INDEX OF SUBJECTS

  Actor, 39—40, 41-2; of a college, 136; of a town, 73-8, 231

Aerarium, 51, 54, 57 Agency and Fiction, 210-13, ²3^Σ Agennius Urbicus, 23-4

Albertario, on universitas, 37-48 Anstalt, see Stiftung απρόσωπος, 15—18

Augustales,lang=EN-US style='font-size:7.5pt;font-weight:normal'> ιοί, 124

Bacchanals, 105-7, 133, 137 Barker, Ernest, 220

Bishops, 175-7, 180-81, 184-5, 191-2

Brinz, 188, 196, 198, 208, 220

Captives, 173,176,179,182-6,189-90 Caput, 25-6

Charitable foundations of Byzantium, 177-203; administration, 179-81; authorisation not needed, 199-202; independent of the Church, 183­203; kinds, 178; ownership, 185— 99; particular Houses, 179; Person­ality, 199—203; privileges, 181—2; restrictions, 175, 182-3; sale by, 180-81

Charity, before Constantine, 168-9 Christians as collegia tenuiorum, 114, 169-71, 174

Churches, 171, 174-7

Collegia, authorisation needed, 109­28; compitalicia, 96; cultorum, 102; delicts, 157-8; dissolution, 126, by Augustus, 109, by Caesar, 108; illicita, 116-18, 172, 234-5; *^n_ heritance, 139, 151, 154-7; iu- venum, 98-9; later history, 158; manumission, 140, 151, 155; mem­bers’ debts, 131-2, 152-4, 202; members of two, 124-6; military, 100-1; Numa’s, 103; opificum, 102; Personality, in the Empire, 137-58, in the Republic, 129-37; political, 96—8, 107—8; social, 99-100; soda­licia, 110-12; tenuiorum, 102, no­26, 170, 172; restricted to one meeting a month, no, 112, 120-24; termination, 126-8; Twelve Tables, 103; utility, 118-20

Collegium, Aesculapii et Hygiae, 123; Albumense, 126-8; Dianae et An­tinoi, at Lanuvium, 102, 112, 120­24, 152-4; symphoniacorum, 109

Common, rights of, 64—6

Companies, limited liability, 213; ‘one-man’, 213—15

Concession Theory, 210, 234-6; and Roman Law, 234-6

Consortium, 186-9, ^J9²

Constantine, 169, 171-3

Corpus, 26-35, 49i and collegium, whether different in meaning, 27­33; Cohn (Conrat) on, 142-4; ex distantibus, 26-7; meaning corpor­ate capacity, 27, 144-9, 201-2; Mitteis on, 145-8; Schnorr von Carolsfeld on, 33-5

Curia, see Decuriones

Daimler case, 207

Decuriae apparitorum,size=1> 32, 101

Decuriones, 42-4, 74, 75, 77, 78, 81-2, 84, 86, 89-93

Delicts of corporations, 91-4, 157-8, 209, 212-13, 224-5, 227-9

Dicey, 216

Dolus, 92-3, 224, 227—9, ²33 Dowdall, H.

Egyptian finance, 56-8

Eranus, 114

Fiction Theory, Z08-16, 221-32; and Innocent IV, 221-4; and Roman Law, 224-32

Fiscus, 51-61; as Anstalt, 55-9

Free Church of Scotland case, 207, 221 Frontinus, 22-4, 64

Gaius, the Florentine fragments, 71,133 Genossenschaft in early Italian towns, 64-70

Gierke, 63, 118, 143, 195, 196, 206, 208, 216, 220, 22Ì-4, 226, 230-31, ²35

Hereditas iacens, and persona, 19-20, 224-6; and Personality, 162-7, 224-6

Hospitals, 173, 175, 178-81, 185-9, 191, 193, 197, 198

Idols, 50, 175, 212-13

Inheritance, by captives and the poor, 189-91; by charitable foundations, 173, 182; by the Church, 171-3; by colleges, 139, 151, 154-7; by pagan-gods, 172; by towns, 86-91, 229-31

Innocent IV, Pope, 221-4 Ius trium liberorum, 172

Jhering, R.

