Contents
Contributors............................................................................ vii
Preface to the Third Edition....................................................
ixPreface to the First Edition..................................................... xi
Index of Competencies....................................................... xxiii
3.11. Autistic Spectrum Disorders 50
3.12. Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder 52
4. Behavioral Disorders 56
1. Child Health in India 1
Mukesh Agrawal
1.1 Indicators of Child Health 1
1.2. Changing Profile of Diseases 2
1.3 Determinants of Child Health 2
1.4 Interventional Strategies in Child Health 3
2. Normal Growth and Development 5
Surbhi Rathi, Priyanka Bote, Mukesh Agrawal
2.1 Determinants of Growth and Development 5
2.2 Laws and Patterns of Growth 6
2.3 Normal Childhood Growth 7
2.3.1 Somatic (Anthropometric Growth 8
2.3.2 Dental Development (Dentition) 9
2.3.3 Skeletal Maturation 10
2.3.4 Body Composition 10
2.4 Growth Norms and Growth Charts 11
2.5 Growth Assessment and Monitoring 13
2.6 Normal Childhood Development 18
2.6.1 General Laws (Principles) of Development 18
2.6.2 Developmental Milestones 19
2.7 Developmental Assessment 21
3. Growth and Development Disorders 33
Samir H Dalwai, Surbhi Rathi, Mukesh Agrawal
3.1 Failure to Thrive 33
3.2 Obesity 34
3.3 Short Stature 37
3.4 Tall Stature 40
3.5 Developmental Delay 41
3.6 Intellectual Disability 43
3.7 Learning Disorders 45
3.8 Hearing Disorders 47
3.9. Speech and Language Disorders 48
3.10. Scholastic Backwardness 49
Jane JE David, Mukesh Agrawal
4.1 Fussy Infant 56
4.2 Eating Disorders 57
4.2.1 Picky-Eating 57
4.2.2 Pica 58
4.3 Elimination Disorders 58
4.3.1 Enuresis 58
4.3.2 Encopresis 59
4.4 Habit Disorders 60
4.5 Sleep Disorders 62
4.6 Conduct Disorders 62
4.6.1 Breath-Holding Spells 63
4.6.2 Temper Tantrums 63
4.7 Anxiety Disorders 63
4.8 Psychosomatic Disorders 64
4.9 Child Guidance Clinic 65
5.
Normal Nutrition66
Radha Ghildiyal, Mukesh Agrawal
5.1 Basic Considerations 66
5.1.1 Nutritional Requirements 66
5.1.2 Essential Nutrients 67
5.2 Breastfeeding 69
5.2.1 Composition of Breast Milk 69
5.2.2 Advantages of Breastfeeding 69
5.2.3 Physiology of Lactation 70
5.2.4 Correct Breastfeeding Techniques and Practices 71
5.2.5 Common Breastfeeding Problems 73
5.2.6 Lactation Counseling 75
5.3 Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative 76
5.4 Alternative Infant Feeding 77
5.4.1 Expressed Breast Milk 77
5.4.2 Human Milk Banking 77
5.4.3 Top Feeding 77
5.5 Complementary Feeding 78
5.6 Infant and Young Child Feeding Guidelines 80
5.7 Balanced Diet 80
5.8 Nutritional Profile of Indian Foods 81
5.9 Nutritional Assessment 84
6. Nutritional Disorders 86
Radha Ghildiyal, Mukesh Agrawal
6.1 Childhood Undernutrition 86
6.1.1 Etiopathogenesis 86
6.1.2 Clinical Spectrum 87
6.1.3 Diagnostic Assessment 89
6.1.4 Severe and Moderate Acute Malnutrition 91
6.1.5 Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition 91
6.1.6 Severe Acute Malnutrition in Infants
< 6 Months 96
6.1.7 Moderate Acute Malnutrition 97
6.1.8 Prevention of Undernutrition 97
