GENERAL INDEX

Aburnius Valens, see Fulvius.

Accusers, crimes of, 113.

Actio certae creditae pecuniae, 197; de dolo, 182-5, 203; funeraria, 198 n.; furti, 185; in iudicem qui litem suam facit, 198n.; iniuriarum, 31, 185, 192, 198, 230; iudicati, 204; rei uxoriae, 1980.; sepulchri violati, 198m; vi bonorum raptorum, 185.

Actiones famosae, 185-6; in factum, 189, 198; in rem, 198; praeiudiciales, 197.

Actors, 30n., 119.

Adulterer, murder of, 160, 162.

Adultery, 21-4, 29, 33, 35, 37, 4i“2, 59n.,76-7, 93, in, 113 n., 116,120, 126, 215 n.

Aedilis, 2.53, 275.

Aelius Aristides, 81 n., 269.

Aelius Priscus, 149, 228.

L.     Aelius Seianus, 21 n., 22 n., 23 n., 25, 148m

Aemilia Lepida, wife of Drusus, 21- 2n., 23 n., 38 n.

Aemilia Lepida, wife of Sulpicius Quirinius, 29, 37.

M.   Aemilius Lepidus (cos. 6), 144.

L.

129.

Mam. Aemilius Scaurus, 21, 23 n., non.

Aerarium, 8 n., 117m, 165 m

Sex. Afranius Burrus, 86.

Cn. Afranius Dexter, 58 n., 120, 263 n. Agrippa, see Herodes Agrippa.

Agrippa Postumus, n6n. Agrippina, the elder, 21, 38 n.

Agrippina, the younger, 25n., 120, 263.

Albucilla, 21.

style='font-size: 9.5pt;line-height:92%'>Aliens, differential treatment of, 75, no, 127, 130, 139, 143, 261-2.

Ambrosius, 140, 166, 273.

Anicetus, 120.

Annaeus Mela, 239.

L. Anneius Domitius Proculus, 237 n. C. Annius Pollio, 39 n.

L. Annius Vinicianus, son of C. Annius Pollio, 39 n.

Antigonus, 266n.

Μ. Antistius Labeo, jurist under Augustus, 182; conception of dignitas, 183-4; view of persona, 201-3.

Antistius Sosianus, 40 n.

Antistius Vetus, 24.

Antoninus Pius, attitude to senatorial jurisdiction, 45-6; involved in liti­gation, 67-9, 77, 79, applies dis­criminatory penalties, 160-1; not an innovator, 162-5; on torture, 213, 215-16,224; rulings of, 71 n., 114- 15, 147-8, 162-5, 167, 170, 175, 177, 204 n., 221.

Μ.

Antonius Natalis, 214.

Μ. Aper, 85.

Apollonius, official, 136.

Apollonius of Egypt, 73.

Apollonius of Tyana, 73 n., 151. Appeal/prouocoiio, 70-1, 74 n., 75, 83> 97ⁿ«> 191 n., 261, 264, 267.

Appius Annius Atilius Bradua, 61 n.

Appius Claudius Pulcher (cos. 54 B.c.), 204 n.

C. Appius Junius Silanus (cos. 28), 39 n.

Appuleia Varilla, 37.

Apronianus, see Popilius. Apuleius, 96, 110.

Aquilia, 22, 23 n., 113 n.

Arria, ii4n.

Arrianus Maturus, 54.

L. Arruntius (cos. 6), 38.

L. Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus (cos. 32), 144-S·

Arson, 109, 121, 125, 131, 155 n. Asclepiades, 245.

Asiaticus, 127.

C. Asinius Gallus, 21 n., 69, 149 n., 237-8·

C. Asinius Marcellus, great-grandson of following, 37.

C.

130.

Astrologers, 29, 30n., 34, 35 n., no,

119, ^I43* Atilius, 31, 120. Atimetus, 120, 263. Attalus, 75 n., 261. Auctoritas, in., 208, 212, 224, 227, 242.

Augustus, maiestas trials under, 19 n., 21, 74n.; personal jurisdiction, 66 n., 69, 73, 74 n., 86-7; legal innovation, 66 n., 92-3; attitude to adultery, 21-3, 86-7; marriage legislation, 237; attitude to equestrian order, 88, 238-9; on torture, 214-15,2i6n. Thracian settlement upset, 26; marries Lepida to Lucius, 29; place of birth, 35; Appuleia related to, 37, 42; advised by Maecenas, 43. Aurelianus, 46.

M. Aurelius Cotta Maximus Messal- linus, 30 n., 38, 116.

Avidius Cassius, 46 n., 48 n., 126. A. Avillius Flaccus, 86 n., 120 n.

Baebius Marcellinus, 49 n. Baebius Massa, 47 m, 51-2, 57-8. Barea Soranus, 121 n.

Beatinglfustibus caedi, 104, 128, 136- 41, 155 n., 156, 163-4, 166, 243 m, 245-7, 264; to death, 57, 138m BestiaeIbestiis dari, 75n., 104, 105n., in, 124, 129-31, 159-60, 243 m, 245-6, 261, 270.

Bona caduca, 165 n. Bona damnatorum, 117 m Bonum et aequum, 198, 213. Boundary-stones, moving of, 155-6, 167-8, 170-1, 175.

Burglars/e^raciores, 136, 241.

