TEXTBOOKS ON ROMAN LAW

For a basic account of the main institutions of Roman law, B. Nicholas, An Introduction to Roman Law (1962) is clear, elegant and valuable.

A. Berger, Encyclopedic Dictionary of Roman Law (1953) gives convenient brief entries on Roman legal terms and concepts.

OTHER GENERAL WORKS

F Schulz, Principles of Roman Law (1936) attempts from the mass of Roman legal institutions to distil the essence, and has interesting chapters on such things as abstraction, tradition, fidelity and security. D. Daube, Roman Law: Linguistic, Social and Philosophical Aspects (1969) is a tour deforce, full of remarkable insights, although not all have been shared by other scholars.

PERIODICALS

Periodical inflation means that only a few titles can be mentioned here.

(Rome), Bullettino del istituto di diritto romano (BIDR) (Rome), Revue internationale des droits de l'antiquite (RIDA) (Brussels); Revue historique de droit frangais et etranger (RHD) (Paris). The journals Labeo (Naples) and IURA (Naples) contain in addition useful annual bibliographies of publications on Roman law and related sub­jects. A bibliography is also published by the Institut de droit romain in Paris.

Some useful sources and materials can be accessed on or via a website main­tained at Aberdeen University: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~law113/rl/sites.htmi

SOURCES

The edition of the Corpus iuris civilis most commonly used is the so-called stereo­type edition (frequently reprinted), volume 1 of which contains the Institutes and Digest, edited by P Krueger and Th. Mommsen; volume 2 contains the Code, edited by P Krueger; and volume 3 the Novels, edited by R. Schoell and W Kroll. There is an editio maior of the Digest by Th. Mommsen, Digesta lustiniani Augusti (1870) with a preface containing valuable information on the textual tradition of the Digest. The editio maior of Justinian’s Code is by P Krueger, Codex lustinianus (1877).

There are many editions of Gaius’s Institutes. A reliable one is by B. Kubler and E. Seckel in the Teubner series. The principal critical edition with com­mentary is by M. David and H. Nelson, continued by M.

FIRA is also a convenient source for some of the works of classical jurists pre­dating the Digest (vol. 2) and legal documents such as inscriptions and papyri (vol. 3). Other documents of legal practice are published in G. Camodeca, L'archivio puteolano dei Sulpicii I (1992) and discussed by J. G. Wolf in a series of publications: see Wolf 1985 and Wolf and Crook 1989 in the bibliography, both with further references. The Herculaneum tablets are conventionally abbrevi­ated as TH; the Pompeian ones as TP (although Camodeca uses the form TP Sulp for those he discusses). N. Lewis, Y Yadin and J. C. Greenfield, The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (1989) publish the papyri from the archive of Babatha, ranging from the first to second century ad.

TRANSLATIONS

A. Watson, ed., The Digest of Justinian (1985) prints a translation opposite the text of Mommsen’s editio maior. The translation is the work of many different trans­lators and is for that reason uneven, but it is the best version available in English. Corrections and comments on it are posted on a website: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/~law113/rl/dig/dg_main.htmi.

CHAPTER i: INTRODUCTION

Extensive general accounts of the sources of Roman law are given in H. F. Jolowicz and B. Nicholas, Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law (1972) and A. A. Schiller, Roman Law: Mechanisms of Development (1978). F. Wieacker, Römische Rechtsgeschichte 1 (1988) gives a magisterial introduction to use of the sources followed by an account of Roman legal history until the end of the republic. Volume 11 (to appear posthumously) will cover the principate, but unfortunately without the rich apparatus of notes provided in volume 1.