6.2 Vitamin A Deficiency 98
6.3 Vitamin B Complex Disorders 100
6.4 Vitamin C Deficiency (Scurvy) 104
6.5 Vitamin D Deficiency (Rickets) 105
6.5.1 Vitamin D Deficiency Rickets 106
6.5.2 Vitamin D Resistant Rickets 108
6.5.3 Hypervitaminosis D 109
6.6 Vitamin E Deficiency 109
6.7 Vitamin K Deficiency 109
6.8 Mineral Disorders and Trace Elements 110
6.9 Free Radicals in Health and Disease 112
7. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance 114
Milind S Tullu, Mukesh Agrawal
7.1 Water Homeostasis 114
7.1.1 Physiology of Water Balance 114
7.1.2 Edema 116
7.1.3 Dehydration 116
7.2 Sodium Disorders 117
7.3 Potassium Disorders 119
7.4 Calcium Disorders 120
7.5 Magnesium Disorders 122
7.6 Acid-Base Disorders 123
7.6.1 Normal Acid-Base Regulation 123
7.6.2 Evaluation of Acid-Base Status 124
7.6.3 Specific Acid-Base Disorders 125
7.7 Parenteral Fluid Therapy 127
7.7.1 Principles of Fluid Therapy 127
7.7.2 Fluid Therapy in Clinical Practice 128
7.7.3 Fluid Therapy in Specific Situations 129
8.
Immunological Disorders 131Mukesh Agrawal
8.1 Basic Considerations 131
8.2 Immunodeficiency Disorders 135
8.3 Opportunistic Infections 137
8.4 Hypersensitivity Disorders 140
8.4.1 General Concepts in Allergy 140
8.4.2 Anaphylaxis 142
9. Immunization 144
Mukesh Agrawal, Niranjan Shendurnikar
9.1 Basic Considerations 144
9.1.1 Physiology of Immunization 144
9.1.2 Determinants of Immune
Response 145
9.1.3 Immunization Agents 146
9.2 Individual Vaccines 147
9.2.1 Vaccines in National Immunization Schedule 147
9.2.2 Additional Vaccines Recommended By IAP 154
9.2.3 Vaccines for Selective Use 156
9.2.4 Newer Vaccines 157
9.2.5 Combination Vaccines 158
9.3 Immunization Schedules 158
9.3.1 National Immunization Schedule 158
9.3.2 Indian Academy of Pediatrics Schedule 159
9.3.3 Missed (Catch-Up) Immunization 159
9.3.4 Adolescent Immunization 160
9.4 Immunization in Specific Situations 160
9.5 Immunization Programs 162
9.5.1 Universal Immunization Program 162
9.5.2 Mission Indradhanush 163
9.6 Cold Chain System 164
9.7 Adverse Events following Immunization 165
9.8 Safe Immunization Practices 166
9.8.1 Counseling and Vaccine Hesitancy 167
9.8.2 Safe Immunization Practices 167
9.8.3 Pain and Anxiety Reduction 169
9.9 Passive Immunization 170
10. Infections 172
Yahswant R Gabhale, Nikita Shah, Mukesh Agrawal
10.1 Fever in Children 172
10.1.1 Basic Considerations 172
10.1.2 Pyrexia of Unknown Origin
(Prolonged Pyrexia) 174
10.1.3 Exanthematous Fevers
(Fever with Rash) 175
10.1.4 Hemorrhagic Fevers
(Fever with Petechiae/Purpura) 175
10.1.5 Febrile Neutropenia (Fever in a
Neutropenic Child) 176
10.1.6 Drug Fever 177
10.2 Staphylococcal Infections 178
10.3 Streptococcal Infections 179
10.4 Pneumococcal Infections 180
10.5 Diphtheria 180
10.6 Whooping Cough 182
10.7 Enteric Fever 183
10.8 Shigellosis 185
10.9 H. influenzae B Disease 186
10.10 Meningococcal Infections 187
10.11 Cholera 188
10.12 Brucellosis 189
10.13 Childhood Tuberculosis 189
10.14 Leprosy 201
10.15 Tetanus 203
10.16 Non-clostridial Anaerobic Infections 207
10.17 Rickettsial Fevers 208
10.18 Measles 209
10.19 Chickenpox 212
10.20 Mumps 213