C. Cadius Rufus, ii3n. Caecilius Classicus, 52-3, 58. M. Caelius Rufus, 129. Ti. Caepio Hispo, 55. Calestrius Tiro, 77-8, 208, 245.

C.

Cn. Calpurnius Piso (cor. 7 b.c.), 24- 7» 33, 37-8, 238.

L. Calpurnius Piso (cor. 58 b.c.), 129.

L. Calpurnius Piso (cos. 15 b.c.), 91 n., 114.

L.    Calpurnius Piso (suff. 1 b.c.), 188, 195-6.

M.   Calpurnius Piso, son of Cn., 37, 116, 120 n.

Calpurnius Salvianus, 31.

Calumnia, 30-1, 33 m, 211.

Calvisius, 120, 263.

C. Calvisius Sabinus, 39 n.

Caracalla, his executions, 49 n., 61; target of Dio, 61; his rescripts classed as ‘whims’, 68 n.; adminis­ters discriminatory penalties, 106, 166-7, 236, 273; other rulings, 93, 140, 230, 266, 270.

Carsidius Sacerdos, 39 n., 114 m Cassius Clemens, 49 n.

Cassius Dio, advocates independent senatorial court, 46, 49, 61-2; wit­ness of executions for maiestas, 49, 61; Caracalla as his target, 61.

C. Cassius Longinus (suff. 30), 114 m Casta, wife of Caecilius Classicus, 53. Castration, 158-61.

Cato the Elder, 211.

Roman">Catullinus, 237.

Celer, equestrian, 57.

P.

C. Cestius Gallus, 32, 34.

Cestius Proculus, 36.

Christ, 127.

Christians, 74-6, 95 n., 126-7, >3°, 136 n., 138 n., 146 m, 267 n.

Cicero, on the constitution, 3; on juridical equality, 3-4; provider of victims for games, 129; rebuffs Scaptius, 204 n.; as patron, 209; on torture, 213, 215.

Circumcision, 16 in.

Citizens, penalties for and treatment of, 35, 74-6, 116, 120-2, 125, 127, 130, 134, ^I43~5, 264-5, 268-70.

Citizenship, loss of, 43, 49, 58, 61-2, 112, 116, 133; award of, 169, 245, 250, 269-70; judged by Emperor, 66 n., 73-6; gradations within, 262- 4, 270-1; not a criterion for privi­lege, 259, 265-71.

Claudia Pulchra, 21, 23 n., 38 m Claudius, involved in forgery case, 29; attitude to senatorial court, 39; personal jurisdiction, 21 n., 22 n., 39, 43-4» 86; use of torture, 143-5, 214-15; cruel punishments, 130.

Ti. Claudius Aristion, 69-70, 72, 77, 80, 81 n.

Claudius Capito, 56 n.

Ti. Claudius Demostratus, 69. Claudius Gorgus, 59 n.

Claudius Timarchus, 32, 84 n. Clausula arbitraria, 198.

Clodius Albinus, 49.

P. Clodius Pulcher, 129.

Clodius Quirinalis, see Palpellius. Clutorius Priscus, 34,40,143-4,148 n. Coactores argentarii/auctioneers, 189.

Coercitio, 115,119, 132 n., 137-8, 147, I5on., 261.

Cognitio, parasitic on jury courts, 5, 93-4, 172; intrudes into private law,

5,     66 n., 81 n., 93 m, 94-5, 170-1, 193» ^I99, 204 n.; powers of judge,

6,     103; influences on judge, 7, 207- 13; penalty system, 6, 100, 103-78, 262, 270; advantages, 92, 138-9, 204-5, 218; legality, 178.

Cognitor, 185 m, 186, 188 n.

C. Cominius, 38.

Commodus, may not have sworn oath, 45 n.; his rescripts classed as ‘whims*, 68 n.; cruel punishments, 126; petitioned by coloni, 68 n., 261; rulings of, 149, 165m, 228.

Condemnatio, 197-203, 185 n. Condemnatio pecuniaria, 198.

Condicio, 225-7.

Condicio personae, 77, 85, 155-7, 200. Confiscatiolpublicatio, 62, 112, 117, 120. See also lex Cornelia.

Consilium, 67 n., 92, 98, 210. Constantine, 128, 274 n.

Constitutio Antoniniana, 266, 270. Consul, judicial responsibilities of, 19, 66 n., 94 n., 204 n.

Contumacia, 193.

Convicium, 192, 230. Cornelia, 215 n.

L.    Cornelius Balbus (cos. 40 b.c.), 125, 130, 268 n.

C. Cornelius Gallus, 19m, ii2n. Cornelius Laco, 263.

Cn. Cornelius Lentulus (cos. 14 b.c.), 38 n.

P. Cornelius Lentulus Sura (pr. 36 b.c.), 147-8.

P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, 129. L. Cornelius Sulla, dictator, 29, 144.

Corn speculators/dardararii, 136. Cossutianus Capito, 36, 113 m Cotys, 25.

Crux, 104, in, 124, 126-9, 243 n. Curator, 8n., 81 n.

Custodia, 71, 104-5, *44> ^I47“5²» 155» 162, 164 n., 167.

*

Death penaltyIcapite puniri, 43, 58, 61, 105-n, 155, 160-1, 247, 264-5. See also summum supplicium, Em­peror: oath.

Debt, 138-9, 186-7. Decius Mundus, 22.