On the jurists in particular, F Schulz, History of Roman Legal Science (1946) remains indispensable. W Kunkel, Herkunft und soziale Stellung der römischen Juristen (1967) reconstructs biographies of the individual jurists so far as possible. Recent work on the schools of jurists is to be found in G. L. Falchi, Le controversie tra sabin- iani e proculiani (1981) as well as in the papers by Stein (1972) and Liebs (1976) referred to in the bibliography. A. M. Honoré gives fascinating accounts of the work of individual jurists in Gaius (1962) and Ulpian (1982), although the method - analysing the jurist’s Latin style - on which they are based is controversial.

On the emperor, F Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World (1977) provides a detailed general account; A. M. Honoré, Emperors and Lawyers (1994), although mainly concerned with dating the tenure of different secretaries a libellis, gives an admirable survey of the rescript system in chs. 1-2.

ROME AND THE PROVINCES

The classic work is L. Mitteis, Reichsrecht und Volksrecht in den östlichen Provinzen des römischen Kaiserreichs (1891). Since then a remarkable amount of interesting material has been discovered. A modern account of the essentials is in A. Lintott, Imperium Romanum:politics and administration (1993). On municipal admin­istration in the light of the lex Irnitana, F. Lamberti, Tabulae irnitanae: municipalità e ius romanorum (1993) is a useful guide, not least to further literature, while the article by Wolff (1980) cited in the bibliography covers the eastern, non-munic- ipal side.

CHAPTER 2: SOURCES AND METHODOLOGY

F. Wieacker’s Römische Rechtsgeschichte, already mentioned, is the best modern account on use of the sources. Two classic works are H. Kantorowicz, Einführung in die Textkritik (1911), concerned (as the title suggests) with textual critical ques­tions, and F.

O. Lenel, Palingenesia iuris civilis (1889) reconstructs the works of the classical jurists from the fragments contained in the Digest and so makes it possible to consider them in their original context. This work and Lenel’s Das Edictum per­petuavi. (see below) are the fundamental works of modern Romanistic scholar­ship. Lenel’s work has been modified in details, but remains essential. A useful critical review of it is given by Th. Kipp (1891); two recent articles which deal with modifications to Lenel’s work are those by H. Ankum (1994) and D. Johnston (1997a); an exemplary demonstration of what can be achieved with the palingenetic method is given in D. Daube (1959): for details of all of these see the bibliography.

On interpolation in the Digest, there is a massive literature. The modern con­servative tendency is outlined in M. Kaser, fur Methode der römischen Rechtsquellenforschung (1972). A more radical approach was followed by F. Wieacker, whose views are now conveniently summarized in his Römische Rechtsgeschichte. In English, a recent brief discussion with further references is in D. Johnston (1989): see the bibliography

CHAPTER 3: FAMILY AND INHERITANCE

R. Saller, Patriarchy, Property and Death in the Roman Family (1994) sets out the dem­ographic context in which the Roman family should be viewed, with much attention to the legal sources. This provides a major corrective to earlier views about the structure of the Roman family. It also contains references to the very extensive literature in this area. K. Hopkins, Death and Renewal (1983) is impor­tant in setting the law of succession in similar perspective. S. Treggiari, Roman Marriage (1991) is a rich discussion of marriage in the light of literary and legal sources. M. Humbert, Le remariage à Rome (1972) is a major work on the impact on the law of the fact that many Roman marriages were of brief duration; some of his conclusions have now to be modified in the light of Treggiari’s work.

On slaves, the classic work is W W Buckland, The Roman Law of Slavery (1908), which goes into great detail on virtually every conceivable question. A very brief account is in A. Watson, Roman Slave Law (1987). A short and valuable historical treatment may be found in K. Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome (1994).

On the law of succession, the standard modern treatise is P. Voci, Diritto ere­ditario romano (1963-7). M. Amelotti, Il testamento romano (1966) is an important treatment of Roman wills in the light of documentary evidence. F. von Woess, Das römische Erbrecht und die Erbanwärter (1911) is a marvellous work, well in advance of its time, which sets the law of succession in its context; though difficult to find, it is well worth seeking out. A more recent and rather success­ful work with a similar aim is E. Champlin, Final Judgments (1991). D. Johnston, The Roman Law of Trusts (1988) is mainly an account of the development of the law relating to fideicommissa but attempts to place this against the background of the evolution of the law of succession and (to some extent) social history in general. An important article by L. Boyer (1965) discusses legacies in their social context: see the bibliography.