10.21 Acute Poliomyelitis 214
10.22 Enteroviral Infections (Non-Polio) 217
10.23 Dengue 218
10.24 Herpetic Viral Infections 223
10.24.1 Herpes Simplex 223
10.24.2 Infectious Mononucleosis 224
10.24.3 Cytomegalovirus Disease 224
10.25 COVID-19 Infection 225
10.26 Influenza 228
10.27 Rabies 230
10.28 Pediatric HIV Infection 232
10.29 Leptospirosis 242
10.30 Fungal Infections 243
10.31 Chlamydial Infections 244
10.32 Mycoplasma Infections 244
10.33 Malaria 245
10.34 Kala-azar 252
10.35 Filariasis 253
10.36 Intestinal Protozoal Infections 255
10.36.1 Amebiasis 255
10.36.2 Giardiasis 255
10.37 Intestinal Worm Infestations 256
10.38 Nosocomial Infections 260
11.
Genetic Disorders 264Kshitija R Patil, Mukesh Agrawal
11.1 Basic Considerations 264
11.2 Modes of Genetic Inheritance 265
11.3 Chromosomal Disorders 269
11.3.1 Down Syndrome 270
11.3.2 Turner Syndrome 273
11.3.3 Klinefelter Syndrome 274
11.4. Evaluation of Genetic Disorders 275
11.5 Management of Genetic Disorders 277
11.5.1 Treatment of Index Case 277
11.5.2 Genetic Counseling 278
11.5.3 Prenatal Diagnosis 279
11.6 Inborn Errors of Metabolism 280
11.6.1 Disorders of Amino Acid Metabolism 281
11.6.2 Disorders of Lipid Metabolism 285
11.6.3 Disorders of Carbohydrate Metabolism 287
11.6.4 Mucopolysaccharides 289
11.6.5 Porphyria 290
12. Newborn 292
Anitha Haribalakrishna, Jyotsna Shrivastava, Alpa Bhosale, Mukesh Agrawal
12.1 General Terminology 292
12.2 Perinatal Health Indicators 292
12.3 Prenatal Pediatrics 293
12.3.1 Essential Antenatal Care 294
12.3.2 High-risk Pregnancy 294
12.3.3 Fetal Monitoring 294
12.3.4 Fetal Therapy 296
12.3.5 Multiple Pregnancy 297
12.4 Delivery Room Care and Neonatal Resuscitation 298
12.4.1 Essential Delivery Room Care 298
12.4.2 Neonatal Resuscitation 299
12.5 Examination of A Newborn 304
12.6 Care of Normal Newborn 310
12.7 Minor Problems in Newborns 311
12.8 High-risk Newborn 314
12.9 Transport of a Sick Newborn 315
12.10 Birth Injuries 316
12.10.1 Birth Asphyxia 316
12.10.2 Mechanical Birth Injuries 319
12.11 Gestation and Birth Weight Disorders 321
12.11.1 Prematurity (Preterm-LBW) 321
12.11.2 Intrauterine Growth Retardation 326
12.11.3 Large for Date Babies 327
12.11.4 Post-maturity 328
12.12 Thermoregulation Disorders 328
12.12.1 Hypothermia 329
12.12.2 Kangaroo Mother Care 330
12.12.3 Hyperthermia 331
12.13 Respiratory Disorders in Newborn 331
12.13.1 D/D Respiratory Distress 331
12.13.2 Common Respiratory Problems 332
12.14 Neonatal Jaundice 337
12.14.1 Physiological Jaundice 337
12.14.2 Diagnostic Approach in Neonatal Jaundice 338
12.14.3 Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia 339
12.14.4 Kernicterus 342
12.14.5 Neonatal Cholestasis 344
12.15 Perinatal Infections 345
12.15.1 Superficial Neonatal Infections 345
12.15.2 Neonatal Septicemia 347
12.15.3 Neonatal Necrotizing Enterocolitis 348
12.15.4 Intrauterine Infections 349
12.16 Neonatal Seizures 354
12.17 Hematological Disorders in Newborn 355
12.17.1 Bleeding Neonate 355
12.17.2 Anemia in Newborn 357
12.17.3 Neonatal Polycythemia 358
12.18 Metabolic Disorders in Newborn 358
12.19 Congenital Malformations 360
13.