Decurions/municipal aristocracy, mild­er penalties for, 9, 83-5, 107-9, 118, 124, 128, 131, 135-6, 140-2, 145-8, 155, 160, 166-7, 176, 202-3, 216, 222, 229, 242-3, 279; tried in Rome, 69-70, 77, 79-80, 82, 85, 96-9, 121, 263; non-legal privileges, 244; responsibilities, see munera*, vulnerable position, 84,132,169-70, 178, 216, 273-4, 280; qualifications, 134, 243-4; dignitas, 9, 77-8, 84-5, 169-70, 224-5, 235» 242, 244-5; in relation to citizens, 264-6; extra- curial families, 254-8.

Demetrianus, 176.

Deportatio, 35 n., 85, 97, 104, 108-9, m-15, ii7n., 118, 120n., 121, 133» 149, 154-5» i59-6o, 167, 236, 246, 273.

Deserters, 126, 129, 142, 246-7. Didius Julianus, 48.

Dignitas, 1-2, 113 m, 120, 132-5, 182- 5, 195, 197, 212, 222, 224-8, 234-5, 251,256,258-9, 266 n., 279. See also senators, equestrians, decurions.

Diocletian, rulings of, 124 m, 142, 213 n., 228 n., 246 n.

Distractio bonorum, 186-7, 236. Domitia Lepida, 25 n.

Domitian, his relations with senators and their court, 44-7, 58, 74 n., 106; corrector of public morals, 57-8; allies of, 50; prisoners of, 73 n., 151; death foretold, 73.

Domitius Silvanus, 68-70.

Edictum perpetuum, 186 n., 190 n., 194. Egnatia Maximilia, 121 n.

Egregii viri, 242. Elagabalus, 49 n.

Eminentissimi viri, 142, 146, 229 n., 241-2.

Emperor, oath not to kill senators, 44-9, 61-3, 106-7; constitutions, 30 n., 150, 168-9, 173-8, 256-7; jurisdiction, see Emperor’s court; Imperial freedmen, see freedmen.

Emperor’s court, status and treatment of defendants, 43-4,47 n., 49 n.,59 n., 63 n., 65-90,96-9, 121, 200 n., 263, 270; in relation to senatorial court, see Senate; in relation to governor’s court, 68, 71-82, 90-1; delegated jurisdiction, 65, 67-8, 90-8.

T. Eprius Marcellus, 36, 47 n.

Equestrians, qualifications and membership, 240, 243, 252, 257, 258 n.; dignitas, 87-9, 237-9; courts for, 85-90, 97; penalties and treat­ment, 34, 36, 38-9, 54, 57, 66-7, 87-8, 89 n., 127, 134, 142, 144-7, 175 a, 176, 200, 203, 240-2, 263, 273 n.

Eurythmus, 86-7. Executio, 204-6.

Exile, 37-8, 43, 45, 58, 62, 83, 105, 111-22, 163, 169, 241-2, 261, 263; voluntary, in-12, 122, 236. See deportatio, exilium, interdictio aqua et igni, relegatio.

Exilium!exsilium, 57, m-15, 118-19, 149, 163, 201 n.

Existimatio, 132-3, 195, 227-8, 231. Extortion, see repetundae.

Extra ordinem, see cognitio.

L. Fabius Cilo, 79, 93.

FacuZtates/wealth, 141,148,187-8,194- 5, 197, 207-8, 210 n·, 216-17, 229, 232-3,238,241,257-9. Set possessor. Fadius, 125.

L. Faenius Rufus, 21 n.

FaZsam/forgery, 27-33, 67-8n., 9on., 91 n., 92-3, 96, 98, 118, 134, 142, 155 n., 159-60, 215 n., 216, 274 n.

Famosi, 260. See also infames.

Fannia, 114 m

Fannius Caepio, 19 a Favorinus, 211.

Felix, see M. Antonius Felix.

Fideiu stores/guarantors, 71,147-8,232.

Fides, 60, 146m, I94n., 210n., 2II-I2, 215, 227, 257 n.

Fine, 94, 96, 103-4, 138-9, ^I4^I, ^J49> 170, 247·

Firmius Catus, 39 n.

Fiscus, 8n,, 117, 165.

Flavius Archippus, 134.

Flavius Scaevinus, 214.

size=2 color=black face="Times New Roman">C. Fonteius Capito (cos. 12), 36.

Fonteius Capito, legate of Lower Germany, 73, 268.

Fonteius Magnus, 56 n.

Formula, 181, 197-203.

Formulary procedure, 2, 5, 7, 31, 66 n., 92, 94-5, 170-1, 181-206, 217-18, 277.

Fortuna, 228.

Forum rei, 13-14.

Free men, as opposed to slaves, 133, 143-7, 158-9, 161, 164, 260-1.

Freedmen, relations with patrons, 2, 91, 98, 116, 119, 138, 182, 184, 201-2, 214-15, 225, 230; rights and disabilities of, 23, 225, 243, 262-3, 265; penalties for, 98, 116, 119-20, 127, 138, 214, 262-3; of the Em­peror, 39, 86-7, 89n., 90, 120, 258, 279.

Fronto, 60.

C. Fufius Geminus, 30 n.

L.     Fulvius Aburnius Valens, 237 n. Fulvius Plautianus, 49 n., 241 n.

Furca, 124-5, 128-9, 135, 243 n., 246.