CHAPTER 4: PROPERTY

On the use of land, B. W Frier, Landlords and Tenants in Imperial Rome (1980) is a pioneering work which explores the law of urban leases with full reference to literary and archaeological evidence. D. Kehoe, Investment Profit and Tenancy: the Jurists and the Roman Agrarian Economy (1997) attempts a similar sort of exercise for rural leases.

On relations with neighbours, A. Rodger, Owners and Neighbours in Roman Law (1972) is a fundamental treatment especially of urban servitudes. J. M. Rainer, Bau- und nachbarrechtliche Bestimmungen im klassischen römischen Recht (1987) covers the wider range of remedies relevant to relations with neighbours.

color=black face="Times New Roman">CHAPTER 5: COMMERCE

An excellent, interesting, and readable account of the law of contract in general (and much more besides) is given in R. Zimmermann, The Law of Obligations (1990). For discussion of virtually any topic raised in this chapter, this is the best place to start, and there is therefore no need to give further references here on sale or on lending.

The major work on banking is J. Andreau, La viefinanciere dans le monde romain (1987); a briefer account by the same author is his Banking and Business in the Roman World(1999). From a more legal point of view, the article by Bürge (1987: see the bibliography) is also important; his criticism of the extent to which it makes sense to speak of banking in ancient Rome requires modification in the light of Andreau’s work. P Gröschler, Die Tabellae-Urkunden aus denpompejanischen undher- kulanensischen Urkundenfunden (1997) analyses some of the surviving documents dealing with bankers.

S. Martin, The Roman Jurists and the Organization of Private Building m tile Late Republic and Early Empire (1989) provides a clear and comprehensive account of the workings of building contracts, making full use of legal and literary evi­dence.

Agents have had a good deal of recent attention in useful works by A. Kirschenbaum, Sons, Slaves and Freedmen in Roman Commerce (1987), and particu­larly A. di Porto, Impresa collettiva e schiavo manager in Roma antica (1984) and J.-J. Aubert, Business Managers in Ancient Rome: a Social and Economic Study of Institores 200 BC - AD 250 (1994). From a more purely legal point of view, the article in the bibliography by A. Wacke (1994) is also worth consulting.

CHAPTER 6: LITIGATION

M. Kaser, Das römische Zivilprozessrecht (1996) is the leading modern account of the workings of Roman civil procedure and contains substantial bibliography. O. Lenel, Das Edictumperpetuum (1927) reconstructs the praetor’s edict, together with the formula for each action. This work laid the basis for much of modern Romanistic scholarship and, while it has been refined in details, it remains unsurpassed.

On the social context of Roman litigation, there are two books by J. M. Kelly, Roman Litigation (1966), and Studies in the CivilJudicature of the Roman Republic (1976), both interesting, the first very (perhaps excessively) critical of the extent to which Roman litigation was fair. Similar issues are discussed for the principate in P Garnsey, Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire (1970).

B. W Frier, The Rise of the Roman Jurists (1985) gives a wonderfully rich account of Roman civil litigation based on Cicero’s pro Caecina. J. A. Crook, Legal Advocacy in the Roman World (1995) adds another dimension to discussions of litigation by insisting on the continuing importance of the advocate. M. Peachin, Iudex vice Caesaris (1996), although his concern is primarily with emperors and those who deputized for them in administering justice, gives a useful account of litigation under the principate.

Provincial and municipal jurisdictions have become rather fashionable since the discovery of the lex Irnitana. References to the massive bibliography, a reli­able text and some useful commentary are contained in F. Lamberti, Tabulae irnitanae: municipalità e ius romanorum (1993).

