Notes
1. Richard Feynman, The Meaning of It All: Thoughts of a Citizen-Scientist (Reading: Perseus Books; 1998), p. 18.
2. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd Edition (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press; 1970).
The powerful influence of social and other irrational factors on scientists’ decisions to accept certain findings as reliable facts is a dominant theme throughout Kuhn’s book, but it gets the most attention at the end in chapters 10-12.3. J. E. Motelow, W Li, Q. Zhan, A. M. Mishra, R. N. Sachdev, G. Liu, et al., “Decreased Subcortical Cholinergic Arousal in Focal Seizures,” Neuron 85:561-572, 2015.
4. Methods for visualizing reasoning processes include Venn diagrams (visit https:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venn_diagram), probability trees (see Reid Hastie and Robyn Dawes, Rational Choice in an Uncertain World: The Psychology of Judgment and Decision Making [Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications; 2010]), truth tables (see Galen A. Foresman, Peter S. Fosl, and Jamie Carlin Watson, The Critical Thinking Toolkit [Malden: John Wiley & Sons; 2017], knowledge webs, and syntax trees (see Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style: The Thinking Person’s Guide to Writing in the 21st Century [New York: Penguin Books; 2014]).
5. G. Marsicano, C. T. Wotjak, S. C. Azad, T. Bisogno, G. Rammes, M. G. Casciok, et al., “The Endogenous Cannabinoid System Controls Extinction of Aversive Memories,” Nature 418:530-533, 2002.
6. Daniel Kahneman, Thinking, Fast and Slow (New York: Farrar, Strauss and Giroux; 2011), pp. 59-70.
7. Steven Pinker, The Sense of Style: the Thinking Persons Guide to Writing in the 21st Century (New York: Penguin Books; 2014), pp. 57-76.
8. Kahneman, Th inking, pp. 245-254.
9. Kahneman, Th inking, pp. 264.
10. James Gleick, Genius: Richard Feynman and Modern Physics (London: Little, Brown and Company; 1992), p.
369.11. I. Katona, B. Sperlagh, A. Sik, A. Kafalvi, E. S. Vizi, K. Mackie, and T. F. Freund., “Presynaptically Located CB1 Cannabinoid Receptors Regulate GABA Release from Axon Terminals of Specific Hippocampal Interneurons,” Journal of Neuroscience 19:4544-4558,1999.
12. K. J. Argue, J. W. VanRyzin, D. J. Falvo, A. R. Whitaker, S. J. Yu, and M. M. McCarthy, “Activation of Both CB1 and CB2 Endocannabinoid Receptors Is Critical for Masculinization of the Developing Medial Amygdala and Juvenile Social Play Behavior,” eNeuro 4(1), Jan 27, pii: eNEURO.0344-162017.
13. I. Soltesz, B. E. Alger, M. Kano, S. H. Lee, D. M. Lovinger, T. Ohno-Shosaku, and M. Watanabe, “Weeding Out Bad Waves: Toward Selective Cannabinoid Circuit Control in Epilepsy,” Nature Reviews in Neuroscience 16:264-277, 2015.
14. Stuart Firestein, Failure: Why Science Is So Successful (New York: Oxford University Press; 2016).
15. Richard H. Thaler, Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics (New York W W Norton; 2015), pp. 188-189.
16. “Sunk cost” is an economic term; see, Thaler, Misbehaving, pp. 64-73; Kahneman, Thinking, pp. 343-346 for discussion of how sunk costs can affect our ordinary decision-making.
17. George Polya, How to Solve It: A New Aspect of Mathematical Method, 2nd ed. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press; 1956).
18. Polya credits an ancient Greek mathematician, Pappus, who, writing about 1,700 years ago, first developed a system of “heuristics” for teaching the “elements of analysis and synthesis” that were useful in solving problems; Polya, How to Solve It, pp. 141-148.
19. G. Gigerenzer and H. Brighton, “Homo Heuristicus: Why Biased Minds Make Better Inferences,” in G. Gigerenzer, R. Hertwig, and Thorsten Pachur (Eds.), Heuristics: The Foundations of Adaptive Behavior (New York: Oxford University Press; 2011), pp. 2-27.
20. Kahneman, Thinking, quoting Herbert Simon on intuition, p. 237.
21. G. Gigerenzer and D. G. Goldstein, “Reasoning the Fast and Frugal Way: Models of Bounded Rationality,” in Gigerenzer et al. (Eds.) Heuristics, p. 36.
22. Sanjoy Mahajan, The Art of Insight in Science and Engineering: Mastering Complexity (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 2014).
23. Mahajan, Art of Insight, p. 21.