Index

abolition of death penalty, 65-67,

94-116

America, 102-04

Arthur Koestler, 65-57

European Convention on Human

Rights, 97

Sixth Protocol, 97, 102

Homicide Act 1957, 66-67, 77, 98-99

Howard League for Penal Reform, 97 miscarriage of justice, see miscarriages of justice

National Campaign for the Abolition of Capital Punishment, 65, 67

RA Butler (Home Secretary), 104 retention of ‘capital murder', 98-99 role of judiciary, 101-07

Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, 1953 report, see Gowers Commission

absent witnesses, 55-56 academics and practitioners, 347-58 acquittal, 40, 117, 139-41, 146-48, 191-92

admissibility as evidence, 141 binding and conclusive, 140-41 double jeopardy rule, 140 perverse, 123-124

verdict of, 117, 140-41, 198 activism or creativity, 18-22 administration of criminal justice, 57, 121, 147, 152, 190, 226 admissibility of evidence, 117, 123, 124

expert evidence in criminal proceedings, 20

fresh evidence, 190

hearsay evidence, 161 Adventures in Criminology,

L Radzinowicz, 96n4, 126n16, 221

Advocates

at first instance, 164-69

on appeal, 200-06

Alexander of Weedon, Lord, QC, 122 America:

abolition of death penalty, 102-04 freedom of the press and

Constitution amendments, 250-51

jury system, 128-9 amicus curiae, see intervention by amicus curiae

anonymous witnesses, 56 anti-social conduct, 160-3, 262

ASBO, 162-63

Appeals:

advocates, 169-74

civil, 325-28

right of appeal, 137 assisted suicides,

penalties, 29-30

reform of law, 30

barristers:

see also advocates

immunity from suit, 19, 201-03 bench trial, see waiver of jury trial Bentham, Jeremy, 125, 165 Bentley, Derek, 66, 95

Bento case, 281-88 binary systems of criminal justice, 40, 56, 138, 151

Bingham of Cornhill, Lord, 330-31

Rule of Law, 15, 27

The Business of Judging, 10, 108, 331

Birmingham Six case,

innocence, 143-44, 146, 148 miscarriage of justice, 146, 195, 279

blameworthiness, 43, 46, 84, 88 Blunkett, David, 243

Brennan, Lord, QC, 122, 129 British-Irish Council, 60-61 Butler, RA (Home Secretary), 187, 192n3

abolition of capital punishment, 104

Calcutt Committee, 262-63, 269-70, 271-72

calendar of murder, see homicide capital punishment, abolition, see abolition of death penalty

Chaskalson, Arthur, CJ of South Africa, 15

Charter of the United Nations, 50, 57

City of London Magistrates’ Court, 1, 171-72

civil appeals, 325-29 civil justice, 161-63 community service/community

service order, 228-30 compensation:

miscarriages of justice, 143, 144-47 victims of crime, 156-58

Confait case, 207-11 contempt of court, 134

Contempt of Court Act 1981, 258-59

Cooke of Thorndon, Lord, 122 Costa/ENEL case, 10

Council of Europe, 53, 59, 97, 350 courts’ law-making powers, 14-18 crime control, see criminal justice Crime (Sentences) Act 1997, 110 Criminal Appeal Act 1968, 139, 148 Criminal Cases Review Commission

(CCRC), 146-47

Criminal Evidence (Experts) Bill (draft), 20

criminal justice: administration, 49, 104, 112, 126,

129, 160, 191

adversarial and inquisitorial systems, 155

alternative systems, 164-68 crime control, 153-57 pre-trial process, 155

victims of crime, see victims of crime

Criminal Justice Act 2003, 113, 119, 161, 175-77, 285 see also trials without a jury anonymous witnesses, 56 imprisonment for public protection (IPP), 175, 224, 227, 236 whole-life order, 93, 109-11