Lanuvium, 102, 112, 113, 120-24, 152-4

Lex lulia de collegiis, 109-10, 137-41

Maitland, 41, 65, 66, 128, 197, 206, 209-10, 215-18, 224, 226

Majority voting, 71, 74, 81, 132-3, 180-81

Manumission by colleges, 140, 151, 155; by towns, 86

Metus, 91-2, 157, 229

Milan, Edict of, 171-2, 174

Modus, 168-9,

Monasteries, Byzantine, 178, 180, 185-8, 193, 196-8, 200; Egyptian, 192; English, 134-5

Munera, 63, 151, 182, 188, 197-8 Municipes for municipium, 41, 80, 233 Municipia, see Towns

Oath of a town, 232 Ordo, see Decuriones

Organs of corporations, 93, 213, 217, 222-3, 227, 232—3

Pinim, 24

Pasturage, common, 64-6 Patrimonium Caesaris, 53, 54-5 Persona, 1-25, 48; and hereditas iacens, 19-20, 224-6; coloniae, 22-4; legitima, 9-15; singularis, 20-22; used by English judges, 2; by Innocent IV, 222; of slaves, 6-7; personam gerere, sustinere, 3-5

Personification, dramatic, 4; pictorial, 24

Pertinax, 52, 53, 59

Piae causae, the phrase, 179, 198, ²°3~5> ²34

Pistores, 141, 149-51

Pliny the Younger, on the authorisa­tion of collegia, 115-16; on the Christians, 115; on the fire-brigade, 113-15, 119-20

Pollicitatio, 84

Pollock, Sir F., 208, 216, 224

Poor, the, as objects of charity, 173, 175-94, 197, 2°°

Populus Romanus, 51

Possession by towns, 79-81, 230

Principals of Foundations, 179-81, 183-5, I9¹-², t93-4

Prisoners of war, see Captives Purpose, 185, 194, 196, 198

Purpose Theory, 208, 220-21, 234; and Roman Law, 234

Radin, on the lex lulia, 109

Realist Theory, 208, 215, 216-18, 223, 232-3; and Roman Law, 232-3

Restitutio in integrum of a town, 231

Saleilles, on charitable foundations, 183, 185-9; ^on colleges in the Republic, 103-4; ^on coeundi, 118-19; on Personality of colleges, 138; on servus publicus, 68-9; on Stiftung, 198-9

Salmond, 209, 210-12

Salomon’s case, 207, 213-15

Savigny, 204, 208-9, 212—13, ^22I> ²²5-32, 235

Schnorr von Carolsfeld, on charitable foundations, 194, 197; on the church, 174, 177; on corpus, 33-5; on inheritance by towns, 91; on the ius coeundi, 118; on metus, 92; on persona in Frontinus, 23; on universitas, 36, 38

Servus publicus, 67-9

Smith, H.

Societates publicanorum, 141, 143-4, 159-61

Sodalitates, 95-6, 129-33, ^J74

Staff of a Foundation, 180-81, 185, 187-8, 192-4

Stiftung, 55-9, 185, 194-9

Suicide, 156

Symbolist Theory, 208, 218-19, 233-4; ^anc^ Roman Law, 233-4

Syndicus, 75

Taff Vale case, 206-7

Tertullian, 115, 170-71

Tibicines, 105

Towns, and common ownership, 63­70; contracts, 81-5; delicts, 91-4, 227-9; inheritance, 86-91, 229-31; litigation, 73-8; manumission, 86; oath, 232; ownership, 78-9; Per­sonality, 70-94; possession, 79-81; restitutio in integrum, 231; usufruct, 85

Trade Unions, 206-7, 215-18

Unincorporate bodies, 215-18

Universitas, 35-49, 202-3, ²33^_4>

Albertario on, 37-48; Buckland on, 47; Gierke on, 209; Innocent IV on, 222-4; Schnorr von Carolsfeld on, 36, 38

Year Books, 134-5

Zweck, see Purpose

3     The credit of discovering this text belongs to Schnorr von Carolsfeld (p. 54), but he does not recognise the close connection that seems to exist between it and the extract from the Commentum de Controversiis, which had been quoted before, e.g. by Schlossmann, p. 126.

⁴ Thulin, p. 63,11. 20-24.

universitas is interpolated in D.