M.   Furius Camillus, dictator, 248 n.

Gaius, in relation to senatorial court, 29, 40 n., 47 n.; personal jurisdic­tion, 86; use of torture, 144; cruel punishments, 88 n., 125, 130, 134, 239, 241; attitude to exiles, I2on. ; death foretold, 73.

Galba, his cruel conduct as proconsul of Baetica, 127, 268; supporters punished, 263.

Q. Gallius, 143.

C. Gavius, 127, 268.

A. Gellius, 210-11.

Geminius, 167, 273.

Geminus, 68.

Genus, 210 n., 229-30. Germanicus, 24-5, 214, 228 n. Gerusia, 256.

Gessius Florus, 83, 127, 241. Gladius, 104, 131, 157-8.

Governors, their judicial authority, 79-82, 90-1, 97, 121, 137-8, 140, 147, 149-50, 272; cases referred to» 67-9, 90-1; cases referred by,

32,   67-8, 72-9; see appeal, reiectio Romam; attitude to local aristocracy, 77-8, 84-5, 245, 272-4; abuse of power, 54, 73, 83, 87-8, 125, 127, 134, 140, 169-70, 240-1, 268, 272- 4; as defendants, 20-1, 24-5, 30,

33,   35-8, 42, 51-7, 59 n., 86, 113- 14·

Gradus, 228.

M. Granius Marcellus, 214m Gratia, 51, 207-9.

lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.5pt;line-height: 90%'>Gratilla, 114 m Gravitas, 2.2.7.

Hadrian, takes oath, 45, 48, 107; deaths of four consulars, 47-8; attitude to senatorial court, 48, 63; personal jurisdiction, 59 n., 70 n.; interest in motive, 156-7; com­parison with Pius, 162-5; innova­tions, 169-71; character of his re­scripts, 168-9, 177; interference with governors, 169-70; applies discriminatory penalties, 84, 107-8, 153-72, passim*, on the character of witnesses, 212 n.; on torture, 215.

Helvidius Priscus, the elder, 45 n.

Helvidius Priscus, the younger, 47, 50, 114 m, 148 m

Herennius Senecio^ 47, 52, 58 m, 114m

Hermaiscus, 229.

Herodes Agrippa (I), 91 n. Herodes Agrippa (II), 75-6 n. Herodes Atticus, 59-61, 69. Honestas, 194m, 207-8, 231, 257 m Honestiores, meaning of term, 221-3, 232; as a social category, 226, 234; criteria for membership, 221-33,

234- 5, 258-9, 279; membership,

235-71; gradations within, 272-6, 280; and passim.

Honestus, 210 n., 232, 239.

Honor/honores, 2’n., 135, 141, 182, 223-4, 234-5, 238, 242, 244, 251-2, 255m, 258, 279.

Humiliores, meaning of term, 222-3; as a social category, 226, 234; membership o£ 260-3. See also freedmen, peregrini, slaves.

Humilis, 183, 201-2, 221 n., 222, 235.

lamblichos, 266 n.

Icelus, 263.

Impietas, 52.

Imprisonment, see custodia.

In ius vocatio, 181-2, 187-9, 195, 206. Incest, 23-4,34, 35 n., 57, 114, 215 n. Inequality, de facto, 205, 258-9, 277- 9; de iure, 2,77-%.

Infames, 231, 262.

Infamia, 96, 185-7, 189-91, 194, 196- 7» 203, 231, 236.

Influence, 87 n., 188-9, 192, 195-6, 216-17,258-9,279-80. See also gra­tia, potentia.

Iniuria atrox, n8n., 199-203, 234-5, 241, 251-2.

Iniuriae, 30-1, 95 n., 183, 185, 192, 198-9, 203, 220.

Interdictio aqua et igni, 103, 108 n., 109 m, 110-12,113 m, 114-15, 118- 19, 155 n.

Intestabiles, 231, 262.

Isis, 22-3, 30n.

Iturius, 120, 263. ludex, 174, 181, 197, 252-3.

luridici, 94 n.

Ius honorarium, 65, 66 n., 94-5, 173, 181, 184.

Jason, 77, 80.

Jews, 30 n., 119, 126-7, 137 n., 161 n., 262.

Jonathan, 126.

Josephus, 73 n.

Julia, daughter of Augustus, 112m, ii3n., n6n.

Julia, granddaughter of Augustus, 117m, 120 n.

Julian, see Salvius.

C. Julius Bassus, 47 m, 55, 113 m

C. Julius Caesar, 105, 148, 149n., 170, 186-7.

Julius Civilis, 73.

C. Julius Tiro Gaetulicus, 87.

C. Julius Vindex, 73. Junia Silana, 120. Junia Torquata, 38. Μ. Junius Brutus, 204 n. Junius Cilo, 86. Junius Gallio, 149. Junius Mauricus, 47, H4n. Junius Paetus, 77n. lunius Paulinus, 149.

Q. Junius Rusticus, 47, ii4n.

C.    Junius Silanus (cos, 10), 37-8, 114, 120-1 n.

D.    Junius Silanus (cos, 62 b.c.), 105, 148-9, 236.

L. Junius Silanus, exiled under Nero, ii4n.

Jurists/jurisconsults, citation of con­stitutions, 174, 177; role in legal development, 184-5; ^as advisers, see consilium.

Jury courts, see quaestiones, Justinian, 7.