Criminal Justice and Courts Bill,

71-72

Criminal Law Revision Committee (CLRC): 74, 108

Crown Prosecution Service (CPS),

211

dangerous offenders, 236-44 sentencing, 239-40 release on licence, 240-41 parole board, 241-44

death penalty, abolition, see abolition of death penalty

defamation:

freedom of expression v protection of reputation, 280-81 proceedings:

significance of acquittal, 141 public figures/officials, 267 Defamation Act 2013:

section 4 (public interest), 139, 260 section 5(4) (responsible journalism), 258

section 11 (trial without jury unless court orders otherwise), 185

Denning, Lord, MR, 202, 313-14, 321, 334-46

Devlin, Lord, 22, 35, 116-17, 123, 181, 291, 295-96

devolution, see separation and devolution

diminished responsibility, 69, 71,

90

as partial defence, 22, 71, 86, 98

Diplock courts, 117, 133, 134, 178

Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP):

private prosecutions, 158, 213-14 pursuit of tax evaders and other fraudsters, 185

disclosure of documents, 47

disclosure of information, 13

dissenting judgment, 16

‘domain’, 16

double jeopardy rule, 140, 285

due process, 46

appeal, 200 criminal justice, 56, 153-56, 159 fair trial, 56, 167, 215 giving of reasons, 131 overall reliability of testimony, 56

Ellis, Ruth, 66, 95, 193

English common law, see common law

European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), 16, 49-57, 97, 101-02, 127, 280, 286 abolition of death penalty, 101 Sixth Protocol,97, 102

Article 6, 56, 127, 133, 141-44, 151, 182, 215, 253, 255

UK law compatibility, 53 whole-life orders, 109

European Court of Human Rights, 40, 51-57, 109-11, 114-15, 119, 128, 137

Evans, Timothy, 66, 95, 193 expert witnesses, 212

evidence: admissibility, 20 conflicting, 197 misdirection, 199

immunity from suit, 19-21 breach of duty, 20 professional negligence, 28 extradition, 138, 183

fair trial, 40, 56, 119-28, 131-37, 144-54,167, 193, 215, 285 anonymous witnesses’ written testimony, 56 civil compensation claims, 147 constitutionality, 182 due process, 56, 167, 215 ensuring, 167 entitlement, 151 evidence, 215 guarantee, 55, 137 requirements,137

fairness, 25-26, 41

Family Courts, see press freedom Fire Brigade case, 1987, 16

Fisher Report, 207-09

Floud report (Dangerousness and Criminal Justice), 236, 237 fraudulent tax evaders, 164, 185 freedom of expression, see media freedom; press freedom

Freedom of Information Act 2000, 12

freedom of speech, 40 see also media freedom; press freedom

freedom of the press, see media freedom; press freedom

Gardiner, Lord, 65, 99, 112, 171

GCHQ case, 13

Gollancz, Victor, 66, 67 good government, 10, 17, 18, 23, 27, 31

see also ‘for peace, order and good government’

governmental powers:

distribution of, 10, 13, 14, 30 Gowers Commission, 66, 97-100 ‘grievance man’, see Ombudsman

hacking, 263, 267

Hanratty, James, 187-93

The A6 Murder: R v James Hanratty: The Semblance of Truth, L Blom-Cooper, 187-89, 278

History of English Law, Pollock and Maitland, 128

HM Revenue and Customs (HMRC) powers, 164

Hoffman, Lord:

freedom of speech, 248 homicide, 21-22, 65-116:

abolition of death penalty, see abolition of death penalty basis of law, 21-22 crime of murder, 98 abolition, 78, 90 mandatory sentence, see life imprisonment

Criminal Justice and Courts Bill, 71 diminished responsibility, see diminished responsibility

Homicide Act 1957, 66, 98, 99, 104, 192

miscarriage of justice, see miscarriages of justice

partial defences, 22

penalty, see life imprisonment; penalty for murder

review of law, 22, 106

Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, 66

Hooson, Lord, QC, 122 housing of homeless, 26-28

Howard League for Penal Reform, 97, 187, 187n1, 236

human rights, 106

Charter of the United Nations, 50,

57

human rights, cont

Council of Europe, 49, 52, 59 European Convention on Human Rights, see European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)