¹lang=EN-US style='background:white'> Towns, h. t. 7. pr.; 6. pr., I, 2; other corporations, h. t. 7. I, 2; 6. 3;

1. pr., 1, 2, 3.                                          ^{1 2 3} H. t. 6. pr., ^fin.

3                                                      H. t. 1. 3.        ⁴ H. t. 8.

¹   Römisches Privatrecht, p. 349.

¹ Römisches Staatsrecht, 3rd ed. vol. 11% 1887, pp. 998-1001.

³ Hist. Aug. Vita Hadriani, 7.                          ^{1 * 3 4} Ann. 4. 6.

5 Ann. 12. 60, 13. 1.                                       ⁶ Ann. 4. 15.

¹      It is generally believed that all the land of Egypt belonged to the King in Ptolemaic times. See U. Wilcken, in Mitteis-Wilcken, Grundziige und Chrestomathie der Papyruskunde, Part I, vol. i, 1912, p. 271, following Maspero and Rostowzew.

²      Wilcken, p. 31, says that under Roman rule ‘der Begriff des Staates

nunmehr auch in diesem Lande, dem er von jeher fremd gewesen war, Wurzeln schlug’.                                                                         ^{1 2 3} Wilcken, p. 30.

¹      G. 1. 199; Inst. 1. 24. pr.; D. 26.

²                                   D. 1. 7. 18.           ^{1 2 3 *} D. 27. 8. 1. 15; D. 46. 6. 2.

⁴ C. 8. 50. 3.                 ⁵ Saleilles, Personnalitdjuridiyue, pp. 82—3.

⁶                                                                                         D. 48. 18. 1. 7.                   ⁷ D. 1. 8. 6. 1.       ⁸ D. 46. 6. 2.

⁸ D. 3. 4. 7. pr.                                         7 D. 44. 7. 35. 1.

³                                                                      D. 42. 1. 4. 2; Wenger, p. 214.    ³ D. 3. 4. 8.

record of such a procedure.         ⁷ C. 2. 53. 4; cf. D. 49. 1.9; C. 11. 30. 3.

66. 7 (Papinian). Neither seems to be interpolated, and both are older than

the Regulae. They may refer to the wills of freedmen, or to privilegia.

5     F. Schulz has shown (Z.size=1 color=black face="Times New Roman">4               C.I.L.

³ Radin, Legislation of Greeks and Romans on Corporations, p. 94, holds that Suetonius’ reference is to the leges de vi, but that Augustus laid down no rules for the future control of collegia. It is true that, for all we know, the lex lulia of the inscription may be a lex de sacris publicis or a special lex de symphoniacis.                              ⁶ D. 48. 6.        7 D. 48. 7.

s.v. collegium, p. 430.                                  ^{4 5} See p. 118, supra.

5 This is well put by Schnorr von Carolsfeld, p. 234, n. 1.

5       vi. 266 (?); C. Th. 10. 3. 5 and 15. I. 41.

⁶               C. Th. 14. 3. 19.

¹⁰  C.I.L. vi. 10231, 10259; ^x- 444, ¹579; Waltzing, vol. in, no. 441,

etc. Cf. on this whole paragraph Waltzing, vol. 11, pp. 447-5 5, and vol. iv,

¹ Both in D. 41. 1. 61. pr., the text which says the hereditas 'pro domino

habetur'.

³                                                D. 48. 18. 2.          ^{1 * 3} D. 1. 8. 1. pr.

1 C. 1. 2. 15. 2; C. 1. 2. 21; N. 120. 7. 1.                   ⁸ C. 1. 2. 14. 9.

9    C. 1. 2. 24. 5-15; N. 7. 3. pr., 2; N. 55. 2; N. 120. 1. pr., 1. 2;

N. 120. 6. 1.

⁴         C. 1. 3. 48. pr.; C. 1. 3. 24 (a.d. 455) and the somewhat confused

¹ P. 442.

* Free Church of Scotland v. Lord Overtoun, [1904] A.C. 515.

3 [1916] 2 A.C. 307.                           ^{1 * 3 4 *} P. 316.

5                                                                            In view of his judgment in Salomon v, Salomon and Co., [1897]

A.C. 22. See p. 215 infra.                           ⁶ P. 327.