Thoracic Lesions
Thoracic-level malformations spare the upper extremities, with the exception of decreased ability to abduct the fifth digit (thoracic level 1 = T1). There is usually partial innervation of the abdominal and intercostal musculature, which may result in respiratory dysfunction or insufficiency.
Kyphosis and kyphoscoliosis may result from trunk weakness and be more prominent in individuals with vertebral anomalies (26). The lack of volitional movements combined with the effect of gravity lead to lower extremity deformities. The usual lower extremity posture in the supine position is partial hip external rotation, abduction, and ankle plantarflexion. Deformities develop from sitting, hip flexion, knee flexion, and equinus. Hip flexion contractures with compensatory lumbar lordosis increase any preexisting kyphosis or kyphoscoliosis.
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