European Court of Human Rights, see European Court of Human Rights

Human Rights Act 1998, 12, 14, 15, 24, 27, 51-53, 132, 258

incompatibility, 12, 16

League of Nations, 50, 57-59 prisoners’ right to vote, 212-32

Hunt of Llanfair Waterdine, Lord, 100, 242

Hunt of Wirral, Lord, 121

Hurwitz, Stefan, Professor, 36

immunity from suit:

barristers, 19 professional negligence, 201 expert witnesses, 18-20

breach of duty, 20 professional negligence, 28 imprisonment for public protection (IPPs), 175, 224, 227, 237, 238, 243

incompatibility, 12, 16 intervention by amicus curiae, 312-19

Irving, Barrie, Dr, 211-12

Jenkins, Roy, 99, 100, 207, 241-42 Jones, Marjorie, Dr, 254-55 Journalists, 105, 253-54, 256-59, 266, 274, 278, 284, 291-92, 295 defamation, 258, 260, 265 Family Courts, right of access, 214-16

freedom of expression and speech, 216-18

magistrates’ courts, 215 occupation, Professor Street’s description, 217

protection from legal suits, 218 public interest, 218

‘responsible journalism’, 119, 237, 239

self-regulation of the press, see self-regulation of the press

Spycatcher case, 256

judge-led public inquiries, see public inquiries

judicial creativity, 15, 199 see also activism or creativity judicial function, 12-13, 18, 27, 35 judicial heroes, 330-33

Mr Justice Hodgson, 26, 27, 333 Lord Bingham, 330-31 Lord Reid, 330-32 judicial inquiries, see public inquiries judicial intervention, 25-31, 194-99 judicial restraint, 16, 20, 22-25 judicial review, 9-37 judicial temperament, 21 jury trial, see trial by jury JUSTICE, committee of, 36, 138

Kennedy of the Shaws, Baroness, QC, 121

Kilbrandon Formula, 78-79, 83, 87, 89

Kingsland, Lord:

Fraud (Trials without a Jury) Bill, 175, 181

Human Rights Bill, 52 Kinnock, Neil,

privacy and Today, 271-73 Koestler, Arthur, 65-68

Reflections on Hanging, 65-67

Lane, Lord, CJ, 15, 123, 124, 199, 279, 323

Law Commission:

Expert Evidence in Criminal Proceedings in England and Wales (Law Com No 325), 20 homicide, review of law, 21-22, 61, 106-07

see also new Homicide Act (Consultation Paper No 177) law-making, 18-19, 199-200, 249 courts’ powers, 14-18 law of morals, 15 Legal Forum of the Isles, 60-62 League of Nations, 49, 57-59, 307-08 ‘leave’/‘permission’, 37 Leveson Report, 289-96 libel defences, 24, 141 see also public interest libel proceedings, 143, 279-80, 286 life imprisonment, 68-69, 236-39

abolition,78, 108, 114, 115 degrees of murder, 88-89

Murder (Abolition of Death Penalty) Act 1965, 105-06, 108, 111

period of, 92-93, 105-06

review of, 92

whole-life orders, 81, 93-94, 109­15

local authorities, 26-27, 162 Luxembourg Compromise of 1966, 9-10

magistrates’ courts, 164-65, 169-75, 351

manslaughter, see homicide media freedom, 276-77

see also press freedom mediation and conciliation, see reconciliation and mediation mental health legislation:

dangerous people detained under, 165

mentally disordered persons, 114-15, 166, 239

mercy killings, 69, 88, 105, 106 miscarriages of justice, 65-68, 191­96, 207-12, 278-80