EPILOGUE

Useful short treatments of the later life of Roman law are given in R. van Caenegem, An Historical Introduction to Private Law (1992) and P Stein, Roman Law in European History (1999). Rich and fascinating, detailed accounts may be found in P Koschaker, Europa and das römische Recht (1947), J. P Dawson, The Oracles of the Law (1968) and F Wieacker, A History of Private Law in Europe (1995).

AMELOTTi, μ. (1966) Il testamento romano. Florence

andreau, j. (1987) La viefinancière dans le monde romain. Rome

(1999) Banking and Business in the Roman World. Cambridge

ankum, h. (1994) ‘Towards additions to Lenel’s Palingenesia iuris civilis’, RIDA 4^i: 125-3⁸

aubert, j.-j. (1994) Business Managers in Ancient Rome: a Social and Economic Study of Institores 200 BC-AD 250. Leiden - New York

bluhme, f. (1820) ‘Die Ordnung der Fragmente in den Pandectentiteln’, Zeitschrift für Rechtsgeschichte 4 = Labeo 6: 50-96, 235-77, 368-404 (i960) bonfante, p. (1926) Corso di diritto romano ii: La proprietà. 2 vols. Rome boyer, l. (1965) ‘La fonction sociale des legs d’après la jurisprudence clas­sique’, RHD 43: 333-408

bradley, k. (1994) Slavery and Society at Rome. Cambridge

buckland, w. w. (1908) The Roman Law of Slavery. Cambridge, repr. 1968 (1963) A Textbook of Roman Law. 3rd edn, rev. P. Stein. Cambridge

bürge, a. (1987) ‘Fiktion und Wirklichkeit: soziale und rechtliche Strukturen des römischen Bankwesens’, SZ104: 465-558

camodeca, g. (1992) L’archivioputeolano dei SulpiciiI. Naples

champlin, e. (1991) Final Judgments: Duty and Emotion in Roman Wills 200 BC to AD 250. Berkeley

cherry, d. (1996) ‘Intestacy and the Roman poor’, TR 64: 155-72 chiusi, t. (1994) ‘Zur Vormundschaft der Mutter’, SZ iii: 155-96 cotton, h. (1993) ‘The guardianship of Jesus son of Babatha: Roman and local law in the province of Arabia’, JRS 83, 94-108

crook, j. a. (1967) Law and Life of Rome. London - Ithaca

(1973) ‘Intestacy in Roman society’, PCPS 19: 38-44

(1986a) ‘Women in Roman succession’, in Rawson, B. M., ed., The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives, 53-82. London

(1986b), ‘Feminine inadequacy and the SC Velleianum’, in Rawson, B. M., ed., The Family in Ancient Rome: New Perspectives, 83-92. London

(1995) Legal Advocacy in the Roman World. London

daube, d. (1959) ‘Zur Palingenesie einiger Klassikerfragmente’, SZ 76: i49-264

(i965) ‘The preponderance of intestacy at Rome’, Tulane Law Review 39: 253-62

(1969) Roman Law: Linguistic, Social and Philosophical Aspects. Edinburgh style='text-transform:uppercase'>dawson, j. p. (1968) The Oracles of the Law. Ann Arbor duncan-jones, r. p. (1982) The Economy of the Roman Empire. Quantitative

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(1990) Structure and Scale in the Roman Empire. Cambridge

(1994) Money and Government in the Roman Empire. Cambridge eckardt, b. (1978) lavoleni epistulae. Berlin ernst, w. (1996) ‘Gattungskauf und Lieferungskauf im römischen Recht’, Sf

114: ²7^2-344 falchi, g. l. (1981) Le controversie tra sabiniani eproculiani. Milan finley, μ. i. (1976) ‘Private farm tenancy in Italy before Diocletian’, in Finley,

