtahidfln, 30, 31

al-Wafi fi sharh al-Wafiya (al-A'raji, Muhsin b. al- Hasan b. Murtada), 61, 66-91

commentary, 66-91

manuscript folios, 62-3

manuscript sources, 61 al-Wafiya (al-Tüni), 32, 33, 61, 107 al-Walid family, 238-9

al-Wazir, Sarim al-Din Ibrahim b. Muhammad, 7, 12, 14, 15t, 168, 192; see also al-Fusül al-lu’lu’iyya

Yahya al-Hadi ila l-Haqq, 10, 168

Yahya b. al-Muhsin b. Abi l-Fawaris Mahfüz, 13

al-Zahir f usül al-fiqh (al-Mutawakkil 'ala Allah, Ah­mad b. Sulayman), 11, 12

Zahiri legal school, 3

zann (assumption; opinion), 27, 28, 199

al-Ansari, 35

Zayd b. 'Ali, 5, 9, 181, 183

Zaydi legal school, 4, 5-6

base texts, 12-13, 15t

Caspian region, 11, 13-14

Companions of the Prophet, 8

ijma', 8, 193, 203, 207, 209

Imams, 7, 8, 9-10, 11, 24-5

law sources, 8

matn-style texts, 12

monographs, 13

qiyas, 8n, 10, 177, 179, 181, 183, 187

taswib doctrine, 7-8

usül al-fiqh, 7-15

Yemen, 11, 13

Zaydi-Mu'tazili trend, 11, 12

Zayn al-Din 'Ali b. Muhammad al-'Ämili see al- Shahid al-Thani

Zubdat al-usül (al-Shaykh al-Baha’i), 29, 46, 51