Adolescence and AdolescenceDisorders 363
Surbhi Rathi, Mukesh Agrawal
13.1 Adolescent Growth and Development 363
13.2 Common Health Problems in
Adolescence 364
13.3 Psychosocial Problems in Adolescence 368
13.4 Adolescent Health Check-up 369
13.5 Adolescent Friendly Health Services 370
14. Gastrointestinal Disorders 372
Prachi S Karnik, Aditi Dharap, Mukesh Agrawal
14.1 Basic Considerations 372
14.2 Clinical Evaluation of GIT Disease 373
14.3 Laboratory Evaluation of GIT Disease 374
14.4 Common Presentations in GIT Disease 375
14.4.1 Dysphagia 376
14.4.2 Vomiting 376
14.4.3 Abdominal Pain 378
14.4.4 Constipation 380
14.4.5 GIT Bleeding 381
14.4.6 Abdominal Distension 382
14.4.7 Abdominal Mass/Lump 382
14.5 Disorders of Oral Cavity 382
14.5.1 Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate 382
14.5.2 Dental Caries 383
14.5.3 Oral Cavity Inflammations 384
14.5.4 Tongue Disorders 385
14.5.5 Salivary Gland Disorders 385
14.6 Esophageal Disorders 385
14.6.1 Tracheoesophageal Fistula 385
14.6.2 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease 386
14.7 Diaphragmatic Disorders 387
14.7.1 Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia 387
14.8 Gastric Disorders 389
14.8.1 Infantile Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis 389
14.9 Intestinal Malformations 391
14.9.1 Small Bowel Malformations 391
14.9.2 Hirschsprung's Disease 392
14.9.3 Anorectal Malformations 394
14.9.4 Abdominal Wall Defects 395
14.10 Acute Diarrhea 396
14.11 Persistent Diarrhea 401
14.12 Malabsorption Syndromes
(Chronic Diarrhea) 404
14.13 Acute Intestinal Obstruction 409
14.14 Acute Appendicitis 410
14.15 Perianal Disorders 411
14.16 Pancreatic Disorders 412
14.17 Disorders of Gallbladder 413
14.18 Disorders of Peritoneum 413
15. Disorders of Hepatobiliary System 416
Aditi Dharap, Prachi S Karnik, Mukesh Agrawal
15.1 Basic Considerations 416
15.2 Hepatomegaly 417
15.3 Jaundice 418
15.4 Viral Hepatitis 419
15.5 Acute Hepatic Failure 422
15.6 Liver Abscess 423
15.7 Chronic Liver Disease 424
15.8 Portal Hypertension 428
16.