abolition of death penalty, 70-71, 95-96

Birmingham Six, 146, 194

Compensation, 143-49

Confait case, 207, 209

James Hanratty, 187-88, 190, 278

Ruth Ellis (1955), 66, 95

Timothy Evans (1950), 66, 95 mixed tribunals, 118, 138, 172-74,

190

modern democracy, 12-13

mode of trial, 39-41, 56, 151-52, 181-83, 209

see also fair trial; trial by jury Morgan, Rod, Professor, 174 murder, see homicide

natural justice, see fairness new Homicide Act (Consultation

Paper No 177), 72-91

With Malice Aforethought, 71, 72, 75n10, 78n22, 90n50

News of the World:

Clare Short privacy case, 263-68, 270

non-jury trials, see trials without a jury

Observer, 7 June 1959: leader on ‘Ombudsman’ observations, 36-37 offences against the person, 79, 108, 164

Criminal Law Revision Committee Report, 78n4, 85, 108

Ombudsman, 35-37

Parliamentary Commissioner for Administration, 35-36 parliamentary sovereignty and separation of powers, 12-16 Parole Board, 94-95, 100, 241-44 chairmanship, 100, 242-43 membership, 241-44 release on licence, 55, 240-41 review by, 92-93 review of, 99-100 parole system, 113, 168, 226, 242-43 penal policy, 109, 168, 221-27 see also penal system penal reform, 36, 71, 94, 99-100, 222, 228

see also Howard League for Penal Reform

penal system, 99, 115, 166, 192, 221-30, 244

penal system advisory bodies: Advisory Council on Criminal Justice and the Penal System,

222

Advisory Council on the Penal System (ACPS), 30, 196, 222­29, 237-39, 324

Advisory Council on the Treatment of Offenders (ACTO), 221-22 penalty for murder, 61, 65-66, 66n2, 72, 87, 92-116, 170, 187,

223

reform/reformers, see penal reform/reformers

Phillips Commission, 207

Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE), 208, 212 prerogative writs, 10, 15, 30, 37 mandamus, 10, 31-34

Press Complaints Commission, 260-62, 268-70, 272, 274, 289, 291-96

Press Council, 260-61, 290-96

see also self-regulation of the press press freedom,

freedom of speech, 250-52

Family Courts, in 252-56 journalists, and 256-59 see also media freedom see also privacy see also self-regulation of the press Press Ombudsman, 261 presumption of innocence, see innocence prison sentences:

determinate, 101, 236-37, 238, 241 indeterminate, 101, 106, 113, 237, 238, 243 prisoners’ rights, 205-06,

right to vote 231-35 privacy:

see also Calcutt Committee see also Leveson Report ‘public interest’ test, 272-75 hacking, 263-64, 267 Press Complaints Commission, 260-63, 268-72

Press Council, 260-61

Younger Committee, 260-61 private prosecutions, 158, 213-15 professional negligence, 28 professional tribunal, 117, 151, 173 property offences, 164, 239 proportionality, 93, 117, 232, 234 prosecution of offenders, 133, 151 protection of reputation, 280, 286 defamation, see defamation protective sentencing, 236, 239-40 release on licence, 240-41 provocation, 22, 71, 85, 86, 90 public inquiries, 1, 38-48, 207 ‘public interest’, 139, 258, 260, 272-73 Public Law, December 2012:

GCHQ case, 13

qualified privilege, 204, 258, 281-85 see also Reynolds privilege

rape, 15, 160, 163, 190, 223, 278 Raymond case, see prisoners’ rights;

right to vote

reconciliation and mediation, 159,

165

Reid, Lord, 331-32

release on licence, 93, 240-41, 243 reputation, see protection of reputation

‘responsible journalism’, 139, 258, 283

restorative justice, 159-60, 217

Review of the Criminal Courts in England and Wales, Sir Robin Auld, 120, 122, 124, 127, 136, 147, 174, 177, 186, 216

