DYSPHAGIA

• Oropharyngeal lesions

- Congenital: Cleft-palate, macroglossia

- Indammatory: Stomatitis, tonsilopharyngitis, diphtheria

- Extrinsic: Retropharyngeal abscess, tumors

• Esophageal lesions

- Strictures—congenital, GER, corrosive poisoning

- Foreign body

- Inhammatory: Reflux esophagitis, candidiasis*

- Extrinsic: Aortic ring, mediastinal tumors

• Neuromuscular un-coordination

- Physiological in preterms

- Bulbar/pseudobulbar palsy (transfer dysphagia)

- Achalasia/Hiatus hernia

- Motility disorders: Riley-Day syndrome, myasthenia *important in immunocompromised host.

body and achalasia, (c) esophagoscopy - preferred if possible, and (d) 24 hr pH-impedance with manometry in select cases to exclude gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).

14.4.2