M. I., ed., Studies in Roman Property, 103-21. Cambridge frier, b. w. (1980) Landlords andTenantsinlmprrialRome. Princeton

(1982) ‘Roman life-expectancy: Ulpian’s evidence’, HSCP 86: 212-51

(1985) The Rise of the Roman Jurists. Princeton

(1989-90) ‘Law, economics and disasters down on the farm: remissio mercedis revisited’, BIDR 31-2: 237-70

Gardner, j. (1986) Women in Roman Law and Society. London

(1991) Being a Roman Citizen. London

(1998) Family and familia in Roman Law and Life. Oxford

g arnsey, p. (1970) Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire. Oxford ed., (1980) Non-Slave Labour in the Greco-Roman World. Cambridge

garnsey, p. and saller, r. p. (1987) The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. London

gröschler, p. (1997) Die tabellae-Urkunden aus denpompjanischen undherkulanen- sischen Urkundenfunden. Berlin

helmholz, r. h. (1990) ‘Continental law and common law: historical strang­ers or companions?’, Duke Law Journal 1207-28

hoeflich, m. (1997) Roman and Civil Law and the Development of Anglo-American Jurisprudence in the Nineteenth Century. Athens, Georgia

honore, a. m. (1962) Gaius. Oxford

(1981) ‘Some suggestions for the study of interpolations’, TR 49: 225-49

(1982) Ulpian. Oxford

(1994) Emperors and Lawyers. 2nd edn. Oxford hopkins, k. (1983) Death and Renewal. Cambridge Humbert, μ. (1972) Le remariage a Rome. Etude d'histoire juridique et sociale. Milan johnston, d . (1988) The Roman Law of Trusts. Oxford

(1989) ‘Justinian’s Digest: the interpretation of interpolation’, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 9: 149-66

(1997a) ‘Lenel’s Palingenesia iuris civilis: four questions and an answer’, TR 65: 57-70

(1997b) ‘The renewal of the old’, Cambridge Law Journal 56: 80-95 jolowicz, h. f. and Nicholas, b. (1972) Historical Introduction to the Study of Roman Law. 3rd edn, rev. B. Nicholas. Cambridge

kalb, w. (1890) Roms Juristen nachihrerSprachidargestellt. Leipzig

Kantorowicz, í. (³äè) Einführung in die Textkritik. Leipzig

Kaser, m. (³äó³, ³ä75) Das römische Privatrecht. 2 vols. Munich

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(³ää2) A Short History of Western Legal Theory. Oxford

kipp, th. (³8ä³) ‘Quellenkunde’, Kritische Vierteljahresschrift für Gesetzgebung und Rechtswissenschaft ³4: 48^580

kirschenbaum, a. (³ä87) Sons, Slaves and Freedmen in Roman Commerce. Jerusalem

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actio, aquae pluviae arcendae 16—17, 27—8. 72- exercitoria 102—3 institoria 102—3

Publiciana 59—60. 115. 123

adoption 33

advocates 129—30 agents.

liability for 103—5 use of 99. 102—6. 108

banks 86—7

barter 78

Bluhme. Friedrich 15—16 bona fides. see good faith bonorum venditio. see insolvency boundaries 68—9 building contracts 98—9 business. organization of 99—108

carriage. contract of 96—8 cases. hypothetical 24—6 Celsus 6—7 centumviri 120

Code.

Gregorian 13. 23

Hermogenian 13. 23

Justinian 22—4

Theodosian 13. 23

cognitio 121— 2

commentators 134 condictio 114 constitution. of emperor 8—9 contracts. see 77—112 passim formal 77—8 good faith 81 informal 77—8 strict law 78 see also hire. lease. partnership. sale curator. style='font-style:italic'>see guardian

damnum infectum 73—4

-3          defence. to legal action 115

deposit 87

Digest 14—22 divorce 35—7 ^dowry 34^—5. 3^6—7

edict 3—4. 113. ii6 emancipation 32 emperor 8—9 evidence 128—9 exceptio. see defence

fideicommissum. see trust fiducia 90—1 formula. basic 113—15 good faith 115—16 strict law 114—15 freedmen 44

