With the development of neonatal and pediatric transport medicine as a specialty during the last 75 years, there is an increasing need for evidence­based research to support clinical practice in the transport environment.

Although it seems logical when developing a new program to simply apply neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), pediatric intensive care unit (PICU), and emergency department clinical protocols, most transport professionals quickly discover that many techniques and therapies used in the hospital need to be adapted to the unique ground and air transport environments.

Although neonatal-pediatric transport programs are often part of children’s hospitals, many teams originate from general adult and pediat­ric programs, or in the case of unit-based neonatal teams, from available or interested NICU staff. Given the variability of training and experience among team members, it is of vital importance that there be more organized efforts on a national level to improve quality of care using evidence-based research. Much neonatal-pediatric transport clinical research has focused on justification and optimal composition of specialized neonatal-pediatric trans­port programs. Limited investigational reports, mostly single-center studies, during the last few decades, have analyzed the benefit and efficacy of key transport equipment and therapies. This chapter reviews some of the key pediatric advances that have been critically examined in the transport arena, lists potential areas for future research projects, and discusses funding and training opportunities to improve the quality of transport research.