Reynolds privilege, 283-84

Rondel, Norbet, 200-03

Roskill Committee recommendation, 172, 176, 177, 183-84 dissenter (Mr Walter Merricks), 176, 180

Fraud Trial Tribunal, 176, 183, 185

Royal Commission on Capital Punishment, 66 report of 1953 (Gowers Commission), 97-100

Royal Commission on Criminal Justice, 155, 222 see also Phillips Commission;

Runciman Commission

Royal Commission on the Penal System, 221, 226,

Royal Commission on the Press, 290-91

rule of law, 9-32, 51, 59, 205, 234

Rule of Law, Lord Bingham, 15, 27

Rules of the Supreme Court, Order 53, 11, 15, 37

Runciman Commission, 130-31, 166, 183, 222

‘sanctity of life’, 72-78, 82, 84

Scottish independence referendum, 62

self-regulation of the press, 259, 274, 289-96

Calcutt Committee, 245 loss of press freedom, 249-50

IPSO, 222, 223, 229, 232

Leveson Report, 244-50

National Union of Journalists (NUJ), 246

Press Complaints Commission, 244

Press Council, 244-45, 250

separation and devolution, British 60-62

separation of powers, 10-18, 23 serious fraud offences, 175-86 serious harm, 79, 86, 199, 224, 225, 238, 239

sexual offences, see rape/other serious sexual offences

Shaw case, 1962, 15

Short, Clare:

privacy and the News of the World, 264-68

Smuts, Jan Christiaan (1870-1950), 299-311

social conduct, see anti-social conduct; unacceptable social conduct

social control, 121, 127, 154, 160, 161, 166

Spycatcher case, 256 standard of proof, 39, 131, 157, 161, 163, 165, 283

Starmer, Sir Keir, QC, 185, 215 statutory instruments, 16

Stephen Lawrence case, 158, 213 Strasbourg, 49-57, 145, 167, 232,

280

see also European Court of Human Rights

Straw, Jack, 223

Street, Harry, Professor, 256, 257

tax evasion, see fraudulent tax evaders Thomas of Cwmgiedd, Lord, CJ, 110, 138, 167

Thomas of Gresford, Lord, QC, 122, 123

three arms of government, 9-13, 37,

42 trial by jury, 116-39 accountability and responsibility, 134

acquittal, see acquittals contempt of court, 129, 134, 137 criticisms of jury system, 118-27 ‘Diplock courts', 117, 133, 134 fact-finding process, 137 fair trial, see fair trial future of, 131-35 giving of reasons for decisions, 131, 134 guidance and directions, 131, 132, 134

history of the jury, 127-31 internet access, 134, 137 jurors' conduct, 134 jury nullification, 117, 137 jury service

disqualification, 127 property qualification, 119, 121 ‘jury tampering', 133 jury's duty, 118, 137

Lord Devlin, 22, 35, 116, 117, 118, 123, 124, 181, 291, 295, 296 See also fair trial

modifications, 133, 138 murder trial, 100-15 perverse acquittals, 124 perverse verdict, 117, 136 reasoned verdict, 118, 132, 137 Runciman Commission, 130-31, 166, 183, 222 trial by ordeal, 127-28 trial without a jury, 175-77 unacceptable social conduct, 165 unconstitutional law, 11 United States (US), see America ‘unsafe' convictions, 141, 144 quashing, 139, 141-42

Van Gend en Loos case, February 1963, 10

verdict of acquittal, see acquittal victims of crime, 72, 78, 132-365, 180-8383, 90, 156, 155-60, 213-17

‘Vigil' 67 See Arthur Koestler

waiver of jury trial, 117, 119, 125, 133, 183-86 white-collar crime, 164 whole-life orders, 93, 109-11 whole life sentences, 71, 238 witnesses, 28, 55-57, 155, 162 absent, 55-56 anonymous, 56

expert, see expert witnesses protection of, 162

Wootton Committee, 228-29 wrongful convictions, 95, 165, 279 see also miscarriages of justice