Kidnappers/plagiarii, 128, 136, 265.

C. Laetorius, 22, 23 n., 35. Larginus Proculus, 73.

Latium maius, 245 n., 266. Lentulus, see Cornelius. Lepidus, see Aemilius.

Lex Calpurnia de repetundis, 20n.; Cornelia de falsis, 27 n., 29m, 128, 160; de iniuriis, 193n.; de sicariis et veneficiis, 26 n., 84 n., 107, 109, 118, 155, 159-60, 162; Fabia de plagiariis, 265-6; lulia de adul­teriis, 22-3, 37, 116; de bonis ceden­dis, 186-7; de maritandis ordinibus, 23, 237; de vi, 82, I39“4O, 143, 189, 192-3, 231, 261-2, 267; pecu­latus, 163; Petronia, 130m; Porcia, 139; Visellia, 8n., 243.

Libertas, 4“5» 40, 89, 116, 132-4» 139, 208, 238.

C. Licinius Mucianus, 127.

Licinus, 86-7.

Livia, 38, 188, 195-6. Livia Julia, 25-6. Livilla, see Livia Julia.

Locus, 228.

Lollia Paulina, n6n., 120 n. Q. Lollius Urbicus, 92 n., 95 n., 96-8. Lucilius Africanus, 237.

Lucilius Capito, 30-1, 86.

Lucius Caesar, 29.

Ludus, 104, 131 n. L. Lusius Geta, 139.

Macrinus, opposes execution of sena­tors, 46 n.; bloodthirsty, 126; sup­ports ius against rescripta, 168, 174-5 J followers killed, 49 n.

Macro, see Naevius.

Maecenas, 43, 46, 49, 60-1, 64. Magic, 21, 25 n., 26 n., 109-11, 126, 128, 131, 143.

Magius Caecilianus, 39 n.

Maesto/treason, 19, 24-5, 27, 33-4, 37, 39-50, 52n., 59 n., 60-1, 63, 73» 74 n., 76,105, 107, 111-12, 126, 143-5» 164, 214, 215 n., 216, 236, 267.

Manlius, 37 n.

Marcianus, 55.

P. Marcius, 35 n.

Cn. Marcius Rustius Rufinus, 241 n.

Marcus Aurelius, as prospective Em­peror, supports Herodes Atticus, 60; as Emperor, policy concerning trials of senators, 46, 59 n.; personal jurisdiction, 59n., 6in., 69; con­sulted concerning Christians, 75 n., 261 ^institutes praetor tutelar is, 95 n.; recognizes discriminatory penalties, 142, 145-7,¹66, 241, 242 n.; rulings of, 85m, 107, 149, 152, 165-6, 167 n., 228, 237 n.

C. Marius (cos, VII 86 b.c.), 144. Sex. Marius, 23-4, 31.

Marius Priscus, 54-5, 58, 83, 87-8, H3 n., 134, 240-1, 273.

Mathematici, see astrologers. Mens facientis, 155-6, 162.

Messallina, 21 n., 38 n., 145.

Metallum, 104,120-1,124,128, 131-6, 138, 142, 154-5» 157-8, 163-5, 176, 201 n., 241-2, 243 n., 246, 273.

C. Mevius Apella, 140.

Missio in possessionem, 188-90, 193-4, 204.

Mithridates, 73 n.

Moles, 77.

Mores/boni mores, 151, 185, 210-11, 229-31.

Motio ordine, 104,118, 136,158, 203 n. Mucianus, see Licinius.

Afunera/liturgies, 244, 253, 25511., 274-6.

New Roman">Murder, 24-7, 29, 3b 33, 90, 107, 109, in, 121, 128, 131, 136, 155,

160,                  162, 169, 175. See also lex Cor­nelia de sicariis et veneficiis.

Q. Naevius Macro, 21, 39 n., 144, 214. Narcissus, 145 n.

Nero, his criticism of Claudius, 43-4; intervention in the senatorial court, 36-7, 39-40; personal jurisdiction, 73n., 75, 86; rulings of, 3on.; in­formers under, 45; his relation with Polyclitus, 87; punishment of Chris­tians, 126, 130.

Nerva, praised by Tacitus, 4, 40; takes oath and forbids maiestas trials, 45; pardons Bassus, 47 n.; his law on moving boundary-stones, 170.

Cn. Nonius, 145, 214 n.

L. Nonius Asprenas, 25 n.

Norbanus Licinianus, 53. Numantina, 26 n.

Numisia Galla, 27 n.

Occentare, 192.

Octavia, wife of Nero, 22 n.

Ofonius Tigellinus, 21 n., 36.

Opus metalli, 132-3, 143.

Opus publicum, 104, 120, 131-6, 138, 149, 154, 156-7, 163-4, 243 n., 246.

Ordo, 228.

Otho, 36, 263.

Ovid, 115.

Q. Paconius Agrippinus, 121 n. Pactum, 196-7.

Pallas, 86.

P. Palpellius Clodius Quirinalis, 86 n. Sex. Papinius Alienius, 144.

Paris, 39 n.

Parricide, 27m, 9on., 107, in, 130m,

161.

Patronage, 189, 203, 218, 273.

St. Paul, in Philippi and Jerusalem, 261; his‘appeal’, 75-6, 267 n.; dis­patched to Rome, 76, 268; in free custody in Rome, 147 n.

Paulina, 22.