Respiratory Disorders 430Chandrahas T Deshmukh, Mukesh Agrawal
16.1 Basic Considerations 430
16.2 Clinical Evaluation of Respiratory Disease 433
16.3 Laboratory Investigations in Lung Disease 436
16.4 Common Clinical Presentations 438
16.4.1 Recurrent/Persistent Cough 438
16.4.2 Respiratory Distress 440
16.4.3 Stridor 440
16.4.4 Wheezing 441
16.5 Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders 442
16.5.1 Nasal Disorders 443
16.5.2 Sinusitis 445
16.5.3 Throat Disorders 445
16.5.4 Ear Disorders 447
16.6 Acute Croup 449
16.7 Acute Bronchiolitis 451
16.8 Bronchial Asthma 452
16.9 Pneumonia 460
16.9.1 Infective Pneumonia 460
16.9.2 Non-infective Pneumonia 464
16.10 Chronic Lung Diseases 466
16.10.1 Bronchiectasis 466
16.10.2 Lung Abscess 467
16.10.3 Cystic Fibrosis 468
16.10.4 Interstitial Lung Diseases 469
16.10.5 Congenital Lung Malformations 470
16.11 Miscellaneous Lung Disorders 471
16.12 Pleural Disorders 473
16.12.1 Empyema Thoracis 473
16.12.2 Pneumothorax 475
17. Disorders of Cardiovascular System 477
Radha Ghildiyal, Mukesh Agrawal
17.1 Developmental Cardiology 477
17.1.1 Development of Heart 477
17.1.2 Fetal Circulation 478
17.1.3 Fetal to Neonatal Transition 478
17.1.4 Postnatal Circulation 479
17.2 Clinical Evaluation for Cardiac Disease 480
17.3 Investigations in Cardiac Disease 486
17.4 Congestive Cardiac Failure 490
17.5 Congenital Heart Disease 494
17.5.1 General Considerations 494
17.5.2 AcyanoticC HDS 495
17.5.3 Cyanotic C HDS 503
17.5.4 Diagnostic Approach in CHD 506
17.6 Rheumatic Fever 507
17.7 Rheumatic Heart Disease 511
17.8 Infective Endocarditis 515
17.9 Myocardial Disorders 516
17.9.1 Myocarditis 516
17.9.2 Cardiomyopathies 517
17.10 Arrhythmia 519
17.11 Pericarditis 522
17.12 Childhood Hypertension 523
18. Disorders of Central Nervous System 528
P Keerthi Kundana, Mona Gajre, Alpana Kondekar Mukesh Agrawal
18.1 Clinical Evaluation in Neurological Disease 528
18.2 Laboratory Evaluation in CNS Disease 532
18.3 Comatose Child 534
18.4 Raised Intracranial Pressure 537
18.5 Headache 539
18.6 Seizure Disorders 540
18.6.1 General Considerations 540
18.6.2 Status Epilepticus 545
18.6.3 Febrile Seizures 545
18.6.4 Epilepsy in Childhood 547
18.6.5 Seizure-Like Disorders
(Seizure Mimics) 550
18.7 Cerebrovascular Strokes 551
18.8 Hemiplegia 553
18.9 Movement Disorders 554
18.10 Congenital CNS Malformations 557
18.10.1 Neural Tube Defects 557
18.10.2 Hydrocephalus 560
18.11 Cerebral Palsy 563
18.12 Intracranial Infections 565
18.12.1 Bacterial Meningitis 565
18.12.2 Tubercular Meningitis 567
18.12.3 Viral Encephalitis 569
18.12.4 Autoimmune Encephalitis 571
18.12.5 Reye Syndrome 572
18.12.6 Cerebral Malaria 572
18.12.7 Brain Abscess 573
18.12.8 Tuberculoma 574
18.12.9 Neurocysticercosis 574
18.13 Brain Tumors 575
18.14 Neurocutaneous Syndromes 577
18.15 Neurodegenerative Disorders 580
18.16 Spinal Cord Disorders 583
18.16.1 Acute Transverse Myelitis 583
18.16.2 Spinal Cord Injuries 583
18.16.3 Spinal Cord Malformations 584
18.16.4 Spinal Cord Tumors 584
18.17 Paraplegia 584
18.18 Neuromuscular Disorders 586
18.18.1 Anterior Horn Cell Disorders 587
18.18.2 Peripheral Neuropathies 588
18.18.3 Neuromuscular Junction Disorders 590
