Carcinogenesis

With the acceptance that cancer was a consequence of cellular genetic alterations, it became possible to explain how exposure to different mutagens might lead to cancer formation. Importantly, it was recognized that agents with mutagenic properties likely acted as carcinogens, i.e., agents that promote the development of cancer but do not necessarily cause gene mutations. However, not all carcinogens were necessarily mutagenic, but rather non-mutagenic carcinogens could favor the development of cancer through tumor promotion or epigenetic effects. Broadly, agents or conditions that alter DNA and promote the development of cancer can be categorized into three different carcinogenic categories: chemical, physical, or biological.