Peculium castrense, 249.

L. Pedanius Secundus, 26, 263 n. Pedanus, 254.

Pedius Blaesus, ii3n.

Pegasus, 92 n.

Penalties, theory of, 1; increased severity of, 152, 274, 278; discrimi­natory use of, 103-78, passim. See also decurions, equestrians, senators, veterans.

Perfectissimi viri, 142, 146, 229 n., 241, 242n.

Persona, 98, 200-3, 209-10, 221-2, 260, 271.

Pertinax, 45, 274.

Pescennius Niger, 49 n.

St. Peter, 127 n.

St. Pionius, 126.

L.    Pituanius, 35 n.

Plancina, 38.

A. Plautius (suff. 29), 39 n.

Plautius Lateranus, 38 n.

M.   Plautius Silvanus (pr. 24), 26. Plebeians, 119, 126, 134-5, 142, 155,

160, 166-7, 172, 222, 242-5. See also humiliores, tenuiores.

Pliny, on equality, 5; as advocate, 50-7; attitude to provincials, 52, 55,77”3; as legate in Bithynia, 74-5, 82 n., 168 n.; expressions for exile, 113-14; on respect for wealth, 238.

Plunderers, 136, of shipwrecks, 119 n., 163-4.

Plutarch, 275.

St. Polycarp, 126, i3on.

Polyclitus, 87.

Cn. Pompeius Magnus, triumvir, 29. Pomponius Bassus, 49 n.

Pontius Pilate, 73 n.

Popilius Pedo Apronianus, 49 n.

Poppaea Sabina, mother of Nero’s wife, 148 n.

Porcius Festus, 75-6.

Possessores, 157, 194 n., 233, 257. M. Postumius Regillensis, 143 n. Potentia, 207-9.

Potentiores, 222-3.

Praefectus vigilum, 95.

Praescriptio fori, 13-14.

Praetor, 6, 19, 24, 27-8, 65; discretion of, in granting actions, 177,181-7; in supporting summonses, 188-90,192— 4, 204-5; in allowing settlements, 197; in estimating damages, 198- 203. See also cognitio*, intrudes into private law, formulary procedure. Praetor tutelaris, 95-6, 207-8. Praetorian prefect, 97 n., 151.

Praevaricatio, 31 n., 52-3.

Prefect of the city, see urban prefect. Priests, 202, 256-7, 275.

M. Primus, 19 n.

Principales, 256-7. Priscus, 121, 14m.

Procurator (functionary), 8n., 30-1, 66 n., 67 n., 81 n., 83, 86-7, 9^{1 n}-> 165 n.

Procurator (representative), 185 n., 188 n.

Prohibitio honorum, 118 n. Public opinion, 191-2.

Publicius Certus, 50-1, 52 n., 56.

Quadratus, see Ummidius.

Quaestio de adulteriis, 21 n., 24, 122 n.; de falsis, 27-30, 33, de maiestate, 19-20; de repetundis, 20, 21 n.; de sicariis et veneficiis, 24-5, 33.

Quaestiones, 3-4,6, 14 n., 20 n.; stan­dards of, 4, 28, 65, 92; discrimina­tory use of, 41, 105, 122; compe­tence, 5, 14, 17-34, 93-4, 96, 99, 122,172.

Qualitas, 228.

Quinctilii, brothers (cos, 151), 60 n. P. Quinctilius Varus, 73.

Quintilius, 49 n.

Quiritatio, 191.

Regilla, 61.

Reiectio Romam, 195, 236 n., 263-4, 268 m, 269.

Relegatio, 37, 104, 108, no, 114-22, 135-6, 138, 149, 154, 156, 158, 163-4·

Repetundae, 19-21,24, 30,33,35-6,42, 47 ⁿ·, 50-8, 59n., 64, 86, 113, n8n.

Restitutio, 69 n., 81 n., 165 n.

Reverentia, 141, 182, 185, 209, 227, 242.

Rhescuporis, 25-6.

St Romanos, 245.

L. Rubellius Geminus, 30 n. Rubellius Plautus, 39 n.

Rufrius Crispinus, 239.

Rustlers labigei, 131, 136, 157-8, 161, 164, 171 n.

Sacrilegium, 30-1, 126, 129, 131.

Saltus Burunitanus, coloni of, 139, 261, 264.

P. Salvius Julianus, 67 n.

C. Salvius Liberalis, 47 n. Satisdatio, 194, 207-8.

Satrius Secundus, 23 n. M. Scaptius, 204 n.

Scaurus, see Aemilius.

L.    Scribonius Libo (cos. 16), 30 n.

M.   Scribonius Libo (pr, 16), no. Seianus, see Aelius.

L. Seius Tubero, 38 n. Self-help, 188-9, 192-3, 258, 277.

C. Sempronius Gracchus (ir. 123 b.c.), 20-1.

C. Sempronius Gracchus, acquitted under Tiberius, 39 n.

Sempronius Senecio^ 86-7.

Senate, as court, competence, 19-34, 40-1, 43-9, 64, 86; status of defendants, 20, 23-4, 26, 28-9, 31 n., 33, 41, 43-64, 84 n., 86, 99; treatment of defendants, 34-42, 46-58, 62, 87-8, 236, 263; in re­lation to the Emperor, 42, 62-4, 91. See also Tiberius, Nero, Domi- tian, Trajan, Hadrian.