18.18.4 Myopathies 591
18.19 Floppy Infant 594
18.20 Disorders of Autonomic System 595
19. Hematological Disorders 597
Sujata Sharma, Priyashree Mukherjee, Purvi Kadakia Kutty
Mukesh Agrawal
19.1 Basic Considerations 597
19.2 Anemia-General Concepts 599
19.3 Physiological Anemia of Infancy 602
19.4 Nutritional Anemia 602
19.4.1 Iron Deficiency Anemia 602
19.4.2 Megaloblastic Anemia 605
19.5 Hemolytic Anemia 606
19.5.1 Hereditary Spherocytosis 607
19.5.2 G6PD Deficiency Anemia 608
19.5.3 Thalassemia 609
19.5.4 Sickle Cell Disease 612
19.5.5 Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 614
19.6 Aplastic Anemia 614
19.7 Polycythemia 616
19.8 Leukocyte Disorders 616
19.9 Physiology of Hemostasis 619
19.10 Hemorrhagic Disorders 620
19.11 Platelet Disorders 622
19.11.1 Immune Thrombocytopenic
Purpura 622
19.12 Coagulation Disorders 625
19.12.1 Hemophilia 625
19.13 Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation 627
19.14 Hypercoagulable States 628
19.15 Specific Therapeutic Modalities in Hematology 629
19.15.1 Blood-product Transfusions 629
19.15.2 Hematopoietic Stem-cell Transplantation 631
19.15.3 Hematopoietic Growth Factors 632
19.16 Disorders of Spleen 632
19.16.1 Splenomegaly 632
19.16.2 Hyposplenic States 634
19.17 Disorders of Lymphatic System 634
20. Oncological Disorders
637
Purvi Kadakia Kutty, Sujata Sharma, Mukesh Agrawal
20.1 Basic Considerations 637
20.2 Leukemia 639
20.2.1 Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia 639
20.2.2 Acute Myelogenous Leukemia 642
20.2.3 Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia 643
20.3 Lymphoma 643
20.3.1 Hodgkin Lymphoma 643
20.3.2 Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma 644
20.4 Neuroblastoma 646
20.5 Wilms Tumor 647
20.6 Retinoblastoma 648
20.7 Skeletal Malignancies 648
20.8 Soft Tissue Sarcoma 649
20.9 Hepatic Tumors 650
20.10 Histiocytosis 650
21. Renal Disorders 653
Varsha D Phadke, Apurva Shah, Neha Pandey Mukesh Agrawal
21.1 Basic Considerations 653
21.2 Evaluation in Renal Disease 655
21.3 Congenital Renal Malformations 658
21.4 Hereditary Nephropathies 660
21.5 Hematuria 660
21.6 Glomerulonephritis 661
21.6.1 Acute Glomerulonephritis 662
21.6.2 Rapidly Progressive
Glomerulonephritis 663
21.6.3 Chronic Glomerulonephritis 663
21.6.4 Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome 664
21.6.5 Renal Vein Thrombosis 665
21.7 Proteinuria 666
21.8 Nephrotic Syndrome 666
21.9 Acute Kidney Injury 671
21.10 Chronic Kidney Disease 675
21.11 Tubular Disorders 677
21.11.1 Renal Tubular Acidosis 677
21.11.2 Hereditary Tubular Disorders 679
21.11.3 Acute Tubular Necrosis 680
21.12 Acute Interstitial Nephritis 680
21.13 Urinary Tract Malformations 680
21.14 Obstructive Uropathy 683
21.15 Urinary Tract Infections 685
21.16 Penoscrotal Disorders 688
22. Disorders of Endocrine System 691
Shruti A Mondkar, Mukesh Agrawal
22.1 Basic Considerations 691
22.2 Pituitary Disorders 691
| 22.2.1 | Hypopituitarism | 692 |
| 22.2.2 | Growth Hormone Deficiency 692 | |
| 22.2.3 | Hyperpituitarism | 693 |
| 22.2.4 | Diabetes Insipidus | 694 |
22.2.5 Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH Secretion 694
22.3 Thyroid Disorders 695
