Formational and civilizational approaches to the typology of the state.
Typology of the state is its specific classification, which is conducted from the perspective of two approaches: the formation and civilization. Under the type of State shall be deemed made in the unity of the most common features of different states, the system of their most important properties and the parties.
The classification of types, according to the formation approach, based on the following criteria: the presence (absence) of private property, the presence (absence) of opposing classes, the presence (absence) of commodity production. It identifies different macro-formations: primary (archaic), i.e. primitive communal system and the secondary (economic), slaveholding, feudal and bourgeois formation. Formational approach of the state is classified as belonging to a particular socio-economic system. Socioeconomic formations, in turn, are classified according to the method of production, i.e. combination of productive forces and relations of production. Historically, people identify five types of formations: primitive, slave-owning, feudal, bourgeois, socialist (communist). Civilizational approach to the typology of state correlates socioeconomic system with the spiritual and moral, and cultural factors of social development. Civilization is a socio-cultural system, which includes the social and economic conditions of society, ethnic and religious backgrounds. In essence, a civilization is the level of social development. This takes into account not only economic, but also other factors: educational, ethnic, religious, cultural, geographical.Representatives are Toynbee, Spengler, P. Sorokin. They explain the history of mankind as the history of distinctive civilizations, each of which is in the development stages of formation, flowering and death. Distinguish between Western and Eastern civilizations: Egyptian, Chinese, Iranian, Syrian, Mexican, Far Eastern, Arabic, Orthodox and Western Christian, Eastern Christian, Muslim, Buddhist civilization. Type of state is determined by the type of civilization. In respect of the state and the individual are the following types of: traditional, in which the people are the source of power, the state's power is not limited and temporary (constitutional), when people are the source of power, the state's power is limited by the Constitution, the State recognizes and guarantees the rights and freedoms of the individual. The main difference between the civilizational and the formational approaches is the ability to study the state and the rights of man in the light of representations of the values and purposes of its activities. Toynbee in his «Study of History» substantiated the idea that the cultural element is the «soul, blood, lymph, and the essence of civilization». He singled in the history of the world 21 civilizations.
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