Senators, property qualification, 243; dignitas, 26, 37, 88-9, 185, 236-9, 272; non-legal advantages, 244,274; penalties and treatment, 88, 105-8, n8n., 148-9, 167, 185-7, 201-2, 235-6, 272, 274; trial by Senate, see Senate, trial by Emperor, 43- 4, 47m, 49m, 59m, 63n., 74m, 76-7, 97, 200 n. See also reiectio Romam,

Senatusconsultum Calvisianum, 20 n.; Claudianum, 263 n.; Libonianum, 30 n.; Silanianum, 123m; Turpili- anum, 53 n.

Seneca, 44 n.

Sentii Saturnini, 23.

Septimius Severus, takes oath, 45, 62 ; uses senatorial court, 48-9, 61; pers onal juris diction, 59 n., 86, 149, 236; defines powers of urban prefect, 79-80, 93; recognizes discrimina­tory penalties, 166-7, 273; rulings of, 96 n., 216 n., 230, 232.

Servus poenae, 132, 155, 165.

Severus Alexander, has no senators executed, 46 n.; defends right of appeal, 70 n., 71 n., 83, 273; recog­nizes discriminatory penalties, 176, 273; on immunity of veterans, 274.

L.    ? Sextius Paconianus, 148 n.

P. Sextius Scaeva, 73.

Sicinius Aemilianus, 70 n., 96, 98. C. Silius, 21 n., 38-9 n., 145.

Silius Messalla, 49n.

Slaves, their status, 260m, 26 m.; as witnesses, 213-16; owned by sol­diers, 249; penalties and treatment, 104, 119, 123, 126-33, 137m, 139, 143-6, 149m, 150m, 152, 155, 158-9, 161, 163-4,171,199, 213-16, 231, 260-1. See also servus poenae.

Soldiers, exemptions, 128, 131, 142, 245-6, 274; military court, 247-8; civil rights, 248-50; social status, 249-50; recruitment, 250-1.

Sollers, 51 n.

Soothsayers/vaticinatores, inn., 119, 143·

Splendidiores personae, 156-7.

T. Statilius Taurus (cos. 44), 30n. Status, 227.

Status, loss of, see infamia\ in re­lation to class, 2 n., 235 n.

Stuprum, 162.

Suillius Caesoninus, 39 m

lang=EN-US style='font-size:9.5pt;line-height: 97%'>P. Sulpicius Quirinius, 29.

Summum supplicium, 104, 105 n., in, 122-5, I3b ^I54”5, 161.

Tacitus, on Tiberius and libertas, 40, 208, as advocate, 54.

Tarpeian rock, 34-5, no.

Tarquinius Priscus, 127 n. Tarrutenus Patemus, 246 n.

Tenuiores, 222-3, 264, 268, 270.

M.   Terentius, 39 n.

Theft, 94-5, 191; from mines, 135, 162, 175; armed, 136 m See also burglars, plunderers, rustlers.

Theophanes, 53m, 55.

Thrasea Paetus, 84m, 105, 236.

Tiberius, his policy concerning maie- stas trials, 19, 39, 74 n.; attitude to adultery, 22-4, 42; refers cases to senatorial court, 22 n., 25, 31, 33, 86; his intervention in senatorial court, 20 n., 21, 23, 37-40; combats gratia, 208-9; ^rd^e in Urgulania affair, 180, 195-6; use of cruel punishments, 86 n., 134; torture, 144; ungenerous to younger Julia, 117 m, 120 n.

Tigellinus, see Ofonius. Tigranes (IV), 73m, 266 n.

Titius Sabinus, 148 n.

Titus, 45.

Torture, 104, 122-3, ^I4^I“7, 224, 242- 3, 246, 274m; of witnesses, 213-16.

Traterslnegotiatores, 258 n., 274.

Trajan, his oath, 45, 58, 62; attitude to senatorial courts 40, 56, 58, 63 n., 64; personal jurisdiction, 67n., 69, 76, 79-80, 84, 86-7, 229; allegedly hostile to petitions, 68, 168; con­sulted by Pliny, 74, 82 n.; on tor­ture, 215.

Transactio, 194-7.

Trebonius Rufinus, 69-70, 72, 80, 81 n., 84.

Tresviri capitales, 9 m. Tryphera, 69, 70 n. Tuscilius Nominatus, 51.

Ultimum supplicium, 122-3, 12411., 158-9.

C. Ummidius Quadratus (suff. c. 40), 127.

C.    Ummidius Quadratus (suff. 118), 56.

Urban prefect, court of, competence, 27-9, 31, 33, 7on., 91-8, 17m.; punitive powers, 79, 95; status of defendants, 28, 95-100; encroaches on jury courts, 92-4.

Urgulania, 188, 195-6.

Vadimonium, 194-5, 257 n., 259.

D.    ? Valerius Asiaticus, 22 n.

Valerius Licinianus, 57-8, 114.

color=black face="Times New Roman">M. Valerius Messalla Corvinus (cos. 31 B.C.), 93 n.

L. Valerius Messalla Volesus, pro- consul of Asia, 20 n.

Valerius Ponticus, 27-9. Varenus Rufus, 55-6 n. Varius Ligur, 22.

Velius Paulus, 134.

Venditio bonorum, 186, 204.

Ventidius Cumanus, procurator of Judaea, 73 m, 86, 127.