Gaius 6

Institutes of 12. 13 glossators 134 good faith 81. in governor. provincial 9 guardian 41—2

hire 96—8

see also lease humanists 134 hypothec 92—4

inscriptions 13—14 in Digest 15 insolvency 108—10 institor. see agent Institutes. of Justinian 14 interdicts 56—7. 58. 74—5. 118—19 interest. on loans 85. 86—7. 96 interpolations. in the Code 22—4 in the Digest 17—21 post-classical 21—2

intestacy 49, 51—2

ius 2

civile 4

honorarium 4

judges 112—13, 116—18

reliability of 126—9 judgment,

execution of ii8

in money only 117—18, 123 Julian 4, 6 jurisdiction,

municipal 10, 120—1, 125—6, 127—8 provincial 9—11, 120

Rome, at 3—4, 112—20 jurists 5—8, passim

opinions of 6—7 justice, access to 123—4, 130—32 Justinian 12, 14—24, 133

land, use of 61—8 lease 62—7

long 67

terms of 63—7

lang=EN-US style='font-size: 7.5pt;font-weight:normal'>termination of 66 legacies 46—7 Lenel, Otto 16, 143, 145 lex,

Aquilia 3, 55, 68, 71—2, Il6

Cincia 34

Falcidia 46, 50

Irnitana 10—11, 125—6, 126—8

Rhodia 97—8

Voconia 40, 48

see also statute loans 78, 84—5, 94—5

^sea 95^—6

see also security

magistrates,

reliability of 124—6

see also governor, praetor mancipatio 54 marriage 34—5 missio in possessionem 119, 124 ^money 54^—5 mortality 31, 34, 37 mutuum 78, 84—5, 87, 115

neighbours, relations with 68—76

see also lex Aquilia, damnum infectum interdict, operis novi nuntiatio Novels 24 noxal surrender 102 nuisance 71—6 operis novi nuntiatio 74 ownership 53—5 acquisition of 53—5 bonitary 59, 60

palingenesia 16—17 Papinian 6 p^apy^ri I3^—I4 partnership 106—7 paternal power 30—3

Paul 6, 13 peculium 3I—2, I00—2, I04—5 pignus 91—2

pledge, see fiducia, hypothec, pignus possession, 56—9, 60

in good faith 58—9 praetor 3—4, 112—13 procedure,

formulary 9—10, 112—18 provincial 9—11, 120—1 property,

recovery of 55, II4, II7 separation of, in marriage 34 stolen 57—8 use of 55, 6I—8 see also vindicatio

provinces 9—11, I20

recuperatores II9—20 representation in court 129—30 responsa, see jurists restitutio in integrum II9

face="Times New Roman">sale 79—84 pacts in 83 risk in 82 warranties in 79, 80—2

Scaevola, Q. Cervidius 7, 24—5 security,

personal 88—90 real 88, 90—5 see also fiducia, hypothec, pignus senatus consultum

Macedonianum 100—1 Velleianum 40 servitudes 69—70, 75—6 servus 42—4, I00—5

vicarius I04 slave 42—4, I00—5 sources, bias of 27

problems with 24—9 sources of law 2—9 statutes 3 stellionatus 93

stipulation 77-8, 80, 82, 84-5, 88-9, 96, 98,

usucapio 57—8 usufruct 48, 67—8

99, i⁰7, in, 115 trusts 47-9, 121, 123

tutors,

for those under age 37—9 for women 39—40

Twelve Tables 2, 30, 32, 42, 57, 72, 109, 113

Ulpian 6, 13

vadimonium 113

vindicatio 55, 56, 57, 114, 117

water rights 72—3

wills 44—50 challenge to 49—50 content of 45—7