CONTENTS

PREFACE ix

CHAPTER 1

Logic and Science 3

Epistemology and Science 3

The Closure of Rationalism 10

The Closure of Empiricism 16

A Dynamic Approach 27

CHAPTER 2

Social Structure in Science 35

Social Norms in Science 35

Cognitive Norms in Science 42

Scientific Disciplines 52

Controversy and Progress in Science 62

CHAPTER 3

Science and Nonscience 74

Science and Pseudoscience 74

Science and Society 83

Science and Common Sense 96

Science and History 102

CHAPTER 4

Scientific Facts and Scientific Theories 112

The Social Construction of Scientific Fact 112

Data Domains 125

The Microprocessing of Scientific Fact 136

Theory and Experiment 149

APPENDIX

The Human Sciences 165

notes 187

BIBLIOGRAPHY 201

INDEX 215