Conclusion and Recommendations
Given the limited knowledge regarding the status of BTB in Sudan, it is recommended that a systematic surveillance program for BTB be launched throughout Sudan to estimate the prevalence of the disease in both animals and humans.
This should establish a solid knowledge base that would enable the country to control tuberculosis in animals, to increase the productivity of dairy farms, and to decrease the risk for humans to contract this zoonosis. Used alongside existing BTB control measures, vaccination of domestic animals in Sudan against BTB could in future decrease the spread in cattle. However, there is currently no effective BTB vaccine available for use in cattle.The lack of application of quarantine measures in most African countries in addition to the free movement of cattle from one region to another across international borders facilitates the transmission and spread of diseases between and within countries. It would thus be necessary for the Sudanese Government to trace the sources of infection based on molecular epidemiological data to assist with controlling the further introduction and spread of BTB from neighboring countries. Generating epidemiological data, including strain characterization by using molecular epidemiological tools, is also critical for the future successful control of the disease in Sudan. However, with the extent of environmental crises in the country, civil wars, and the general levels of poverty and illiteracy prevailing at this stage, the challenges to implement such a program are substantial.
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