22.3.1 Hypothyroidism 695
22.3.2 Goiter 697
22.3.3 Iodine Deficiency Disorders 698
22.3.4 Hyperthyroidism 699
22.4 Parathyroid Disorders 699
22.5 Adrenal Disorders 700
22.5.1 Adrenocortical Insufficiency 701
22.5.2 Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia 702
22.5.3 Addison Disease 703
22.5.4 Cushing Syndrome 703
22.5.5 Hyperaldosteronism 704
22.5.6 Adrenal Sex-steroid Producing Tumours (Adrenogenital Syndrome) 705
22.5.7 Pheochromocytoma 705
22.6 Disorders of Sex-steroids 705
22.6.1 Disorders of Sex Development (Ambiguous Genitalia) 706
22.6.2 Disorders of Puberty 708
22.7 Diabetes Mellitus 710
22.7.1 Type I Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) 711
22.8 Hypoglycemia 716
23. Disorders of Bones and Joints
719
Mukesh Agrawal
23.1 Basic Considerations 719
23.2 Developmental Bone Disorders 719
23.2.1 Craniofacial Malformations 720
23.2.2 Developmental Limb Disorders 721
23.2.3 Spinothoracic Disorders 726
23.3 Limping Child 728
23.4 Skeletal Dysplasia 728
23.5 Bone and Joint Infections 731
23.5.1 Acute Osteomyelitis 731
23.5.2 Septic Arthritis 732
23.5.3 Osteoarticular Tuberculosis 733
23.6 Osteochondroses 734
23.7 Bone Masses and Tumors 735
23.8 Fractures in Childhood 736
24. Rheumatic Disorders
738
Divya Ramadoss, Mukesh Agrawal
24.1 Basic Considerations 738
24.2 Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis 739
24.3 Systemic Connective Tissue Disorders 743
24.3.1 Systemic Lupus Erythematosus 743
24.3.2 Juvenile Dermatomyositis 745
24.3.3 Scleroderma 746
24.4 Vasculitis Syndromes 747
24.4.1 Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
(IGA Vasculitis) 747
24.4.2 Wegener Granulomatosis 748
24.4.3 Kawasaki Disease 748
24.4.4 Polyarteritis Nodosa 749
24.4.5 Takayasu Disease 750
25. Skin Disorders
751
Mukesh Agrawal
25.1 Basic Considerations 751
25.2 Developmental Skin Disorders 753
25.3 Common Skin Infections 756
25.3.1 Bacterial Infections 756
25.3.2 Fungal Infections 758
25.3.3 Viral Infections 759
25.3.4 Parasitic Infestations 759
25.4 Pigmentary Skin Disorders 760
25.4.1 Hyperpigmented Lesions 760
25.4.2 Hypopigmented Lesions 761
25.5 Maculopapular Disorders 762
25.6 Vesiculobullous Disorders 765
25.7 Papulosquamous Disorders 768
25.8 Eczematous Skin Disorders 770
25.9 Disorders of Dermis 772
25.10 Disorders of Subcutaneous Fat 772
25.11 Disorders of Skin Appendages 773
25.11.1 Hair Disorders 773
25.11.2 Sebaceous Gland Disorders 773
25.11.3 Sweat Gland Disorders 774
25.11.4 Nail Disorders 775
26. Ophthalmic Disorders 776
Mukesh Agrawal
26.1 General Considerations 776
26.2 Ocular Disorders 776
26.2.1 Disorders of Orbit 776
26.2.2 Disorders of Eyelids 777
26.2.3 Disorders of Lacrimal System 778
26.2.4 Conjunctival Disorders 778
26.2.5 Scleral Disorders 780
26.2.6 Corneal Disorders 780
26.2.7 Uveal Tract Disorders 781
26.2.8 Pupillary Disorders 782
26.2.9 Glaucoma 782
26.2.10 Lens Disorders 783
26.2.11 Retinal Disorders 783
26.2.12 Optic Nerve Disorders 785
26.2.13 Ocular Injuries 785
26.3 Vision Disorders 786
26.3.1 Amaurosis (Blindness) 786
26.3.2 Amblyopia 787
26.3.3 Refractive Errors 787
26.3.4 Strabismus (SQUINT) 788
26.3.5 Nystagmus 789
27. Critical Care 790
