Focal Damage
Isolated focal brain injuries can occur from a variety of causes, including brain tumor resections, gunshot wounds, and other foreign body penetrations. The cognitive and motor deficits may vary because of differences in brain injury loci.
Obviously, if there is a unilateral penetrating or focal injury involving the motor area, a hemiparesis may result. Depending on the precise location of the damage, hemiparesis may be more pronounced in the upper or lower extremity. The long-term outcomes in motor, cognitive, and behavioral functioning may be better in focal injuries versus diffuse injuries given the isolated nature of the brain damage (64).10.1
Rating of Brain Injury Severity
| MILD | MODERATE | SEVERE | PROFOUND | |
| Initial Glasgow Coma Scale | 13-15 with no deterioration | 9-12 with no deterioration | 3-8 | |
| Posttraumatic amnesia | 24 hours | |||
| Duration of unconsciousness | 90 days |
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