Summary

As mentioned at the onset of this constitutional bone condition section, typically, these individuals have normal intelligence. They may, however, be perceived differently, especially if they are smaller than their chronological age. Age-appropriate interventions are key in this group. It is important to know the key fea­tures in these groups as well as serious complications. As these conditions generally have increased risk of atlantoaxial instability, these individuals should be restricted from contact sports and other high-risk activities (364).