Sushma Save, Pritha Das, Mukesh Agrawal
27.1 Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation 790
27.1.1 Pediatric Basic Life Support 790
27.1.2 Transport of Sick Child 794
27.1.3 Pediatric Advanced Life Support 795
27.2 Acute Respiratory Failure 798
27.3 Shock 802
27.4 Pediatric Intensive Care 806
27.4.1 Consensus Guidelines for PICU 806
27.4.2 Admission Criteria for PICU 806
27.4.3 Vascular Access in Sick Children 806
27.4.4 Monitoring of Critically Sick Child 807
27.4.5 Nutrition In Critically Sick Child 808
27.4.6 Sedation and Analgesia in Intensive Care 808
27.4.7 Prediction of Outcome (Prism
Score) 809
27.4.8 Counseling Parents of Serious/ Terminally Ill Child 809
27.4.9 Death Criteria and Brain Death 809
27.5 Accidents in Childhood 810
27.5.1 Childhood Trauma 810
27.5.2 Burns and Scalds 814
27.5.3 Drowning and Near Drowning 815
27.5.4 Foreign Body Accidents 816
27.5.5 Snake Bite 817
27.5.6 Scorpion Sting 818
27.5.7 Heat Injuries 819
27.6 Poisoning in Children 820
27.6.1 General Principles of Management 820
27.6.2 Common Specific Poisonings 823
27.7 Sudden Infant Death Syndrome 827
28. Social Pediatrics 829
Mukesh Agrawal
28.1 National Health Objectives 829
28.2 Child Health Indicators in India 829
28.3 National Health Programmes 832
28.3.1 National Health Mission 832
28.3.2 Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) Approach 833
28.3.3 Integrated Child Development Services 833
28.3.4 Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram
834
28.3.5 Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram
835
28.3.6 India Newborn Action Plan 835
28.3.7 Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram 835
28.3.8 Home-based Newborn Care 836
28.3.9 Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram 836
28.3.10 National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme 836
28.3.11 Under-Fives' Clinics 837
28.3.12 School Health Service 837
28.4 Socially At-Risk Children 837
28.4.1 Child Abuse and Neglect (Child Maltreatment) 838
28.4.2 Child Labour 839
28.4.3 Street Children 839
28.4.4 Girl Child 839
28.4.5 Handicapped Child 840
28.4.6 Juvenile Delinquency 840
29. Integrated Management of Neonatal and Childhood Illnesses 842
Mukesh Agrawal
29.1 Outpatient Management of Children from
2 Months up to 5 Years 844
29.2 Outpatient Management of Children below
2 Months (Sick Young Infants) 847
31. General Physical Examination 856
Mukesh Agrawal
32. Procedures and Equipments 867
Mukesh Agrawal
32.1 General Principles 867
32.2 Injection Devices and Routes 867
32.3 Vascular Access Procedures 868
32.4 Resuscitation Procedures and Devices 873
32.5 Aerosol Devices and Techniques 876
32.6 Aspiration and Biopsy Procedures 879
32.7 Feeding Support Procedures and Devices 884
32.8 Urinary Catheters and Drainage Devices 884
32.9 General Monitoring Equipment 886
33. Drugs and Medications 888
Mukesh Agrawal, Snehal Keni, Aparanta Chandra
33.1 Anti-bacterial Therapy 888
33.2 Anti-tubercular Agents 893
33.3 Anti-viral Agents 894
33.4 Anti-fungal Agents 896
33.5 Anti-malarial Agents 896
33.6 Anti-protozoal and Anti-parasitic Agents 897
33.7 General Medications 899
30. History Taking in Pediatrics 850
Mukesh Agrawal
Index
923