Veratius Severianus of Naples, 275. C. Verres, 127, 268.

Verus, 95 n., 140m, 165 n.

Vespasian, family, 239; he escapes ruin under Nero, 36-7; rejects maiestas charges, 45 ; refers peti­tioner, 67 n.; treatment of Jewish rebels, 73 n., 126; on senatorial and equestrian status, 88-9.

Vestal Virgins, 57-8, 129m, 215 n.

Veterans, social and economic posi­tion, 223, 249-51, 257, 272, 274; penalties for, 131, 135-6, 140-1, 166, 175, 245-6, 248; colonies, 249.

Q. Vibius Crispus, 36.

C. Vibius Marsus, 24, 27.

Vibius Secundus, 36, ii3n.

C.? Vibius Serenus, 30, 38, 114m

N.    ? Vibius Serenus, son of above, 38. Vibulenus Agrippa, I48n.

Vindex, 187, 195, 259.

Vis privata, 30-1, publica, 30-1, 70, 86, 113, 155m See also lex Julia de vi.

Vistilia, 22, 23 n.

Vivus exuri, 104, ui, 124-6, 129,135, 243m

Volcatius Moschus, 25 n.

Witness, 177, 210, 213-16.

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8251947                                                                              D

¹      Dig, 48. 19. 28. 14: ‘ita et in custodiis gradum servandum esse idem prin- ceps rescripsit. * Even exiles, who were normally high-status criminals, were not always left to their own devices. They might be kept in custodiis on an island. See Suet. Div, Aug. 65. 4 (Agrippa Postumus); Dio 59. 8. 8 (Piso); cf. Dig. 48. 3. 1 (militi tradenda)-, Dio 55. 20. 5 (exile pera φρουράς, if necessary).

²      There was no obvious ‘legal’ bar to the recognition of incarceration. As has been pointed out, the system of cognitio, the most important single feature of which was the discretionary power possessed by the judge, developed its own penalties. Most of these had their origin in acts of coercitio, sanctions which lacked a genuine judicial character. The result was the blurring of the line between penalties proper and magisterial coercitio.

On the origin of vincula as a penalty, there is some plausibility in the theory of Brasiello (op. cit. 367-73) that the penalty grew up by analogy with, or in derivation from, the sanction of vincula imposed upon slaves. For slaves, Dig. 48. 19. 8. 13; ibid. 10 praef.; ibid. 33; Gai. Inst. 1. 13; PS 5. 18. 1. For private vincula in cases of debt in early civil law see XII Tables (FIRA^{1 2} i, p. 32), 3; lex Urs. (FIRA² i, p. 179) 61; cf. Dig. 50. 16. 224; Mommsen, op. cit. 960 n. 2, on career privatus).

* Dig. 14. 6.1. 3. Note 28. 3. 6.6 (Ulp.): soldiers but not civilians could make a will (by military law) even after a death sentence was passed on them.

²               Defined by Macer in Dig, 49. 17. n.

³               Slaves: R. MacMullen, Soldier and Civilian in the Later Roman Empire (1963), 91, 106 ff. Land leased: A. Alföldi, Arch.'Ert. 1 (1940), 230 ff.; E. Sander, Rhein. Mus. 101 (1958), 193 ff. (from at least the time of Trajan, although for praetorians at least from a.d. 79). For Pannonia, A. Mocsy, Acta Arch. 3 (1953), ^I79“99J Oliva, Pannonia and the Onset of Crisis in the Roman Empire (1962), 312-18; E. Swoboda, Carnuntum* (1964), 48, 61, etc.

⁴               On these and other privileges see, for veterans, FIRA^2, i, no. 56, p. 315 (31 b.c.); ibid., no. 76, p. 424 (a.d. 88-9); Gai. Inst. 1. 57; Mitteis and Wilcken, op. cit. i. 459 ( = BGU i. 265; a.d. 148); ibid. 396 ( = BGU i. 180; a.d. 172); Dig. 50. 5. 7 (Sev.); CTh 7. 20. 2 = CJ 12. 46. 1 (a.d. 320). For soldiers see Ulp. Reg. 3. 5 (vigiles,Tiberius);P. Fouad21 (a.d. 63); Dig. 29. 1. 24 (Trajan); Gai. Inst. 2. 109-10; Dig. 38. 2. 22 (Hadr.; cf. 37. 14. 8 and 49. 17. 13); Sander, art. cit. 203 ff.; MacMullen, op. cit. 107 ff.

⁵               The average amount of land given on discharge was, according to H. Schmitz (Stadt und Imperium: Köln in römischer Zeit (1948), 140 ff.), about one square kilometre, which, in the view of Mocsy (Die Bevölkerung von Pannonien bis zu den Markomannenkriegen (1959), 91), corresponded to the average holding of a decurion. On payments in cash see, recently, P. A. Brunt, PBSR 5 (1950), 50 ff.; G. R. Watson, Historia 5 (1956), 332 ff.

^{6"Times New Roman"'>}               In general, see J. C. Mann, The Settlement of Veterans in the Rosian Empire, unpubl. Ph.D. thesis, London, 1956; J. Lesquier, L’Armte romaine d'Egypt e d'Auguste d Dioctttien (1918), 328 ff., for Egypt; E. Komemann, Klio 11 (1911), 390 ff., for the West. See also Dig. 6. 1. 15. 2; 21. 2. 11 praef.